{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}} {{short description|Species of bird}} {{Speciesbox | image = Green Munia pair.jpg | image_caption = A pair at Mt. Abu, India. The slightly duller female in foreground. | status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Amandava formosa'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T22719618A131995719 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22719618A131995719.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> | status2 = CITES_A2 | status2_system = CITES | status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref> | taxon = Amandava formosa | authority = (Latham, 1790) | synonyms = ''Stictospiza formosa''<br/>''Estrilda formosa'' <br/>''Sporaeginthus formosus'' | range_map = AmandavaFormosaMap.png }}
The '''green avadavat''' or '''green munia''' ('''''Amandava formosa''''') is a species of Estrildid finch with green and yellow on the body, a bright red bill and black "zebra stripes" on the flanks. They are endemic to the Indian subcontinent and were formerly popular as cagebirds. The name "avadavat" is a corruption of the name the city of Ahmedabad in Gujarat, India, which was a centre of bird trade.<ref>{{cite book | last1 =Yule | first1 = Henry | last2 = Burnell | first2 = A. C. | editor-first = William | editor-last = Crooke | title = Hobson-Jobson: a glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical, geographical and discursive | year=1903 | publisher = John Murray | location = London, UK | url = https://archive.org/stream/hobsonjobsonglos00yulerich#page/40/mode/2up/search/avadavat }}</ref> They have a restricted distribution and populations are threatened by the bird trade.
==Description== thumb|left|upright The green avadavat is approximately 10 cm long with green above, yellow below, black and white bars on the flank and reddish bill. Both sexes have pale tips to wing-coverts and tertials. The upper plumage is olive green. The upper tail coverts are more yellow and the tail is black and rounded with broad feathers. The chin is pale yellow and the lower breast, belly and vent are brighter yellow. The flanks are barred with brown and white. The bill is waxy red and the legs are pale fleshy or brown. The female is slightly paler than the male. Young birds are duller with a black bill and lack the barring on the flanks.<ref name=baker>{{cite book|pages=94–95| url=https://archive.org/stream/BakerFbiBirds3/BakerFBI3#page/n115/mode/2up/search/formosa|year=1926|title=Fauna of British India. Birds Volume 3|edition=2nd |author=Baker, EC Stuart|publisher= Taylor and Francis, London}}</ref><ref name=pcr>{{cite book|author1=Rasmussen PC |author2=JC Anderton | year=2005| title=Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Volume 2|publisher=Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions|page=572}}</ref>
==Distribution== This species is found mainly in the dry scrub regions and agricultural lands and is often found close to water. The largest populations are in central and north-western India. A population of escaped birds once existed near Lahore.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Currie,AJ |year=1916| title= The occurrence of the Green Munia ''Stictospiza formosa'' at Lahore|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=24|issue=3|page=594|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30152183}}</ref> The key areas where they are well known are in central India, around southern Rajasthan specifically around Oriya village,<ref name=":0">Mehra, S. & Mehra S. P. (2008). Observations on Green Munia from Abu Hills. Pp. 240-243. ''In'' Verma, A. (ed.) ''Conserving Biodiversity of Rajasthan'', Himanshu Publications, Udaipur.</ref><ref name=":1">Mehra, S. P., Mehra S. & Mathur, R. (2005). Munias of Mount Abu (Rajasthan, India) with special emphasis on Green Avadavat ''Amandava formosa''. ''Indian Birds'' 1(4): 77-79.</ref> central Uttar Pradesh, southern Bihar and West Bengal extending south to southern Maharashtra and northern Andhra Pradesh. Some records are from further south from Wynaad in northern Kerala but it is unclear if these are wild populations.<ref name=pcr/><ref>{{cite journal|author=Santharam,V |year=2000|title= Comments on the bird list of Thattakad Bird Sanctuary, Kerala| journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=97|issue=2|pages=284–285|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48567718}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Gaston,AJ |author2=Mackrell,J |year=1980| title= Green Munia ''Estrilda formosa'' at Delhi, and other interesting records for 1978| journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume= 77| issue=1| pages=144–145|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/44708056}}</ref>
==Behaviour and ecology== They breed in central India from October to January but are also known to breed in July. The nest is made out of broad leaves of grass or sugarcane and is spherical with an entrance on the side. The adaptability for altered habitats is a positive side of its natural survival. Several nests may be built in the vicinity by pairs that form a loose colony. They forage in small groups especially in the non-breeding season.<ref name=baker/> The clutch is four to six eggs.<ref>{{cite book|pages=145–146|title=The nests and eggs of Indian birds. Volume 2|url=https://archive.org/stream/nestseggsofindia02humerich#page/144/mode/2up/search/formosa|author=Hume, AO|year=1890|publisher=RH Porter, London}}</ref><ref name=hbk/>
Its voice song is high-pitched warble, ending with prolonged trill with weak ''seee'' and ''swee'' notes not unlike that of ''Turdoides subrufus''.<ref name=pcr/><ref name=hbk>{{cite book|vauthors=Ali S, ((S DRipley)) | year=1999| title=Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan| volume=10| edition=2nd| pages=108–109|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>
==Conservation and community protection== The green avadavat has been a popular cage bird and has been in the bird trade since the late 19th century. It continues to be common in some areas such as Oriya village, Achalgarh and Guru Shikhar in Mount Abu, Rajasthan, but has declined mainly due to trapping.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Zutshi|first=S|date=2020|title=Making every chirp count|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/science-and-environment/making-every-chirp-count-901895.html|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> In trade the bird is called the green waxbill. Entire flocks are easily trapped using bait and decoy birds.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bhargava, Rajat |year=1996 |title= Notes on Green Munia| journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=93|issue=3|pages=588–589|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48603862}}</ref> Awareness and protection of habitats at Mt Abu have helped the continued existence of some populations. The bird has been considered a mascot for the district by the Rajasthan forest department.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Mehra |first1=Satya Prakash |title=Importance of Urban Biodiversity: A Case Study of Udaipur, India |date=2014 |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-017-8878-6_31 |work=The Security of Water, Food, Energy and Liveability of Cities |volume=71 |pages=403–418 |editor-last=Maheshwari |editor-first=Basant |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-94-017-8878-6_31 |isbn=978-94-017-8877-9 |access-date=2023-02-23 |last2=Mehra |first2=Sarita |last3=Sharma |first3=Krishan Kumar |series=Water Science and Technology Library |editor2-last=Purohit |editor2-first=Ramesh |editor3-last=Malano |editor3-first=Hector |editor4-last=Singh |editor4-first=Vijay P.|url-access=subscription }}</ref> A 2020 study identified habitat loss as a major threat to the birds.<ref name=":4" />
==References== {{Reflist}}
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green avadavat Category:Fauna of Rajasthan Category:Birds of India Category:Endemic birds of India green avadavat