Hot rod

{{short description|American car with a large engine modified for linear speed}} {{other uses}} {{AI-generated|partial=y|date=February 2026|reason=this 2025 edit; note WP:AISIGNS including undue emphasis on significance, vocab distribution typical of 2024-25 LLMs etc}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}} {{redirect|Street rod|the 1989 video game|Street Rod}} {{Use American English|date=March 2023}} [[File:ThreeWindowCoupeHotrod6791.jpg|thumb|3-window highboy Deuce coupé with a traditional chop—dropped front axle, sidepipes, bugcatcher scoop (with Mooneyes cover) over dual quads on a tunnel ram—as well as less-traditional shaved door handles and disc brakes]] [[File:T Bucket 001.JPG|thumb|A 1923 Ford T-bucket in the traditional style with lake headers, dog dish hubcaps, dropped "I" beam axle, narrow rubber, and single 4-barrel, but non-traditional disc brakes]] [[File:'34 3-window flame job.JPG|thumb|1932 3-window with a classic-style<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fortier |first=Rob |title=25th Salt Lake City Autorama |journal=Street Rodder |date=August 1999 |page=51}}</ref> flame job and Moon tank, reminiscent of Chapouris' ''California Kid'']]

'''Hot rods''' are typically American automobiles that have been rebuilt or modified with larger or more powerful engines optimized for speed and acceleration.<ref>{{cite web|title=hot-rodding. (n.d.) |work=American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |edition=Fifth |date=2011 |url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/hot-rodding |access-date=6 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |entry=Hot rod – car |entry-url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/hot-rod |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=18 July 2013 |access-date=11 September 2020}}</ref> One commonly cited description defines a hot rod as “a car that’s been stripped down, souped up, and made to go much faster.”<ref>{{cite web |last=Gross |first=Ken |title=8 Heroes of American Hot Rodding |url=https://www.history.com/news/8-hot-rod-heroes-burke-batchelor-muldowney-roth-coddington |website=History |date=29 June 2018 |access-date=6 September 2020}}</ref>

Beyond mechanical modification, hot rodding developed as a distinctive cultural movement emphasizing hands-on craftsmanship, individual expression, and community.<ref>{{cite web |title=What Is Hot Rodding? |url=https://www.sema.org/news/2012/07/01/what-is-hot-rodding |website=Specialty Equipment Market Association Member News |date=July–August 2012 |access-date=6 September 2020 |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124070932/https://www.sema.org/news/2012/07/01/what-is-hot-rodding |url-status=dead }}</ref> Originating in the United States during the mid-20th century, it became closely associated with youth culture, street racing, and subcultures such as the greasers, and later influenced music, film, and visual design.<ref name="Britannica"/>

There is no single, universally accepted definition of what constitutes a hot rod, and the term has been applied to a wide range of vehicles and styles.<ref name="Britannica"/> Most hot rods are individually designed and constructed using components from multiple sources, and while some are built for competition, many are intended primarily for exhibition or street use.<ref name="Britannica"/>

== Etymology == There are various theories about the origin of the term "hot rod". The common theme is that "hot" related to "hotting up" a car, which means modifying it for greater performance. With regards to the word "rod", one theory is that it means roadster,<ref name="www.autoevolution.com">{{cite web|title=Hot Rod History|url=https://www.autoevolution.com/news/hot-rod-history-9087.html|website=autoevolution |access-date=13 May 2018|date=23 July 2009|first=Daniel|last= Patrascu}}</ref> a lightweight 2-door car which was often used as the basis for early hot rods. Another theory is that "rod" refers to camshaft,<ref name="www.hopupmag.com">{{cite web|title=Hot Rod History|url= http://www.hopupmag.com/hot-rod-history/|website=hopupmag.com|date= 28 November 2015|access-date=13 May 2018}}</ref> a part of the engine which was often upgraded in order to increase power output.

In the early days, a car modified for increased performance was called a "gow job". This term morphed into the hot rod in the early to late 1940s.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Stone | first1=M. | last2=Carleton | first2=G. | last3=Iskenderian | first3=E. | title=Hot Rod Empire: Robert E. Petersen and the Creation of the World's Most Popular Car and Motorcycle Magazines | publisher=Motorbooks | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-7603-6070-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c6tqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 | access-date=20 August 2023 | page=31}}</ref>

The term "hot rod" has had various uses in relation to performance cars. For example, the Ontario Ministry of the Environment in its vehicle emissions regulations refers to a hot rod as any motorized vehicle that has a replacement engine differing from the factory original.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/980361#BK0 |title=Environmental Protection Act – Loi sur la protection de l'environnement – Ontario Regulation 361/98 |website=www.ontario.ca |access-date=3 May 2017|date=24 July 2014}}</ref>

==History== === 1920s to 1945 === [[File:1916 Ford Model T Speedster, March 26, 1916, California (5643782311).jpg|thumb|A picture from 1916 of a Ford Model T converted into a speedster.]] Early speedsters, dating back to the 1910s and 1920s, are considered to be one of the ancestors of the hot rod movement.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hemmings.com/stories/a-brief-history-of-hot-rodding/|date=23 March 2024 |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=www.hemmings.com|title=A Brief History of Hot Rodding|first=David |last=Conwill }}</ref> These were racecars, often based on Ford Model Ts, and modified with custom bodies. Another forerunner to the hotrod were the modified cars used in the Prohibition era by bootleggers to evade revenue agents and other law enforcement.<ref name="www.hopupmag.com" />

Hot rods first appeared in the late 1930s in southern California, where people raced modified cars on dry lake beds northeast of Los Angeles, under the rules of the Southern California Timing Association, among other groups. This gained popularity after World War II, particularly in California, because many returning soldiers had received technical training.<ref name="www.hopupmag.com"/><ref name="www.autoevolution.com"/> The first hot rods were old cars (most often Fords, typically 1910s–1920s Model Ts, 1928–31 Model As, or 1932–34 Model Bs), modified to reduce weight. Engine swaps often involved fitting the Ford flathead V8 engine (known as the "flatty") into a different car, for example, the common practice{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} in the 1940s of installing the "60 horse" version into a Jeep chassis.

Typical modifications were removal of convertible tops, hoods, bumpers, windshields, and/or fenders; channeling the body; and modifying the engine by tuning and/or replacing with a more powerful type. Wheels and tires were changed for improved traction and handling. Hot rods built before 1945 commonly used '35 Ford wire-spoke wheels.<ref>Shelton, Chris. "Then, Now, and Forever" in ''Hot Rod'', March 2017, p.18.</ref>

After World War II, many small military airports throughout the country were either abandoned or rarely used, allowing hot rodders across the country to race on marked courses. Originally, drag racing had tracks as long as {{convert|1|mi|km|abbr=on}} or more, and included up to four lanes of racing simultaneously. As some hot rodders also raced on the street, a need arose for an organization to promote safety, and to provide venues for safe racing. The National Hot Rod Association was founded in 1951, to take drag racing off the streets and into controlled environments.<ref>{{cite web |title=NHRA 50 year timeline (1951-2001) |url=https://www.motorsport.com/nhra/news/50-year-timeline-1951-2001/ |website=www.motorsport.com |access-date=4 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307061241/https://www.motorsport.com/nhra/news/50-year-timeline-1951-2001/57980/|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 March 2021 }}</ref>

In the '50s and '60s, the Ford flathead V8 was supplanted by the Chrysler FirePower engine (known as the "early hemi"). Many hot rods would upgrade the brakes from mechanical to hydraulic ("juice") and headlights from bulb to sealed-beam.<ref name="auto">Shelton, Chris. "Then, Now, and Forever" in ''Hot Rod'', March 2017, pp.18 and 20.</ref> A typical mid-1950s to early 1960s custom Deuce was fenderless and steeply chopped, powered by a Ford or Mercury flathead,<ref name="auto1">Shelton, p.20.</ref> with an Edelbrock intake manifold, Harman and Collins magneto, and Halibrand quick-change differential.<ref>Shelton, pp.17-18.</ref> Front suspension hairpins were adapted from sprint cars, such as the Kurtis Krafts.<ref>Shelton, p.24 and p.26 caption.</ref>

As hot rodding became more popular, magazines and associations catering to hot rodders were started, such as the magazine ''Hot Rod'', founded in 1948.<ref>{{cite journal|first=H.F. |last=Moorhouse |title=Organizing Hot Rods: Sport and Specialist Magazines |journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport |date=1986 |volume= 3 |issue=1 |pages=81–98 |doi=10.1080/02649378608713590}}</ref>

=== 1960 to present ===  As automobiles offered by the major automakers began increasing performance, the lure of hot rods began to wane.<ref name="www.hopupmag.com" /> With the advent of the muscle car, it was now possible to purchase a high-performance car straight from the showroom.<ref name="www.autoevolution.com" />

However, the 1973 Oil Crisis caused car manufacturers to focus on fuel efficiency over performance, which led to a resurgence of interest in hot rodding.<ref name="www.hopupmag.com" /> As the focus shifted away from racing, the modified cars became known as "street rods". The National Street Rod Association (NSRA) was formed and began hosting events.

By the 1970s, the {{convert|350|cid|L|1|abbr=on}} Chevrolet small-block engine was the most common choice of engine for hot rods.<ref>{{cite web |title=Small-Block Chevy V-8 through the Years |url=http://www.motortrend.com/news/small-block-chevy-v8-through-the-years/ |website=www.motortrend.com |access-date=11 June 2018|first1=Steven|last1= Rupp|first2=Jason|last2= Udy}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Small Block at 60: History, Facts & More About the Engine That Changed Everything |url=http://www.onallcylinders.com/2015/01/09/mouse-milestone-honoring-60th-anniversary-engine-change-everything/ |website=www.onallcylinders.com |access-date=11 June 2018|date=9 January 2015 |first= David |last=Fuller}}</ref> Another popular engine choice is the Ford Windsor engine.<ref>{{cite web |title=FORD, The Other Small-Block |url=http://www.hotrod.com/articles/0212ct-ford-small-block-v8/ |website=www.hotrod.com |access-date=11 June 2018|date=9 October 2002 }}</ref> During the 1980s, many car manufacturers were reducing the displacements of their engines, thus making it harder for hot rod builders to obtain large displacement engines. Instead, engine builders had to modify the smaller engines (such as using non-standard crankshafts and pistons) to obtain larger displacement. While current production V8s tended to be the most frequent candidates, this also applied to others. In the mid-1980s, as stock engine sizes diminished, rodders discovered the {{convert|215|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} aluminum-block Buick or Oldsmobile V8 could be modified for substantially greater displacement, with mainly wrecking yard parts.<ref>Davis, Marlan. "Affordable Aluminum V8's [sic]", in ''Hot Rod'' Magazine, March 1985, pp.84-9 & 121.</ref> This trend was not limited to American cars; Volkswagen enthusiasts similarly stretched stock {{convert|1.6|L|cuin|abbr=on}} engines to over {{convert|2|L|cuin|abbr=on}}.<ref>''VW Trends'', March 1993, back cover.</ref>

== Lifestyle == Hot rod culture encompasses more than vehicle modification; it developed as a distinctive lifestyle centered on hands-on craftsmanship, creativity, and community. The movement emerged in Southern California in the late 1930s and 1940s, where young enthusiasts formed informal groups to modify inexpensive cars, exchange mechanical knowledge, and race on dry lake beds such as Muroc Dry Lake and El Mirage Dry Lake, fostering a collaborative and experimental approach to performance.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gartman |first=David |title=Auto-Opium: A Social History of American Automobile Design |publisher=Routledge |year=1994 |isbn=9780415105729 |pages=169–174}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stone |first=Matt |title=Hot Rod Empire: Robert E. Petersen and the Creation of the World's Most Popular Car and Motorcycle Magazines |publisher=Motorbooks |year=2018 |isbn=9780760360699}}</ref>

Central to the hot rod lifestyle is vehicle personalization as an expression of individual style and mechanical skill. Builders commonly modify engines, bodywork, and chassis—removing nonessential components, altering suspensions, and changing rooflines—to achieve distinctive performance and aesthetic goals.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bishop |first=Mike |title=How to Build a Traditional Ford Hot Rod |publisher=Motorbooks |year=2000 |isbn=9780760309001}}</ref> Hot rods typically reflect the builder’s technical ingenuity and creative identity rather than adherence to factory specifications.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gartman |first=David |title=The Romance of the Automobile |journal=Theory, Culture & Society |year=2004 |volume=21 |issue=4–5 |pages=169–174 |doi=10.1177/0263276404047416}}</ref>

Hot rod culture is closely associated with Kustom Kulture, a related American subculture encompassing custom car art, fashion, music, and graphic design rooted in mid-20th-century aesthetics.<ref>{{cite book |last=Turner |first=Ron |title=Kustom Kulture: Von Dutch, Ed ''Big Daddy'' Roth, Robert Williams and Others |publisher=Last Gasp |year=1993 |isbn=9780867194050}}</ref> Artists such as Ed “Big Daddy” Roth popularized hot-rod-inspired imagery, including exaggerated cartoon characters and flame motifs, which became enduring symbols of the movement and influenced lowbrow art and style.<ref>{{cite book |last=Roth |first=Ed |title=Rat Fink: The Art of Ed ''Big Daddy'' Roth |publisher=Last Gasp |year=2003 |isbn=9780867195453}}</ref>

The hot rod community is commonly described as divided into two main groups: street rodders and hot rodders.<ref>{{cite web |title=Street Rods Vs. Street Machines |url=http://www.hotrod.com/articles/42898-street-rod-vs-machine/ |website=HotRod.com |access-date=13 June 2018 |date=1996 |first=Will |last=Handzel}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Street Rods VS Hot Rods: Age Old Debate Settled |url=https://restomods.com/street-rods-vs-hot-rods-age-old-debate-settled-659/ |website=RestoMods |access-date=13 June 2018 |date=21 November 2014 |first=Josh |last=Gillem}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Street Rods vs. Rat Rods vs. Hot Rods |url=https://www.classicins.com/blog/street-rat-and-hot-rods-infographic |website=Classic Insurance |date=20 January 2017 |access-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623152155/https://www.classicins.com/blog/street-rat-and-hot-rods-infographic |archive-date=23 June 2024}}</ref> The definition of a “street rod” remains debated, with interpretations ranging from hot rods incorporating modern features or styling to vehicles primarily built for regular street use.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 September 2023 |title=Traditional Hot Rod vs. Street Rods: Trends Every Hot Rodder Should Know |url=https://www.hotrod.com/features/traditional-hot-rod-vs-street-rod-guide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206164710/https://www.hotrod.com/features/traditional-hot-rod-vs-street-rod-guide/ |archive-date=6 December 2024 |access-date=25 May 2025 |work=MotorTrend |language=en-US |first=Tim |last=Bernsau}}</ref>

thumb|1933 Ford 5-window coupe, often cited as an example of a street rod

Media outlets played a significant role in shaping the hot rod lifestyle. The launch of ''Hot Rod'' magazine in 1948 provided a national platform for sharing technical knowledge, showcasing notable builds, and reinforcing a shared cultural identity among enthusiasts.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stone |first=Matt |title=Hot Rod Empire: Robert E. Petersen and the Creation of the World's Most Popular Car and Motorcycle Magazines |publisher=Motorbooks |year=2018 |isbn=9780760360699 |pages=45–52}}</ref> Social gatherings remain a cornerstone of the culture, with enthusiasts participating in car clubs, cruise-ins, and meets that emphasize camaraderie and knowledge-sharing.<ref>{{cite book |title=50 Years of Hot Rod |publisher=Motorbooks International |year=1998 |isbn=9780760305751}}</ref>

In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, automotive writers documented a renewed interest in traditional hot rodding, characterized by period-correct builds and stylistic influences drawn from earlier hot rod traditions.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Back to Basics: The Traditional Hot Rod Revival |magazine=Hemmings Classic Car |date=July 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stone |first=Matt |title=Hot Rod Empire: Robert E. Petersen and the Creation of the World's Most Popular Car and Motorcycle Magazines |publisher=Motorbooks |year=2018 |isbn=9780760360699 |pages=312–318}}</ref> This revival is reflected in the prominence of traditional-style car clubs, nostalgia-focused events, and publications such as ''The Rodder’s Journal'', which emphasize historically grounded aesthetics over modernized or highly modified vehicles.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Why Traditional Hot Rods Endure |magazine=The Rodder's Journal |date=Spring 2010}}</ref>

== Cultural impact == Hot rod culture has exerted a broader influence on American popular culture, extending into music, film, and themed entertainment.

=== Music === thumb|The customized 1933 Ford coupe featured on the cover of ZZ Top’s 1983 album ''Eliminator'', photographed at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Hot rodding influenced American popular music during the postwar period, when automobiles became prominent symbols of youth identity, freedom, and technological prowess. During the 1950s, hot rod imagery and themes appeared frequently in Rockabilly and early rock and roll, reflecting the close association between car culture, fashion, and music within youth subcultures such as the greasers.<ref>{{cite book |last=Guralnick |first=Peter |title=Lost Highway: Journeys & Arrivals of American Musicians |publisher=D. R. Godine |year=1979 |pages=89–94 |isbn=9780879232948}}</ref>

By the early 1960s, hot rodding became a recurring lyrical theme in surf and pop music, particularly in the work of The Beach Boys and Jan and Dean, whose songs referenced custom cars, drag racing, and Southern California car culture and contributed to the development of the California sound.<ref>{{cite book |last=Leaf |first=David |title=The Beach Boys and the California Myth |publisher=Grosset & Dunlap |year=1978 |pages=45–53 |isbn=9780448146256}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Matijas-Mecca |first=Christian |title=The Words and Music of Brian Wilson |publisher=Praeger |year=2017 |pages=28–32 |isbn=9781440838989}}</ref>

The association between hot rodding and music has persisted through later revivals, with traditional hot rod events frequently featuring live rockabilly and roots-oriented music, reinforcing the historical connection between automotive customization and mid-20th-century American popular culture.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Where Hot Rods and Rockabilly Meet |magazine=Hemmings Motor News |date=May 2012}}</ref>

Hot rod culture has continued to influence popular music and visual iconography in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, particularly through artists who have incorporated custom cars into their public imagery. The American rock band ZZ Top prominently featured hot rod–inspired visuals during the 1980s, most notably in music videos associated with the album ''Eliminator'', which used customized vehicles as symbols of speed, masculinity, and mechanical excess.<ref>{{cite book |last=DeMain |first=Bill |title=ZZ Top: That Little Ol' Band from Texas |publisher=Backbeat Books |year=2019 |pages=142–148}}</ref>

ZZ Top’s association with hot rodding extended beyond visual media through the creation of ''CadZZilla'', a radically customized 1948 Cadillac built for band member Billy Gibbons. The vehicle has been exhibited and documented by the Petersen Automotive Museum, where it has been cited as an example of the enduring crossover between hot rod craftsmanship and popular music identity.<ref>{{cite web |title=CadZZilla |website=Petersen Automotive Museum |url=https://www.petersen.org/collection/cadzzilla |access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref>

Hot rod aesthetics have also appeared in heavy metal, particularly through musicians with direct involvement in custom car culture. James Hetfield of Metallica has publicly discussed his interest in hot rod building and collecting, and has incorporated hot rod imagery into album artwork, stage design, and personal projects.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=James Hetfield: Hot Rod Heart |magazine=Rod & Custom |date=January 2016}}</ref> Commentators have noted that such expressions reflect a broader continuity between hot rodding and American rock music, linking mechanical individuality with musical identity across generations.<ref>{{cite book |last=McLeod |first=Kembrew |title=Owning Culture: Authorship, Ownership, and Intellectual Property Law |publisher=Peter Lang |year=2001 |pages=201–203}}</ref>

=== Film and visual media === Hot rod culture has exerted a notable influence on American film, particularly through its association with youth identity, individuality, and postwar car culture. A prominent depiction appears in the 1973 film ''American Graffiti'', written and directed by George Lucas, which centers on cruising, drag racing, and the social world of hot rodders in early-1960s Northern California.<ref>{{cite book |last=Baxter |first=John |title=George Lucas: A Biography |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1999 |pages=78–85}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Levy |first=Emanuel |title=American Graffiti and the Myth of Youth |journal=Journal of Popular Film and Television |year=1983 |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=62–68}}</ref>

thumb|The ''Millennium Falcon'', designed with exposed mechanics, asymmetry, and surface wear inspired by hot rod cultureLucas has cited hot rod culture and drag racing as formative influences on his visual imagination. In interviews and production materials, he described the spacecraft in the ''Star Wars'' films as analogues to customized hot rods, emphasizing individual ships that reflect their pilots’ personalities and display signs of speed, mechanical wear, and hands-on modification.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=George Lucas on the Origins of Star Wars |magazine=Rolling Stone |date=June 1977}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Rinzler |first=J. W. |title=The Making of Star Wars |publisher=Del Rey |year=2007 |pages=43–47 |isbn=9780345494764}}</ref>

Scholars have noted this influence in the design of vehicles such as the Millennium Falcon and X-wing starfighters, which incorporate visual cues associated with hot rod aesthetics, including exposed mechanical elements, asymmetry, and signs of heavy use rather than pristine futurism.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brooker |first=Will |title=Using the Force: Creativity, Community and Star Wars Fans |publisher=Continuum |year=2002 |pages=32–36}}</ref>

=== Theme parks === Hot rod imagery has also influenced theme park attractions and roller coasters, particularly those emphasizing speed, mechanical character, and mid-20th-century Americana. A prominent example is ''Lightning Rod'', a Rocky Mountain Construction roller coaster at Dollywood, explicitly themed around 1950s hot rod culture, with trains styled after classic hot rods and a launch designed to evoke drag racing acceleration.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lightning Rod |website=Dollywood |url=https://www.dollywood.com/themepark/rides/lightning-rod/ |access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Lightning Rod Review |magazine=Amusement Today |date=March 2016}}</ref>

Hot-rod–influenced aesthetics also appear in attractions such as ''Radiator Springs Racers'' at Disney California Adventure, which draws heavily from Southern California custom car culture and mid-century hot rod design traditions, reflecting the broader cultural legacy of hot rodding beyond automotive contexts.<ref>{{cite book |last=Surrell |first=Jason |title=The Imagineering Story |publisher=Disney Editions |year=2019 |pages=212–215}}</ref>

===In Sweden and Finland=== {{main|Raggare}} thumb|right|Swedish hot rodders with a 1964 American Plymouth at Power Big Meet Locals in Sweden and Finland, influenced by American culture, have created a vibrant local hot rod culture where enthusiasts gather at meetings such as Power Big Meet in Linköping and clubs like Wheels and Wings in Varberg, both located in Sweden. Since there is very little "vintage tin", the hot rods in Sweden are generally made with a home-made chassis (usually a Model T or A replica), with a Jaguar (or Volvo 240) rear axle, a small-block V8, and fiberglass tub, but some have been built using for instance a Volvo Duett chassis. Because Swedish regulations required a crash test even for custom-built passenger cars between 1969 and 1982, the Duett option was preferred, since it was considered a rebodied Duett rather than a new vehicle.<ref>{{Cite web | url= http://hem.passagen.se/stur/pages/artiklar/duettrod/Duettrodden.htm | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070228060401/http://hem.passagen.se/stur/pages/artiklar/duettrod/Duettrodden.htm | archive-date=28 February 2007 | url-status= usurped | title=California kid – duettrodden}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url= http://hem.passagen.se/stur/pages/galleri/duetter/Duettrods.htm | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070129040558/http://hem.passagen.se/stur/pages/galleri/duetter/Duettrods.htm | archive-date=29 January 2007 | url-status= usurped | title=California kid – galleriet – duettrods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url= http://amazon.forum.bilia.se/phpbb2/viewtopic.php?p=25500&sid=e89d2d537977372aa45c4d0c5b7b9598 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070930003248/http://amazon.forum.bilia.se/phpbb2/viewtopic.php?p=25500&sid=e89d2d537977372aa45c4d0c5b7b9598 | archive-date=30 September 2007 | title=Amazon.forum.bilia.se: Duettrod}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.garaget.org/?car=19319|title=Volvo duett (1968)|website=Garaget|author=Grov|date=25 April 2006|access-date=16 August 2025}}</ref> Some 1950s and 1960s, cars are also hot rodded, like Morris Minor, Ford Anglia, Volvo Amazon, Ford Cortina, and '57 Chevy, to name but a few. These are known as custom cars (sometimes spelled Kustom).

==Gallery== <gallery> File:T-bucket.jpg|Ford T-bucket based hot rod. Also features dropped tube axle, transverse front leaf spring, and front disc brakes. File:T-Bucket.jpg|T-bucket with early hemi, but aluminum radiator (rather than brass), rectangular headlights, and five-spokes (rather than motorcycle wheels) mark this as a later incarnation File:Deuce dropped tube axle.JPG|Deuce coupe featuring '32 grille shell, original headlights, chrome dropped I-beam axle and tube shocks. Note stock frame rails, disc brakes, Lakester pipes<ref>''Street Rodder'', 12/98, p.47; ''Rod & Custom'', 7/95, p.29.</ref> File:1928-29 Ford Model A Roadster Hot Rod.jpg|Hi-boy Deuce roadster with a flathead V8 (with factory head and exhaust but aftermarket alternator ignition and dual-carb intake), dropped tube axle, and drum brakes. File:Rat rod flatty.jpg|"Rat rod" '29 Model A coupe with a '32 grille shell, upgraded brakes, "bobbed" frame rails, channeled, powered by an early flathead equipped with Edelbrock aftermarket head and aftermarket chrome carb hats. File:1959 Roth Outlaw Petersen Automotive Museum.jpg|"The Outlaw", a famous show rod designed and built by Ed Roth File:Typical Rat Rod.jpg|An example of a rat rod File:VWRod.jpg|Volksrod, based on a Type 1. File:Hot rod à granby 1.jpg|Classically flamed 3-window at the ''Voitures Anciennes de Granby'' expo, with drilled I-beam front axle, nerf bars, velocity stacks, mags, and slicks. File:Hot Rod - Malmö-1986.jpg|Swedish hot rod in Malmö 1986. </gallery>

== See also == {{colbegin}} * Automotive restoration * Custom car * Cutdown * Flame job * Hot hatch * Import scene * Kustom * Lead sled * Lowrider * Muscle car * Plymouth Prowler – a modern take on the hot rod * Pro Street * Rat rod * Three window coupe – one of the classic styles * Tuner * Volksrod {{colend}}

== References == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links == * [http://www.historicvehicle.org ''List of Hot rod'' (www.historicvehicle.org)] * [https://www.petersen.org/ ''Automotive Museum'' (www.petersen.org)]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hot Rod}} Category:Modified vehicles Category:Kustom Kulture Category:Visual arts media Category:Youth culture in the United States Category:Greasers (subculture)