{{Short description|Increase in the size of biological cells}} {{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=6}} {{more medical citations needed|date=May 2017}} {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = Hypertrophy | image = Hyperplasia vs Hypertrophy.svg | caption = Hypertrophy results from an increase in cell size, whereas hyperplasia stems from an increase in cell number.| | pronounce = | field = | synonyms = | symptoms = | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }}
'''Hypertrophy''' is an increase in the size of individual cells.<ref name="Muscle Hypertrophy">{{cite web | vauthors = Hernandez R, Kravitz L | title = Skeletal muscle hypertrophy | url = https://www.unm.edu/~lkravitz/Article%20folder/hypertrophy.html | website = www.unm.edu }}</ref> In multicellular organisms, growth is typically achieved through a combination of this cellular enlargement and hyperplasia, which is an increase in the number of cells.<ref>{{Cite web| title = Hyperplasia: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia | url = https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003441.htm | access-date = 2023-02-19 | website = medlineplus.gov | language = en }}</ref> While distinct processes, they often occur concurrently. Hypertrophy can lead to a relative increase in the volume of a tissue or organ, and contributes to the overall growth of an organism. In organisms characterized by eutely, where the total number of somatic cells is fixed upon reaching maturity, post-embryonic growth is achieved almost exclusively through hypertrophy.<ref>[https://www.google.no/books/edition/Life_Cycles/15C1BwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=metazoa+hypertrophy+rotifers+nematodes+tardigrades+larvae&pg=PA38&printsec=frontcover Life Cycles: An Evolutionary Approach to the Physiology of Reproduction, Development and Ageing]</ref> In humans and other mammals, hypertrophy is a normal physiological process, such as the hormonally induced enlargement of uterine cells during pregnancy.
==Clinical significance in humans== '''Eccentric hypertrophy''' is a type of hypertrophy in which the walls and chamber of a hollow organ undergo growth, resulting in an overall increase in size and volume. It is most commonly described in the left ventricle of the heart.<ref name="Kusumoto_2004">{{cite book| vauthors = Kusumoto FM | title = Cardiovascular Pathophysiology | pages = 20–22 | year = 2004 | publisher = Hayes Barton Press | isbn = 978-1-59377-189-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FHT_w_gUeK4C&q=Eccentric+hypertrophy&pg=PA22 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sarcomeres are added in series, as for example in dilated cardiomyopathy (in contrast to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a type of concentric hypertrophy, where sarcomeres are added in parallel).
==Gallery== <gallery> Gould Pyle 234.jpg|Breasts Hypertrophied clitoris.jpg|Clitoris Head of a boy with hypertrophy of the ear Wellcome L0062496.jpg|Ear Gould Pyle 127.jpg|Fingers Feet from a case of partial hypertrophy of the foot Wellcome L0061374.jpg|Foot (partial) Hypertrophy of the gums Wellcome L0062728.jpg|Gums Hypertrophy from Carswell, 1838. Wellcome L0000931.jpg|Heart Kidney hypertrophy Wellcome L0005308.jpg|Kidneys Face of man with hypertrophy of the temporal muscles Wellcome L0062508.jpg|Temporal muscles Tibia affected by chronic inflammatory hypertrophy Wellcome L0061256.jpg|Tibia (inflammatory) Inflammatory hypertrophy of the tongue Wellcome L0061277.jpg|Tongue (inflammatory) Gould Pyle 100.jpg|Upper lip Operative gynecology - (1906) (14780430391).jpg|Urethral meatus </gallery> {{-plasia}}
==See also== * Athlete's heart * Ventricular hypertrophy (including left ventricular hypertrophy and right ventricular hypertrophy) * Muscle hypertrophy * List of biological development disorders
==References== {{reflist}}
== External links == {{Medical resources | DiseasesDB = | ICD10 = | ICD9 = | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = | eMedicineTopic = | MeshID = D006984 | SNOMED CT = 56246009 }} *[http://muscle.ucsd.edu/musintro/hypertrophy.shtml University of California Muscle Physiology Home Page: Hypertrophy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421192506/http://muscle.ucsd.edu/Musintro/hypertrophy.shtml |date=2021-04-21 }}
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Category:Muscular system Category:Tissues (biology) Category:Exercise physiology Category:Physical exercise Category:Anatomical pathology