Hydronym

A '''hydronym''' (from {{langx|el|ὕδρω}}, {{lang|el-Latn|hydrō}}, "water" and {{lang|el|ὄνομα}}, {{lang|el-Latn|onoma}}, "name") is a type of toponym that designates a proper name of a body of water. Hydronyms include the proper names of rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, swamps and marshes, seas and oceans. As a subset of toponymy, a distinctive discipline of ''hydronymy'' (or ''hydronomastics'') studies the proper names of all bodies of water, the origins and meanings of those names, and their development and transmission through history.{{sfn|Room|1996|p=48, 51, 56, 71, 79, 84}}

[[File:Egyptian hieroglyphs-Iteru.svg|thumb|250px|Hydronym ''Iteru'' ("great river") written in hieroglyphs, designating the river Nile in the Egyptian language]]

== Classification by water types == Within the onomastic classification, main types of hydronyms are (in alphabetical order):

* '''helonyms''': proper names of swamps, marshes and bogs{{sfn|Room|1996|p=48}} * '''limnonyms''': proper names of lakes and ponds{{sfn|Room|1996|p=56}} * '''oceanonyms''': proper names of oceans{{sfn|Room|1996|p=71}} * '''pelagonyms''': proper names of seas and maritime bays{{sfn|Room|1996|p=79}} * '''potamonyms''': proper names of rivers and streams{{sfn|Room|1996|p=84}}

== Linguistic phenomena == {{More citations needed section|date=April 2024}} Often, a given body of water will have several entirely different names given to it by different peoples living along its shores. For example, {{bo|t=རྫ་ཆུ|w=rDza chu|z=Za qu}} and {{langx|th|แม่น้ำโขง}} {{IPA|th|mɛ̂ː náːm kʰǒːŋ|}} are the Tibetan and Thai names, respectively, for the same river, the Mekong in southeast Asia. (The Tibetan name is used for three other rivers as well.)

Hydronyms from various languages may all share a common etymology. For example, the Danube, Don, Dniester, Dnieper, and Donets rivers all contain the Scythian name for "river" (cf. {{lang|os|don}}, "river, water" in modern Ossetic).<ref name="Mallory, J.P 2000. p. 106">{{cite book |last1=Mallory |first1=J. P. |first2=Victor H. |last2=Mair |title=The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West |location=London |publisher=Thames and Hudson |year=2000 |page=106}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=http://i.ironau.ru/pdf/osjazfolk1949.pdf |last=Абаев |first=В. И. |script-title=ru:Осетинский язык и фольклор |trans-title=Ossetian language and folklore |location=Moscow |publisher=Publishing house of Soviet Academy of Sciences |year=1949 |page=236}}</ref> A similar suggestion is that the Yarden, Yarkon, and Yarmouk (and possibly, with distortion, Yabbok and/or Arnon) rivers in the Israel/Jordan area contain the Egyptian word for river ({{Transliteration|egy|itrw}}, transliterated in the Bible as {{Transliteration|hbo|ye'or}}).

It is also possible for a toponym to become a hydronym: for example, the River Liffey takes its name from the plain on which it stands, called {{lang|ga|Liphe}} or {{lang|ga|Life}}; the river originally was called {{lang|ga|An Ruirthech}}.<ref>{{cite book |last=Byrne |first=F. J. |year=1973 |title=Irish Kings and High-Kings |location=Dublin |page=150}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dublincastle.ie/history1.html |title=Dublin Castle – History – Chapter 1 – Prehistoric Dublin |access-date=2006-11-20 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020616071414/http://www.dublincastle.ie/history1.html |archive-date=2002-06-16 }}</ref> An unusual example is the River Cam, which originally was called the {{lang|ang|Granta}}, but when the town of {{lang|ang|Grantebrycge}} became Cambridge, the river's name changed to match the toponym. Another unusual example is the River Stort which is named after the town on the ford Bishops Stortford rather than the town being named after the river.

== Relation to history == Compared to most other toponyms, hydronyms are very conservative linguistically, and people who move to an area often retain the existing name of a body of water rather than rename it in their own language.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Julie Tetel Andresen |author2=Phillip Carter |title=Languages In The World: How History, Culture, and Politics Shape Language |publisher=John Wiley & Sons|date=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uolxBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA227 |page=227|isbn=978-1-118-53128-0 |access-date=31 December 2015}}</ref> For example, the Rhine in Germany bears a Celtic name, not a German name.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Klement Tockner |author2=Urs Uehlinger |author3=Christopher T. Robinson |title=Rivers of Europe |publisher=Academic Press |date=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GDmX5XKkQCcC&pg=PT216 |page=216|isbn=978-0-08-091908-9 |access-date=31 December 2015}}</ref> The Mississippi River in the United States bears an Anishinaabe name, not a French or English one.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Arlene B. Hirschfelder |author2=Paulette Fairbanks Molin |title=The Extraordinary Book of Native American Lists |publisher=Scarecrow Press |date=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Un1QWo2Nx8C&pg=PA260 |page=260|isbn=978-0-8108-7709-2 |access-date=31 December 2015}}</ref> The names of large rivers are even more conservative than the local names of small streams.

Therefore, hydronomy may be a tool used to reconstruct past cultural interactions, population movements, religious conversions, or older languages.<ref>{{cite web|author=((The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica))|title=Toponymy |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=http://www.britannica.com/science/toponymy |access-date=31 December 2015}}</ref> For example, history professor Kenneth H. Jackson identified a river-name pattern against which to fit the story of the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain and pockets of surviving native British culture.<ref>Kenneth H. Jackson, ''[https://archive.org/details/languagehistoryi0000jack/page/220/mode/2up Language and History in Early Britain]'', (Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 1953) pp. 220-23. Summarized in H.R. Loyn, ''Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest'', 2nd ed. 1991:7-9.</ref> His river map of Britain divided the island into three principal areas of English settlement: the river valleys draining eastward in which surviving British names are limited to the largest rivers and Saxon settlement was early and dense; the highland spine; and a third region whose British hydronyms apply even to the smaller streams.

== References == {{Reflist|2}}

== Sources == {{Refbegin|2}} *{{Cite encyclopedia |title=River |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture |last=Beekes |first=Robert S. P. |pages=486–487}} * {{Cite book |last=Mencken |first=H. L. |title=The American language: An inquiry into the development of English in the United States |date=1921 |edition=2nd, rev. and enl. |chapter=3. Geographical Names |chapter-url=http://www.bartleby.com/185/50.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227233224/http://www.bartleby.com/185/50.html |archive-date=2017-12-27}} * {{Cite book |last=Room |first=Adrian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XEtiAAAAMAAJ |title=An Alphabetical Guide to the Language of Name Studies |publisher=The Scarecrow Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-8108-3169-8 |location=Lanham and London}} {{refend}}

Category:Hydronymy Category:Toponymy