{{italic title}} {{short description|21 anthologies of Japanese waka poetry}}

The '''{{lang|ja-latn|chokusen wakashū}}''' ({{lang|ja|勅撰和歌集|italic=no}}), also shortened to '''{{lang|ja-latn|chokusenshū}}''' ({{lang|ja|勅撰集|italic=no}}), were imperially-commissioned Japanese anthologies of ''waka'' poetry. They numbered 21 in total (called ''nijūichidaishū'').

== Overview == The term {{lang|ja-latn|chokusen wakashū}} (hereafter shortened to {{lang|ja-latn|chokusenshū}}) refers to anthologies of ''waka'' poetry compiled and presented for inspection on the order of either a reigning emperor of Japan, or a retired or cloistered emperor.{{sfnm|1a1=Fujihira|1y=1994}} The first was the ''Kokin Wakashū'' compiled at the beginning of the tenth century{{sfnm|1a1=Fujihira|1y=1994}} and the last was the ''Shinshoku Kokin Wakashū'' compiled in the first half of the fifteenth century,{{sfnm|1a1=Fujihira|1y=1994}} with 21 in total.{{sfnm|1a1=Fujihira|1y=1994}}

The first three {{lang|ja-latn|chokusenshū}} are referred to as the ''sandaishū'',{{sfnm|1a1=Fujihira|1y=1994}} the first eight (through the ''Shin-Kokin Wakashū'') as the ''hachidaishū'',{{sfnm|1a1=Fujihira|1y=1994}} the ninth (the ''Shin Chokusen Wakashū'') through the 21st called the ''jūsandaishū'',{{sfnm|1a1=Fujihira|1y=1994}} and the whole group of 21 as the ''nijūichidaishū''.{{sfnm|1a1=Fujihira|1y=1994}}<!-- These are DUPLINKs as of 2017-11-11, but the topics are in theory independently notable as topics that have been studied separately, so the DUPLINKs should probably be left pending the article currently located at "Nijūichidaishū" being split as it was when THIS article was created. --> The total number of poems contained in the 21 collections comes to about 33,700.{{sfnm|1a1=Fujihira|1y=1994}}

Two collections were compiled on the orders of emperors but are not included in this list.{{sfnm|1a1=Fujihira|1y=1994}} The first is the ''Shoku-Shika Wakashū'' (compiled in the late 12th century by Fujiwara no Kiyosuke), which was commissioned by Emperor Nijō, but the emperor died before it could be presented to him, and so it was never formally given the title of {{lang|ja-latn|chokusenshū}}.{{sfnm|1a1=Fujihira|1y=1994}} The second is the ''Shin'yō Wakashū'', a so-called {{nihongo|quasi-''chokusenshū''|準勅撰和歌集|jun-chokusen-wakashū}}, which was compiled at the end of the 14th century at the Southern Court.{{sfnm|1a1=Fujihira|1y=1994}}

==''Nijūichidaishū''== The {{Nihongo|'''''Nijūichidaishū'''''|二十一代集|''Collections of the Twenty-One Eras''}} are Japan's twenty one imperial collections ('''{{lang|ja-latn|chokusenshū}}''') of ''waka'' poetry written by noblemen. The following texts listed in chronological order constitute the ''Nijūichidaishū'':

The ''Hachidaishū'' are the first eight collections, in which the first three collections are the ''Sandaishū''. The ''Sandaishū'' provided both the language and organizational principles for the rest of the anthologies thereafter. They are: * ''Kokin Wakashū'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=McCullough |first=Helen Craig |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8PjRkVxrrgC&q=kokin+wakash%C5%AB |title=Kokin WakashÅ«: The First Imperial Anthology of Japanese Poetry : with Tosa Nikki and Shinsen Waka |date=1985 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-1258-3 |language=en}}</ref> * ''Gosen Wakashū'' * ''Shūi Wakashū'' * ''Goshūi Wakashū'' * ''Kin'yō Wakashū'' * ''Shika Wakashū'' * ''Senzai Wakashū'' * ''Shin Kokin Wakashū'' <ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u3q9BwAAQBAJ&q=shin+kokin+wakash%C5%AB |title=Shinkokinshū (2 vols): New Collection of Poems Ancient and Modern |date=2015-02-24 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-28829-4 |language=en}}</ref>

The ''Jūsandaishū'' are the later thirteen collections. They are: * ''Shinchokusen Wakashū'' <ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X5CyimJBnW4C&q=%E6%96%B0%E5%8B%85%E6%92%B0%E5%92%8C%E6%AD%8C%E9%9B%86+(%E5%B2%A9%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%87%E5%BA%AB) |title=新勅撰和歌集 |date=1961 |publisher=岩波書店 |isbn=978-4-00-301341-0 |language=ja}}</ref> * ''Shokugosen Wakashū'' * ''Shokukokin Wakashū'' * ''Shokushūi Wakashū'' * ''Shingosen Wakashū'' * ''Gyokuyō Wakashū'' * ''Shokusenzai Wakashū'' * ''Shokugoshūi Wakashū'' * ''Fūga Wakashū'' * ''Shinsenzai Wakashū'' * ''Shinshūi Wakashū'' * ''Shingoshūi Wakashū'' * ''Shinshokukokin Wakashū''

Note that the ''Shin'yō Wakashū''—although an imperial anthology of Japanese poetry—is not included in the list of twenty one collections.

== Commissioners and compilers == The compilers of the first several {{lang|ja-latn|chokusenshū}} were acting under direct orders of the reigning emperor,{{sfnm|1a1=Fujihira|1y=1994}} but during the period of cloistered rule (or rather the later Heian period and the Kamakura period) it was more common for the anthologies to be commissioned by the retired emperor who was in charge of the court (the ''Daijō Tennō'').{{sfnm|1a1=Fujihira|1y=1994}}

With the exceptions of the ''Shūi Wakashū'' and the ''Fūga Wakashū'',{{sfnm|1a1=Fujihira|1y=1994}} the commissioner would give the order to between one and five compilers to select poems,{{sfnm|1a1=Fujihira|1y=1994}} arrange them into books by topic,{{sfnm|1a1=Fujihira|1y=1994}} arrange the poems within each book{{sfnm|1a1=Fujihira|1y=1994}} and make orthographic decisions.{{sfnm|1a1=Fujihira|1y=1994}} When the compilation was completed, the collection would be presented to the commissioner for inspection.{{sfnm|1a1=Fujihira|1y=1994}} Occasionally the commissioner would order changes to be made,{{sfnm|1a1=Fujihira|1y=1994}} resulting in, for example, the three variant texts of the ''Kin'yō Wakashū''.{{sfnm|1a1=Fujihira|1y=1994}} The ''Shin-Kokin Wakashū'' has an unusual history that after being inspected and approved, later changes were made personally by the commissioner.{{sfnm|1a1=Fujihira|1y=1994}}<!-- This is expanded with memories of Keene's account. Will check later. -->

The last four {{lang|ja-latn|chokusenshū}} were compiled during a period of decline for the imperial house, and were instead commissioned and completed under the auspices of the Ashikaga shōguns.{{sfnm|1a1=Fujihira|1y=1994}} Ashikaga Yoshimasa ordered a further collection, which Asukai Masachika (飛鳥井雅親) began compiling, but the work was abandoned during the Ōnin War.{{sfnm|1a1=Fujihira|1y=1994}} <!--

== Arrangement of books by topic ==

== Poetic style ==

== Impact on cultural history ==

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== References == {{reflist|colwidth=20em}}

== Works cited == * {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia = Encyclopedia Nipponica |last = Fujihira |first = Haruo |author-link = Haruo Fujihira<!-- 藤平春男 --> |title = Chokusen wakashū |language = ja |year = 1994 |publisher = Shogakukan |url = https://kotobank.jp/word/勅撰和歌集-98324#E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E5.85.A8.E6.9B.B8.28.E3.83.8B.E3.83.83.E3.83.9D.E3.83.8B.E3.82.AB.29 |access-date = 2017-11-11 }} <!-- == External links ==

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{{Imperial Waka Anthologies}} {{Japanese poetry}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Chokusen wakashuu}} Category:Japanese poetry anthologies Category:Buddhist poetry