{{Short description|Theory in psychotherapy}} :''This is about psychotherapy. See Human condition for the general topic.''
thumb|Diagram of the Human Givens therapeutic model.
'''Human Givens''' is a theory in psychotherapy proposed by Joe Griffin and Ivan Tyrrell in the late 1990s,<ref>{{cite book|last2=Tyrrell|first2=Ivan|last1=Griffin|first1=Joe|title=Psychotherapy, Counselling and the Human Givens (Organising Idea)|date=1998|publisher=European Therapy Studies Institute |isbn=978-1899398959}}</ref> and amplified in the 2003 book ''Human Givens: A new approach to emotional health and clear thinking''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Griffin|first1=Joe|last2=Tyrrell|first2=Ivan|title=Human givens : a new approach to emotional health and clear thinking|url=https://archive.org/details/humangivensnewap00grif|url-access=registration|date=2003|publisher=HG Publishing|location=Chalvington, East Sussex|isbn=978-1-899398-31-7|edition=First}}</ref> Human Givens therapy draws on several psychotherapeutic models, such as motivational interviewing, cognitive behavioural therapy, psychoeducation, interpersonal therapy, imaginal exposure therapy and NLP such as the Rewind Technique.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Hughes|editor1-first=Rick|author1-last=Cooper|author1-first=Cary L.|author2-last=Kinder|author2-first=Andrew|title=International handbook of workplace trauma support|date=2012|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Chichester, West Sussex|isbn=978-0-470-97413-1|pages=Chapter 9|edition=1}}</ref>
==Historical background== Abraham Maslow is credited with the first prominent theory which laid out a hierarchy of needs.<ref name=obit>{{cite news |title=Dr. Abraham Maslow, Founder Of Humanistic Psychology, Dies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/06/10/archives/dr-abraham-maslow-founder-of-humanistic-psychology-dies.html |quote=Dr. Abraham Maslow, professor of psychology at Brandeis University in Waltham, Mass., and founder of what has come to be known as humanistic psychology, died of a heart attack. He was 62 years old. |work=New York Times |date=June 10, 1970 |accessdate=2010-09-26}}</ref> The precise nature of the hierarchy and the needs have subsequently been refined by modern neuroscientific and psychological research.
Since Maslow's work in the middle of the twentieth century, a significant body of research has been undertaken to clarify what human beings need to be happy and healthy. The UK has contributed significantly to the international effort, through the ground breaking Whitehall Study led by Sir Michael Marmot, which tracked the lifestyles and outcomes for large groups of British civil servants. This identified effects on mental and physical health from emotional needs being met—for instance, it showed that those with less autonomy and control over their lives, or less social support, have worse health outcomes.
In the United States, the work of Martin Seligman, a psychologist at the University of Pennsylvania has been influential. Seligman has summarised the research to date in terms of what makes humans happy; again, this demonstrates themes about universal emotional needs which must be met for people to lead fulfilling lives.<ref name=seligmanHappiness>{{cite book|last1=Seligman|first1=Martin|title=Authentic Happiness: Using the New Positive Psychology to Realize Your Potential for Lasting Fulfillment|date=2002|publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=9780743222983|url=https://archive.org/details/authentichappine00seli}}</ref><ref name=seligmanFlourish>{{cite book|last1=Seligman|first1=Martin|title=Flourish: A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Well-Being|date=2011|publisher=Free Press |isbn=9781439190753}}</ref>
At the University of Rochester, contemporaries of Seligman Edward Deci and Richard Ryan have conducted original research and gathered existing evidence to develop a framework of human needs which they call self-determination theory. This states that human beings are born with innate motivations, developed from our evolutionary past. They gather these motivational forces into three groups—autonomy, competence and relatedness. The human givens approach uses a framework of nine needs, which map onto these three groups.
==Innate needs== The human givens model proposes that human beings come into the world with a given set of innate needs, together with innate resources to support them to get those needs met. Physical needs for nutritious food, clean water, air and sleep are obvious, and well understood, because when they are not met people die. However, the emotional needs, which the human givens approach seeks to bring to wider attention, are less obvious, and less well understood, but just as important to human health. Decades of social and health psychology research now support this.<ref>See references for Chapter 5 of the new edition of the core human givens book: {{cite book|last1=Griffin|first1=Joe|last2=Tyrrell|first2=Ivan|title=Human givens : The new approach to emotional health and clear thinking|date=2013|publisher=HG Publishing|location=Chalvington, East Sussex|isbn=978-1899398317|pages=97–153|edition=New|url=http://www.humangivens.com/publications/human-givens-book.html}}</ref>
The human givens approach defines nine emotional needs:
# '''Security''': A sense of safety and security; safe territory; an environment in which people can live without experiencing excessive fear so that they can develop healthily.<ref>{{cite web|title=WORK STRESS AND HEALTH: the Whitehall II study |quote=We found that during the periods of insecurity in the run up to the privatisation, civil servants in PSA suffered more physical ill-health than their unaffected counterparts and they also experienced adverse changes in some of the well-known risk factors for heart disease, such as blood pressure. |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/whitehallII/pdf/Whitehallbooklet_1_.pdf |publisher=Public and Commercial Services Union on behalf of Council of Civil Service Unions/Cabinet Office |last=Marmot |first=Michael |author2=Ruth Bell |display-authors=etal}}</ref> # '''Autonomy and control''': A sense of autonomy and control over what happens around and to us.<ref>{{cite journal| last1=Stansfeld| first1=Stephen A.| last2=Fuhrer| first2=Rebecca| last3=Head| first3=Jenny| last4=Ferrie| first4=Jane| last5=Shipley| first5=Martin| title=Work and psychiatric disorder in the Whitehall II Study| journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research| date=July 1997| volume=43| issue=1| pages=73–81| doi=10.1016/S0022-3999(97)00001-9| pmid=9263933}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| last1=Stansfeld| first1=S.A.| last2=Fuhrer| first2=R| last3=Shipley| first3=M.J.| last4=Marmot| first4=M.G.| title=Work characteristics predict psychiatric disorder: prospective results from the Whitehall II Study.| journal=Occupational & Environmental Medicine| date=1999| volume=56| issue=5| pages=302–307| quote=The associations between the three Karasek work characteristics, decision authority, skill discretion, job demands, and effort-reward imbalance predicting the combined risk of psychiatric disorder at phases 2 and 3, are reported in table 1. High efforts in combination with low rewards were strikingly associated with an increased risk of psychiatric disorder. This has not previously been reported.| doi=10.1136/oem.56.5.302| pmid=10472303| pmc=1757742}}</ref> # '''Status''': A sense of status—being accepted and valued in the various social groups we belong to. # '''Privacy''': Time and space enough to reflect on and consolidate our experiences. # '''Attention''': Receiving attention from others, but also giving it; a form of essential nutrition that fuels the development of each individual, family and culture.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wheeler|first1=Mark|title=UCLA researchers identify the molecular signature of loneliness|url=http://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/Loneliness-Is-a-Molecule-UCLA-8214?RelNum=8214|publisher=UCLA}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cole|first1=Steve W.|last2=Hawkley|first2=Louise C.| title=Social regulation of gene expression in human leukocytes|journal=Genome Biology|date=2007|volume=8|issue=9|page=Article R189|doi=10.1186/gb-2007-8-9-r189|pmid=17854483|pmc=2375027|display-authors=etal |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://solitarywatch.com/resources/journal-articles/|website=Solitary Watch|title=Solirary Watch - Journal Articles}}</ref> # '''Connection to the wider community''': Interaction with a larger group of people and a sense of being part of the group. # '''Intimacy''': Emotional connection to other people—friendship, love, intimacy, fun. # '''Competence and achievement''': A sense of our own competence and achievements, that we have what it takes to meet life's demands. # '''Meaning and purpose''': Being stretched, aiming for meaningful goals, having a sense of a higher calling or serving others creates meaning and purpose.
These needs map more or less well to tendencies and motivations described by other psychological evidence, especially that compiled by Deci and Ryan at the University of Rochester.<ref name="refDeciRyan1978">{{cite book |last1=Deci |first1=Edward L. |last2=Ryan |first2=Richard M. |title=Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior |year=1985 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4899-2271-7 |isbn=9781489922731}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Bartholomew |first=K.J. |author2=Nikos Ntoumanis|title=Self-Determination Theory and Diminished Functioning: The Role of Interpersonal Control and Psychological Need Thwarting |journal=Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin |quote=Within Self Determination Theory, the nutriments for healthy development and functioning are specified using the concept of basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. To the extent that the needs are ongoingly satisfied people will develop and function effectively and experience wellness, but to the extent that they are thwarted, people more likely evidence ill-being and non-optimal functioning. The darker sides of human behavior and experience, such as certain types of psychopathology, prejudice, and aggression are understood in terms of reactions to basic needs having been thwarted, either developmentally or proximally. |date=November 2011 |volume=37 |issue=11 |pages=1459–1473 |doi=10.1177/0146167211413125|pmid=21700794 |display-authors=etal|url=http://pure-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/2922254/BartholomewNtoumanisPersonalitySocialPsyBull2011.pdf }}</ref> The exact categorisation of these needs, however, is not considered important. Needs can be interlinked and have fuzzy boundaries, as Maslow noted.<ref name="refMaslow1">{{cite journal |last=Maslow |first=Abraham |authorlink=Abraham Maslow |date=July 1943 |title=A theory of human motivation |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=370–396 |quote=Thus it seems impossible as well as useless to make any list of fundamental physiological needs for they can come to almost any number one might wish, depending on the degree of specificity of description. |doi= 10.1037/h0054346 |journal=Psychological Review|citeseerx=10.1.1.334.7586 }}</ref> What matters is a broad understanding of the scope and nature of human emotional needs and why they are so important to our physical and mental health. Humans are a physically vulnerable species that have enjoyed amazing evolutionary success due in large part to their ability to form relationships and communities. Getting the right social and emotional input from others was, in our evolutionary past, literally a matter of life or death. Thus, Human Givens theory states, people are genetically programmed only to be happy and healthy when these needs are met.
There is evidence that these needs are consistent across cultures, and therefore represent innate human requirements.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Reis|first=Harry T.|author2=Kennon M. Sheldon|title=Daily Well-Being: The Role of Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness|journal=Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin |date=April 2000 |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=419–435 |quote=Subsequently, we have tested the importance and generality of these needs and have found that, across many eastern and western cultures, these needs are essential for psychological health in each country we have studied (e.g., Chirkov, Ryan, Kim, & Kaplan, 2003), and we were pleased to see the new evidence on this matter provided in Sheldon et al’s target article. |doi=10.1177/0146167200266002|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Deci|first=Edward L.|author2=Richard M. Ryan|title=Need Satisfaction, Motivation, and Well-Being in the Work Organizations of a Former Eastern Bloc Country: A Cross-Cultural Study of Self-Determination|journal=Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin|date=2001|volume=27|issue=8|pages=930–942|doi=10.1177/0146167201278002|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Ryan|first=Richard M.|author2=Edward L. Deci|title=Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being|journal=American Psychologist|date=Jan 2000 |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=68–78 |quote=In conclusion, the present study provides evidence in support of the self-determination model of work motivation across two very different cultures and types of work organizations. More specifically, the results suggest that the study of basic psychological needs may be relevant across quite divergent cultures with different political, economic, and value systems. |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68|pmid=11392867|citeseerx=10.1.1.529.4370}}</ref>
==Innate resources== The Human Givens model also consists of a set of 'resources' (abilities and capabilities) that all human beings are born with, which are used to get the innate needs met. These constitute what is termed an 'inner guidance system'. Learning how to use these resources well is seen as being key to achieving, and sustaining, robust bio-psycho-social health as individuals and as groups (families, communities, societies, cultures etc.).
The given resources include:
* '''Memory''': The ability to develop complex long-term memory, which enables people to add to their innate (instinctive) knowledge and learn; * '''Rapport''': The ability to build rapport, empathise and connect with others; * '''Imagination''': Which enables people to focus attention away from the emotions and problem solve more creatively and objectively (a 'reality simulator'); * '''Instincts and emotions''': A set of basic responses and 'propulsion' for behaviours; * '''A rational mind''': A conscious, rational mind that can check out emotions, question, analyse and plan; * '''A metaphorical mind''': The ability to 'know', to understand the world unconsciously through metaphorical pattern matching ('this thing is ''like'' that thing'); * '''An observing self''': That part of us which can step back, be more objective and recognise itself as a unique centre of awareness apart from intellect, emotion and conditioning;<ref>{{cite book |last=Deikman |first=Arthur J. |authorlink=Arthur Deikman |date=1982 |title=The Observing Self: Mysticism and Psychotherapy |edition=1 |publisher=Beacon Press |isbn=978-0807029510 |url=https://archive.org/details/observingselfmys00deik }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baars |first1=Bernard J. |last2=Ramsøy |first2=Thomas Z. |last3=Laureys |first3=Steven |date=December 2003 |title=Brain, conscious experience and the observing self |journal=Trends in Neurosciences |volume=26 |issue=12 |pages=671–675 |doi=10.1016/j.tins.2003.09.015 |pmid=14624851 |citeseerx=10.1.1.467.5465 }}</ref> * '''A dreaming brain''': According to the expectation fulfilment theory of dreaming, this preserves the integrity of our genetic inheritance every night by metaphorically defusing emotionally arousing expectations not acted out during the previous day.
==Three reasons for mental illness== A further ''organising idea''<ref name="organising_idea">Use of the term 'organising idea' as a way of referring to human thinking/perceptual processes seems to have originated with Henri Bortoft and is much used in human givens literature. {{cite web |date=20 October 2015 |title=What is an organising idea? |url=http://www.hgi.org.uk/organising.htm}}</ref> proffered by the human givens approach is to suggest that there are three main reasons why individuals may not be getting their needs met and thus why they may become mentally ill:
# '''Environment''': something in our environment is interfering with our ability to get our needs met. Our environment is 'toxic' (e.g. a bullying boss, antisocial neighbours) or simply lacks what we need (e.g. community); # '''Damage''': something is wrong with our 'resources' -- our 'hardware' (brain/body) or 'software' (missing or incomplete instincts and/or unhelpful conditioning such as posttraumatic stress disorder) is damaged; # '''Knowledge''': we may not know what we need; or we may not have been taught, or may have failed to learn, the coping skills necessary for getting our needs met (for example, how to use the imagination for problem solving rather than worrying, or how to make and sustain friendships).
When dealing with mental illness or distress this framework provides a checklist that guides both diagnosis and treatment.
Within this framework Joe Griffin and Ivan Tyrrell developed models for several forms of mental illness based on their own research and insights.
* Depression – proposing expectation fulfilment theory of dreaming as the key to understanding the cycle of depression: how depression develops, is maintained and can be successfully treated.<ref>{{cite book|last3=Winn|first3=Denise|last1=Griffin|first1=Joe|last2=Tyrrell|first2=Ivan|title=How to lift depression ( --fast) : a practical handbook|date=2004|publisher=HG Pub.|location=Chalvington|isbn=978-1-899398-41-6}}</ref> * Addiction<ref>{{cite book|last1=Griffin|first1=Joe|last2=Tyrrell|first2=Ivan|last3=Winn|first3=Denise|title=Freedom from addiction : the secret behind successful addiction busting : a practical handbook|date=2005|publisher=HG Pub.|location=Chalvington|isbn=978-1899398461}}</ref> * Autistic spectrum disorder – proposing caetextia as underlying mechanism<ref>{{cite web|title=Caetextia Website | url=http://caetextia.com/}}</ref> * Psychosis – described as waking reality processed through the REM state/dreaming brain<ref>{{cite web|title=Ivan Tyrrell and Richard Bentall discuss patient-centred new approaches to the understanding and treatment of psychotic illness.|url=http://www.hgi.org.uk/archive/newlook-psychosis.htm}}</ref>
==Human givens therapy==
Psychotherapy based on the Human Givens theory follows the APET model, following the order in which the brain processes information and offers supportive strategies for each phase.<ref name="Yates Atkinson 2011 pp. 35–50">{{cite journal | last1=Yates | first1=Yvonne | last2=Atkinson | first2=Cathy | title=Using Human Givens therapy to support the well-being of adolescents: a case example | journal=Pastoral Care in Education | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=29 | issue=1 | year=2011 | issn=0264-3944 | doi=10.1080/02643944.2010.548395 | pages=35–50}}</ref>
* Activating agent – a stimulus * Pattern match – a past event * Emotions * Thoughts
Sessions are structured by the RIGAAR model.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Griffin|first1=Joe|last2=Tyrrell|first2=Ivan|title=Human givens : a new approach to emotional health and clear thinking|url=https://archive.org/details/humangivensnewap00grif|url-access=registration|date=2003|publisher=HG Publishing|location=Chalvington, East Sussex|isbn=978-1-899398-31-7|edition=First}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Attwood |first1=Sam |last2=Atkinson |first2=Cathy |date=June 2020 |title=Supporting a post-16 student with learning difficulties using human givens therapy |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342004575 |journal=Educational and Child Psychology |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=34–47|doi=10.53841/bpsecp.2020.37.2.34 }}</ref>
* Rapport building * Information gathering * Goal setting (new, positive expectations related to the fulfillment of innate needs) * Accessing resources * Agreeing on strategies for change (for achieving the needs-related goals) * Rehearsing success
Human Givens therapy is a solution-focused brief therapy,<ref>{{cite web|title=What's different about the HG approach to therapy?|url=https://www.humangivens.com/human-givens/human-givens-therapy/hg-approach-difference/|access-date=2023-05-17}}</ref> an approach that is aligned with solution-focused coaching and wellness coaching,<ref>{{cite journal| last1=Beauchemin| first1=James| last2=Lee| first2=Mo Yee| year=2014| title=Solution-Focused. Wellness Coaching*| url=https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1067&context=journalsfp| journal=Journal of Solution Focused Practices| volume=1| issue=2| doi=10.59874/001c.75103| doi-access=free}}</ref> and thus the Human Givens approach is used by psychotherapists as well as life coaches<ref>{{cite web| title=What is Life Coaching?| url=https://www.nickhatter.com/#what-is-life-coaching| access-date=2023-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=How human givens helped Life Coach Nick Hatter| url=https://www.humangivens.com/case-studies/how-human-givens-helped-leading-life-coach/| publisher=Human Givens College| access-date=2023-05-17}}</ref> and therapeutic coaches.<ref>{{cite web| title=The Integrated Coaching Academy| url=https://integratedcoachingacademy.com/distance-learning| access-date=2023-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=A very different kind of coaching| date=16 November 2017| url=https://www.hgi.org.uk/resources/delve-our-extensive-library/mental-health-services-nhs-cbt-psychotherapy/very-different| access-date=2023-05-17| publisher=Human Givens Institute}}</ref>
==Efficacy and criticisms==
Since its first independent review in 2008, Human Givens Therapy has consistently demonstrated strong outcomes in helping people overcome a wide range of mental health difficulties. Early reviews highlighted its innovative, needs-based approach and the effectiveness of tools such as the rewind technique. Since then, a growing body of research—including large-scale practice evaluations and independent studies such as the recent King’s College London review of PTSD Resolution—has shown HG Therapy to deliver reliable, measurable improvements that meet or exceed standard clinical benchmarks. Today, Human Givens practitioners are formally recognised under SCoPEd (the competence framework for counselling and psychotherapy in the UK), placing HG Therapy alongside other leading evidence-based approaches in the field.{{cn|date=August 2025}}
In 2008, a systematic review of the literature on the Human Givens approach concluded that the evidence was limited and of low quality. They called for rigorously designed studies. They did find 2 studies of higher quality evidence supporting the rewind technique but attributed the rewind technique rather than the Human Givens approach. The authors called on mainstream journals to provide space for healthy debate.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Corp | first1=N | last2=Tsaroucha | first2=A | last3=Kingston | first3=P | date=December 2008 | title=Human givens therapy: the evidence base | url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/13619322200800027/full/html | journal=Mental Health Review Journal | volume=13 | issue=4 | pages=44–52 | doi=10.1108/13619322200800027 | access-date= | url-access=subscription}}</ref>
In 2012 a retrospective review of 3,885 cases found Human Givens Therapy to be clinically equivalent to a benchmark for relief from psychological distress.<ref name="Andrews 2013">{{cite journal | last1=Andrews | first1=William Peter | last2=Wislocki | first2=Andrew Peter | last3=Short | first3=Fay | last4=Chow | first4=Daryl | last5=Minami | first5=Takuya | date=23 September 2013 | title=A five-year evaluation of the Human Givens therapy using a practice research network | journal=Mental Health Review Journal | volume=18 | issue=3 | issn=1361-9322 | doi=10.1108/MHRJ-04-2013-0011 | pages=165–176 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Daryl-Chow/publication/262851020_A_five-year_evaluation_of_the_Human_Givens_therapy_using_a_practice_research_network/links/5ac3931ca6fdcc618472660d/A-five-year-evaluation-of-the-Human-Givens-therapy-using-a-practice-research-network.pdf}}</ref>
A controlled study found that treating people with mild to moderate depressed mood (measured using HADS) with human givens therapy had quicker results than the treatment provided to people in a control group, but suffered problems reaching an adequately sized control group.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Tsaroucha | first1=Anna | last2=Kingston | first2=Paul | last3=Stewart | first3=Tony | last4=Walton | first4=Ian | last5=Corp | first5=Nadia | title=Assessing the effectiveness of the "human givens" approach in treating depression: a quasi experimental study in primary care | journal=Mental Health Review Journal | volume=17 | issue=2 | pages=90–103 | doi=10.1108/13619321211270416 | year=2012 | url=http://eprints.staffs.ac.uk/5358/1/Human%20Givens%20paper_Final_after_proof.doc}}</ref>
A five-year evaluation of the Human Givens therapy using a practice research network found success with relieving psychological distress.<ref name="Andrews 2013" />
In 2019 a retrospective study found that a Human Givens based therapy provided by PTSD Resolution for the Armed Forces Community was to be an acceptable alternative for IAPT treatment.<ref name="Burdett Greenberg p. ">{{cite journal | last1=Burdett | first1=H | last2=Greenberg | first2=N | title=Service evaluation of a Human Givens Therapy service for veterans | journal=Occupational Medicine | publisher=Oxford University Press (OUP) | date=2019-05-23 | volume=69 | issue=8–9 | issn=0962-7480 | doi=10.1093/occmed/kqz045 | article-number=kqz045 | pmid=31120512}}</ref> The therapy offered by PTSD Resolution is based on the rewind technique as adopted by Human Givens.<ref name="PTSD Resolution Charity for UK Forces Veterans Mental Health 2021">{{cite web | title=Articles | website=PTSD Resolution Charity for UK Forces Veterans Mental Health | date=2021-06-19 | url=https://ptsdresolution.org/articles.php | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619153903/https://ptsdresolution.org/articles.php | archive-date=2021-06-19 | url-status=live | access-date=2022-05-18}}</ref>
In 2025 King’s College London confirmed the effectiveness of HG Therapy as delivered through the charity PTSD Resolution. The findings highlight: * 82% of veterans completed their therapy, notably higher than the ~55% completion rate in NHS services. * 79% of clients with anxiety and depression showed reliable improvement, outperforming the IAPT NHS average of 67–68%. 72% of probable PTSD cases experienced reliable improvement. * Treatment outcomes were comparable to standard clinical benchmarks, with improvements sustained over time. * The average course length was just ~8 sessions, with quick access—average wait was 12 days from referral.
==See also== * Maslow's hierarchy of needs * Manfred Max-Neef's Fundamental human needs * Ivan Tyrrell
==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
==External links== * [https://www.hgi.org.uk/ The Human Givens Institute] * [https://www.humangivens.com/foundation/ The Human Givens Foundation] * [https://www.humangivens.com/college/ Human Givens College] * [http://caetextia.com// Caetextia (context blindness)]
Category:1998 introductions Category:Psychotherapeutical theories