{{Short description|Incorrigible unbeliever in Mahayana Buddhism}} In Mahayana Buddhism the '''''icchantika''''' (一闡提) is an incorrigible unbeliever who lacks faith in Buddhism and has no prospect of attaining enlightenment.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Buswell|editor1-first=Robert Jr|editor2-last=Lopez|editor2-first=Donald S. Jr.|editor1-link=Robert Buswell Jr.|editor2-link=Donald S. Lopez, Jr.|title=Icchantika, in Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism|date=2013|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, NJ|isbn=9780691157863|page=370}}</ref>
==Description== According to some Mahayana Buddhist scriptures, the ''icchantika'' is the most base and spiritually deluded of all types of being. The term implies being given over to total hedonism and greed.<ref name="Hodge2006">{{cite web|last=Hodge |first=Stephen |title=On the Eschatology of the Mahaparinirvana Sutra and Related Matters |url=http://www.shabkar.org/downloa/pdf/On_the_Eschatology_of_the_Mahaparinirvana_Sutra_and_Related_Matters.pdf |location=lecture delivered at the University of London, SOAS |year=2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614174936/http://www.shabkar.org/download/pdf/On_the_Eschatology_of_the_Mahaparinirvana_Sutra_and_Related_Matters.pdf |archive-date=June 14, 2013 }}</ref>
In the Tathagatagarbha sutras, some of which pay particular attention to the ''icchantikas'', the term is frequently used of those persons who do not believe in the Buddha, his eternal Selfhood and his Dharma (Truth) or in karma; who seriously transgress against the Buddhist moral codes and vinaya; and who speak disparagingly and dismissively of the reality of the immortal Buddha-nature (''Buddha-dhatu'') or Tathagatagarbha present within all beings.<ref name="Hodge2006" />{{refn|group=note|Including ''icchantikas'' themselves, though it is more hidden from their consciousness than in other individuals due to the massive accretions of sinfulness and delusion which conceal it from their sight.}}
The two shortest versions of the ''Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra'' (Faxian's translation and the middle-length Tibetan version) indicate that the ''icchantika'' has so totally severed all his/her roots of goodness that he/she can never attain liberation and nirvana or enlightenment (Buddhahood).<ref name=":0">Liu, Ming-Wood (1984). '[http://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/issue/view/1018 The Problem of the Icchantika in the Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra]', ''Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies'' 7 (1), 71-72 </ref> The full-length Dharmakshema version of the Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra, in contrast, insists that even the ''icchantika'' can eventually find release into nirvana, since no phenomenon is fixed (including this type of allegedly deluded person) and that change for the better and best is always a possibility.<ref name=":0" />
Other scriptures (such as the ''Lankavatara Sutra'') indicate that the icchantikas will be saved through the liberational power of the Buddha - who, it is claimed, will never abandon any being.
Buswell notes: "With the prominent exception of the Faxian-School [...], East Asian Buddhists rejected the icchantica-doctrine in favor of the notion that all beings, even the denizens of hell, retained the capacity to attain enlightenment."<ref name="Buswell 2003">{{cite book|last1=Buswell|first1=Robert E.|title=Encyclopedia of Buddhism, vol.1|date=2003|publisher=Macmillan Reference Lib.|location=New York|isbn=0028657187|page=351}}</ref>
== See also == *Anantarika-karma, five unforgivable sins in Buddhism that may cause the offender to end up in the lowest hell *Tao Sheng *Abomination (Bible)
==Notes== {{Reflist|group=note|2}}
==References== {{Reflist}}
== Further reading == * Karashima, Seishi (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140727190023/http://iriab.soka.ac.jp/orc/Publications/ARIRIAB/pdf/ARIRIAB-10.pdf Who were the Icchantikas?], Annual Report of The International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University 10, 61-80 * Lai, Whalen (1982). [https://web.archive.org/web/20101206012413/http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/lai.htm Sinitic speculations on buddha-nature: The Nirvaana school (420-589)], Philosophy East and West 32:2, p. 135-149 * Yamamoto, Kosho (tr.), Page, Tony (ed), (1999–2000). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131019072030/http://webzoom.freewebs.com/nirvana-sutra/convenient/Mahaparinirvana_Sutra_Yamamoto_Page_2007.pdf ''The Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra''] in 12 volumes. London: Nirvana Publications.
{{Religious slurs}} {{Buddhism topics}}
Category:Mahayana Category:Heresy in Buddhism