{{short description|Short, tight shorts}} {{About|the item of clothing|other uses|Hot Pants (disambiguation){{!}}Hot Pants}} thumb|upright|Sketch of hotpants [[File:Bebe Hot Pants 01 2008 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Brocade hotpants modelled by Larysa Poznyak for Bebe, 2008]]
'''Hotpants''' or '''hot pants''' are extremely short shorts. The term was first used by ''Women's Wear Daily'' in 1970 to describe shorts made in luxury fabrics such as velvet and satin for fashionable wear, rather than their more practical equivalents that had been worn for sports or leisure since the 1930s. Hotpants are worn above the knees around the thigh area. The term has since become a generic term for any pair of extremely short shorts. While hotpants were briefly a very popular element of mainstream fashion in the early 1970s, by the mid-1970s they had become associated with the sex industry, which contributed to their fall from fashion. However, hotpants continued to be popular as clubwear well into the 2010s and 2020s and are often worn within the entertainment industry, particularly as part of cheerleader costumes or for dancers (especially backup dancers). Performers such as Britney Spears and Kylie Minogue have famously worn hotpants as part of their public performances and presentation.
==Origins and terminology== While the term "hotpants" is used generically to describe extremely short shorts,<ref name=50yrs>{{cite book |last1=Russell |first1=I. Willis |last2=Porter |first2=Mary Gray |editor1-last=Algeo |editor1-first=John |editor2-last=Algeo |editor2-first=Adele S. |title=Fifty Years Among the New Words: A Dictionary of Neologisms 1941–1991 |chapter=Among The New Words |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3x-umCIwEYQC&pg=PA167 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1993 |pages=167–168 |isbn=9780521449717}}</ref> similar garments had been worn since the 1930s.<ref name=50yrs/> Such was their popularity in the 1950s that the Royal Teens' hit song "Short Shorts" paid homage to a similar item.<ref>"To the Tune of Millions," Newsweek, March 31, 1958</ref> Hotpants were innovative in that they were made from non-activewear fabrics such as velvet, silk, crochet, fur and leather, and styled explicitly to be worn on the street, for parties, or even as bridal wear, as opposed to previous short shorts that were designed mostly for sportswear and leisure.<ref name=moore>{{cite book |last1=Moore |first1=Jennifer Grayer|title=Fashion Fads Through American History: Fitting Clothes into Context |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781610699020 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GDoVCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 |pages=68–71 |date=2015-12-14}}</ref><ref name=cumming>{{cite book |last1=Cumming |first1=Valerie |last2=Cunnington |first2=C.W. |last3=Cunnington |first3=P.E.|title=The dictionary of fashion history |date=2010 |publisher=Berg |location=Oxford |isbn=9781847887382 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glBf_El4Qd4C&q=hotpants}}</ref><ref name=steele>{{cite book |last1=Steele |first1=Valerie |author-link1=Valerie Steele|title=Fifty years of fashion: new look to now |date=2000 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, CT |isbn=9780300087383 |page=87 |edition=English |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xqEt6Dpb4TYC&pg=PA87}}</ref> Dorothy Tricario, a fashion curator at the Brooklyn Museum told ''The New York Times'' in 1971 that hotpants were part of a greater nostalgic revival of 1930s and 1940s fashion, specifically the short posing shorts worn by Hollywood stars like Ruby Keeler, Deanna Durbin, and Betty Grable.<ref name=klemesrud>{{cite book |last=Klemesrud |first=Judy |editor1-last=Haberman |editor1-first=Clyde |title=New York Times: The Times of the Seventies: The Culture, Politics, and Personalities that Shaped the Decade|publisher=Hachette Books |isbn=9781603763332 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rXzoCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT575 |chapter=Is That a Way to Save Face? Sell Hot Pants. |date=January 31, 1971}}</ref> However, Tricario also observed that shorts had never before had such widespread acceptance as street or business wear as they did in early 1971.<ref name=klemesrud/>
According to the fashion publicist Eleanor Lambert, the term "hot pants" was coined by ''Women's Wear Daily'' (''WWD'') in 1970 to describe fashions innovated by the French ready-to-wear company Dorothée Bis.<ref name=lambert>{{cite book |last1=Lambert |first1=Eleanor |author-link1=Eleanor Lambert |date=1976 |title=World of Fashion: People, Places, Resources |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q-jbAAAAMAAJ&q=%22hot+pants%22 |location=New York |publisher=R. R. Bowker Co. |pages=53, 132 |isbn=9780835206273}}</ref> The ''WWD'' claim to have originated the term is also backed up by 1971 articles in ''The New York Times'' and the African-American magazine ''Jet''.<ref name=klemesrud/><ref name=jet/> ''Jet''{{'}}s fashion editor, Audrey Smaltz, suggested that because hotpants were best suited to Black women, they should be called "Knockout Shorts" as that name was more "relevant to Blacks", expressing the fashionable African-American woman's pride in her "knockout body" as well as paying tribute to Black identity and recent struggles.<ref name=jet>{{Cite magazine |last=Smaltz |first=Audrey |date=25 March 1971 |title=HotPants, or 'Knockout-Shorts', Worn by Sexy, Proud Women! |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sDcDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA42 |magazine=Jet |pages=42–43}}</ref> Other alternative names included "les shorts", "short cuts", "cool pants", and "shortootsies", with "booty shorts" as an early 21st-century term.<ref name=moore/>
An extremely short version of denim cut-offs are hotpants popularly known as "Daisy Dukes" in reference to Catherine Bach's character of that name from the American television show ''The Dukes of Hazzard''.<ref name=daisy>{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3VYuAAAAIBAJ&pg=4352,2540768&dq=catherine+bach&hl=en |title= Catherine Bach Defends the Dukes |work =Beaver County Times |agency=UPI |location= Beaver, PA |access-date=18 December 2015 |date=11 October 1981}}</ref>
Today, the term hotpants can be used for casual as well as fashion-wear short-shorts made in any fabric.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sieczkowski|first1=Cavan|title=Jennifer Lopez Wears Leather Hotpants Like No Other|url=http://huffingtonpost.in/entry/jennifer-lopez-leather-hotpants_n_5350989|access-date=4 February 2018|work=Huffington Post India|date=19 May 2014|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=rio>{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Anita|title=Rio Ferdinand Emulates Ronaldo in Hotpants|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/manchester-united/5551408/Rio-Ferdinand-emulates-Ronaldo-in-hotpants.html|access-date=4 February 2018|work=The Telegraph|date=16 June 2009}}</ref>
While hotpants were principally marketed to women, men were also targeted, and the term can describe very short men's shorts.<ref name=50yrs/><ref name=moore/><ref name=rio/><ref name=girlculture>{{cite book| first=Lynn| last=Peril| editor1-last=Mitchell |editor1-first=Claudia |editor2-last=Reid-Walsh|editor2-first=Jacqueline|title=Girl Culture: Studying girl culture : a readers' guide |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313339097 |pages=362–3 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=arQy0v_PBx4C&pg=PA362 |chapter=Hot Pants| year=2008}}</ref>
==Reception== At the end of the 1960s, the fashion industry had tried unsuccessfully to promote the mid-calf-length or midi skirt as a fashionable replacement for the miniskirt.<ref name=moore/><ref name=jet/> In contrast to the lukewarm response to the midi, shoppers enthusiastically embraced the idea of short shorts, which were made available at all price levels from haute couture to inexpensive ready-to-wear.<ref name=moore/> Lambert credits Mariuccia Mandelli of the Italian fashion label Krizia with designing the first "hot pants" in 1970.<ref name=lambert/> Hotpants are also increasingly credited to Mary Quant, who offered brief shorts in the late 1960s,<ref name=moore/><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYAXAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA220 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Fashion Industry|date=19 November 2007|access-date=8 May 2017|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810864191}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Werlin |first=Katy |editor1-last=Blanco F. |editor1-first=José |editor2-last=Hunt-Hurst |editor2-first=Patricia Kay |editor3-last=Lee |editor3-first=Heather Vaughan |display-editors=3 |editor4-last=Doering |editor4-first=Mary |title=Clothing and Fashion: American Fashion from Head to Toe |date=2015 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781610693103 |page=160 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hDkVCwAAQBAJ&pg=RA3-PA160 |chapter=Hot Pants}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hamer |first1=Louise |last2=Blum |first2=Stella |editor1-last=Clark |editor1-first=Rowena|title=Fabulous Fashion 1907–67: Exhibition from the Costume Institute, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York|date=1 January 1981|page=94 |publisher=International Cultural Corporation of Australia}}</ref> although these were intended as modesty knickers to wear with matching minidresses rather than standalone fashion garments.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Milford-Cottam |first1=Daniel |title=Fashion in the 1960s |date=2020 |publisher=Shire Publications |isbn=9781784424084 |pages=16–17}}</ref> Many designers from across the Western world produced their own versions of hotpants at all price levels, including Yves Saint Laurent, Valentino, Halston, and Betsey Johnson.<ref name=moore/> Mass-produced versions were also sold through the Sears mail-order catalogue.<ref name=moore/>
Hotpants were available for women, men and children, although they were principally worn by women.<ref name=girlculture/> Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis bought a pair for wear while yachting,<ref name=girlculture/> while other high-profile wearers included Elizabeth Taylor, Raquel Welch, and Jane Fonda.<ref name=moore/> Hotpants were also worn by particularly adventurous men such as David Bowie, Sammy Davis Jr. and Liberace.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stewart |first1=Gail |title=The 1970s |year=1999 |publisher=Lucent Books |isbn=9781560065579 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781560065579/page/66 66] |quote=By 1972, there were even a few adventurous men wearing hot pants, including singers David Bowie, Sammy Davis Jr., and Liberace, who wore a red-white-and-blue pair |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781560065579/page/66}}</ref> Hotpants for men were slightly longer than the women's versions, although they were still shorter than usual.<ref name=50yrs/>
The James Brown song "Hot Pants (She Got to Use What She Got to Get What She Wants)", released in August 1971, was, according to his trombonist Fred Wesley, inspired by the sight of women of all colours wearing hotpants in a wide range of materials in the Black and White Club, Brussels.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wesley |first=Fred|title=Hit Me, Fred: Recollections of a Sideman |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=082238695X |page=[https://archive.org/details/hitmefredrecolle00wesl/page/138 138] |url=https://archive.org/details/hitmefredrecolle00wesl|url-access=registration |date=2002-09-25}}</ref>
The historian Valerie Steele noted that hotpants, both as a name, and as a garment, quickly became associated with sexuality and prostitution due to their popularity with male spectators.<ref name=girlculture/><ref name=steele/> In January 1971, a Manhattan-based male psychiatrist suggested that the popularity of hotpants lay in how they expressed a "female's new freedom", borrowing his phrasing from the women's liberation movement,<ref name=girlculture/> but then went on to suggest that the wearer of hotpants wanted to relate to other people by drawing attention through "sexually provocative" dressing as a "prelude to a genuine relationship".<ref name=klemesrud/> By the mid-1970s, extremely short shorts had become shorthand for prostitution, particularly underage prostitution, as exemplified by the 1976 film ''Taxi Driver'', in which Jodie Foster's child-prostitute character was dressed in a pair of hotpants.<ref name=girlculture/> Such associations contributed to hotpants becoming unattractive as a part of a woman's everyday wardrobe, although they remained popular wear in entertainment, party-wear and some evening contexts.<ref name=girlculture/> The controversial associations with hotpants were still an issue in 1999, when Britney Spears posed for a photoshoot in ''Rolling Stone'' wearing a pink pair.<ref name=girlculture/> The photographs, taken by David LaChapelle, presented Spears in provocative poses, surrounded by dolls and tricycles, with the word "Baby" rhinestoned across the seat of her hotpants, and led to widespread media debate and public commentary about whether it was appropriate for role models for young girls to present themselves in such a "highly sexualised" manner.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Duke |first1=Andrea |last2=Cornish |first2=Lindsay |editor1-last=Mitchell |editor1-first=Claudia |editor2-last=Reid-Walsh|editor2-first=Jacqueline|title=Girl Culture: Studying Girl Culture: A Readers' Guide |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313339097 |pages=547–550 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=arQy0v_PBx4C&pg=PA547 |chapter=Britney Spears|date=30 December 2007 }}</ref>
In 2000, Kylie Minogue notably wore a pair of gold lamé hotpants in her music video for "Spinning Around", which led to widespread media focus on the garment and the singer's body within.<ref name=legacymusicdocumentary>{{cite book |last=Halligan |first=Benjamin |title=The Music Documentary: Acid Rock to Electropop |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-52802-3 |page=228 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Wa3bSZKO04C&pg=PA228|author2=Edgar, Robert |author3=Fairclough-Isaacs, Kirsty |access-date=13 December 2013|date=26 June 2013}}</ref><ref name=legacysydneymorningherald>{{cite web|last=Ricketson|first=Matthew|title=Kylie's Seat of Power|url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/07/26/1027497413397.html|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|publisher=Fairfax Media|access-date=13 December 2013|date=27 July 2002}}</ref> The hotpants were eventually donated by Minogue to the Performing Arts Collection museum at the Arts Centre, Melbourne, where they are described as "one of the most identifiable items of contemporary popular culture."<ref name=hotpantsdonatedcontactmusic>{{cite web |title=Kylie Minogue – Kylie Minogue Donates Famous Hot Pants to Australian Museum|url=http://www.contactmusic.com/story/kylie-minogue-donates-famous-hot-pants-to-australian-museum_4067719|publisher=Contactmusic.com|access-date=14 February 2014 |date=14 February 2014}}</ref> Also that same year, Aida Pierce wore a pair of black hotpants for her first ''Humor es...Los comediantes'' sketch, "El ganadero", which also featured fellow comics Carlos Espejel and Teo Gonzalez.
Hotpants, also called booty shorts, continue being popular well into the 2010s, and are often seen in particular contexts such as Miami's South Beach and Venice Beach, Los Angeles, whose beach-to-bar environments have unique dress codes.<ref name=moore/>
==In uniforms== Hotpants can also be part of a uniform worn by cheerleaders (as made popular by the Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders) and performers, or required wear in certain service industries (such as the Hooters restaurant chain).<ref name=girlculture/>
Southwest Airlines became notorious for the hotpants uniform they supplied for their stewardesses (nicknamed "Love Birds") in 1971, as featured in an ad campaign with the slogan "Someone Else Up There Who Loves You."<ref name="whitelegg">{{cite book |last1=Whitelegg |first1=Drew |title=Working the Skies: The Fast-paced, Disorienting World of the Flight Attendant |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=9780814794074 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/workingskiesfast0000whit/page/48 48]–49 |url=https://archive.org/details/workingskiesfast0000whit|url-access=registration |date=2007-06-01}}</ref> The tangerine-coloured uniforms (designed by Juanice Gunn Muse, the wife of M. Lamar Muse, the Southwest Airlines president) were worn by girls who were chosen for their good looks and friendliness.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wald |first=Matthew L. |title=M. Lamar Muse, 86, Dies; Led Southwest Airlines |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/07/business/07muse.html |access-date=26 April 2017 |work=The New York Times |date=7 February 2007}}</ref> Lamar Muse boasted that having beautiful attendants in hotpants ensured that male passengers would fight to sit on the aisle rather than by the window.<ref name="whitelegg" /> However, feminist organisations such as Stewardesses for Women's Rights protested and lobbied against the uniform.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tiemeyer |first1=Phil|title=Plane Queer: Labor, Sexuality, and AIDS in the History of Male Flight Attendants |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520274778 |pages=110–111 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2OXyH5D_KwIC&pg=PA110 |year=2013}}</ref>
Also in 1971, the Hot Pants Patrol was introduced as an elite corps of female ushers for the Philadelphia Phillies baseball team, with the intention of attracting greater audiences for the games.<ref name="gazette">{{cite news |title=City of Brotherly Love gets Hot Pants Patrol |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/56f019dd45bf2132b08f9d08/579baa4f20099e4b9b917212/579baa5c20099e4b9b9172a3/1469819487258/philush6.png|work=The Montreal Gazette|agency=Associated Press|date=2 April 1971}}</ref> While the majority of "Fillies" wore white microskirts as part of their uniform, the 36 members of the Hot Pants Patrol wore a red hotpants jumpsuit with white vinyl go-go boots.<ref name="gazette" /> After pressure from feminist organisations, the Phillies retired the Hot Pants Patrol in 1982.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Phillies 'Hot Pants Patrol' Was Indeed a Thing, Once Upon f Time |url=http://www.philebrity.com/blog/2016/7/29/slideshow-the-phillies-hot-pants-patrol-was-indeed-a-thing-once-upon-a-time |website=PHILEBRITY |access-date=21 April 2017}}</ref>
Hotpants or booty shorts remain a popular costume for cheerleaders and dancers, particularly hip hop performers, and are frequently worn by backup dancers.<ref name=moore/><ref name=girlculture/> The uniform of the Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders consists of hotpants and midriff tops.<ref name=girlculture/> In the early 21st century hotpants continue to be part of certain service industry uniforms, particularly where the wearers are likely to serve a predominantly male clientele. One example of this is Hooters, where the servers (or "Hooters Girls") wear orange dolphin shorts along with a tight tank top, pantyhose and a bra.<ref name=girlculture/>
Extremely short shorts have also seen use within military use. Unofficially, members of the Rhodesian and South African armed forces wore extremely short shorts due to fighting in the hot climates there. The Austrian Army also used short shorts for PT wear.
<gallery widths=155 heights=200> File:Member of the Hot Pants Patrol.jpg|Philadelphia Phillies Hot Pants Patrol uniform, 1975 File:Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders - Series 02 - 009.jpg|A Dallas Cowboys Cheerleader wearing uniform hotpants, 2011 File:Hooters Calendar Girl Melissa Poe.jpg|A Hooters waitress, Melissa Poe, wearing a type of hotpants known as dolphin shorts. </gallery>
==See also== * Stubbies (brand)
==References== {{reflist|30em}}
== External links == {{Commons category|Hot pants}} {{Wiktionary|hot pants}} * {{Cite magazine |last1=<!-- Staff writer -->|title=An Improbable Fashion Fad Arrives in Midwinter: HOT PANTS |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=olMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA36|magazine=LIFE |date=29 January 1971 |page=36–39}}
{{Clothing}} {{Authority control}}
Category:1970 neologisms Category:1970s fads and trends Category:1970s fashion Category:1980s fashion Category:1990s fashion Category:2000s fashion Category:2010s fashion Category:Clubwear Category:Dancewear Category:Trousers and shorts