{{Short description|Method of Sailing}} {{about|sailing|the musical composition|Wing on Wing}} thumb|Goosewinged sailing '''Wing and wing''',<ref name="Merriam-Webster 2023">{{cite web |date=2023-05-01 |title=Definition of WING AND WING |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/wing+and+wing |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> '''Wing on wing''',<ref name="Rigging Doctor 2017">{{cite web |date=2017-01-01 |title=Sailing Wing on Wing |url=https://www.riggingdoctor.com/life-aboard/2016/8/30/sailing-wing-on-wing |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=Rigging Doctor}}</ref> '''Goosewinging'''<ref name="Merriam-Webster 20232">{{cite web |date=2023-05-01 |title=Definition of GOOSEWINGING |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/goosewinging |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> or '''Goosewinged''',<ref name="Merriam-Webster 20233">{{cite web |date=2023-05-01 |title=Definition of GOOSEWINGED |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/goosewinged |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> is a term used to define, in a fore-and-aft-rigged sailboat, a way to sail directly downwind.
== Description == link=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schmetterling_Segeln_TK_vektorisiert.svg|thumb|293x293px|''Wing on a wing sailing''
Goosewing sailing requires the use of two sails, a foresail and a mainsail. It is used when sailing directly to leeward or very close to leeward. The mainsail and the foresail are extended outwards on opposite sides of the boat, approximating a 180º angle, to maximize the area of sail exposed to the wind. The jib is held out by the clew with a whisker pole<ref name="Merriam-Webster 202352">{{cite web |date=2023-05-01 |title=Definition of WHISKER POLE |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/whisker+pole |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> to maximize the amount of captured wind, without being covered by the mainsail.<ref name="Jobson22">{{cite book |last=Jobson |first=G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mKTrrP3wA-cC&q=wing+on+wing |title=Sailing Fundamentals |publisher=Touchstone |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4391-3678-2 |page=210 |language=en |access-date=2023-05-08}}</ref> The helmsman has to watch the wind carefully to avoid an involuntary "jibe". To secure the sails against an unplanned jibe, a "preventer"<ref name="Merriam-Webster 20234">{{cite web |date=2023-05-01 |title=Definition of PREVENTER PLATE |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/preventer+plate |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> may be used; This is a mechanical device that is led forward from the boom and secured so as to prevent the boom from swinging across the boat if the sail is temporarily backwinded.<ref name="Cruisers & Sailing Forums">{{cite web |title=Accidental Jibe |url=https://www.cruisersforum.com/forums/f90/accidental-jibe-239013.html |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=Cruisers & Sailing Forums}}</ref> The further forward the boom can be positioned, the lower the risk of unintended jibe.<ref name="fetchinketch 2022">{{cite web |date=2022-11-14 |title=Three Ways to Break the Boom on your Amel Super Maramu. |url=https://fetchinketch.net/boat_thoughts/three-ways-to-break-the-boom-on-your-amel-super-maramu/ |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=fetchinketch}}</ref><ref name="Noble 2021">{{cite web |last=Noble |first=Hillary |date=2021-02-11 |title=Downwind Sail Trim: Everything You Need to Know |url=https://www.northsails.com/sailing/en/2021/02/downwind-sail-trim-how-to-north-sails |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=North Sails}}</ref>
The position of the boom can be tactically decisive when racing or cruising since it determines which tack the vessel is on and thus which vessel should give way for the purposes of collision avoidance. If possible, the main boom should be left on the port side — otherwise there would be the possibility of having to give priority to other sailing ships, not only to those sailing closer to the wind, but just for the fact of having the boom on the port side.<ref name="National Maritime College2">{{cite web |title=Sailing Rules |url=https://maritime.college/Sailing-Rules.php |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=National Maritime College}}</ref>
==Alternatives== It may be possible to sail a broad reach, with occasional intentional jibes, which relieves the helmsman significantly, especially in rough seas, and can be faster because of better aerodynamics. Another alternative is to use a gennaker or a spinnaker for downwind courses.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Bethwaite |first=Frank |title=High Performance Sailing |publisher=Adlard Coles Nautical |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7136-6704-2}}</ref>
== Running vs. close-hauled sailing == When sailing with the wind or ''running before the wind'', the sails generate power primarily through drag (like a parachute) with the true wind directly from behind the sailing craft.<ref name="Jobson">{{cite book |last=Jobson |first=Gary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mKTrrP3wA-cC&q=Johnson,+Gary+(2008).+%22Sailing+Fundamentals%22 |title=Sailing Fundamentals |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2008 |isbn=9781439136782 |location=New York |pages=72–75}}</ref> A sailing craft propelled dead downwind cannot attain a speed faster than the true wind.<ref name=":0" />
However, higher-performance sailing craft achieve a higher velocity made good downwind, by sailing on whatever broad reach is most efficient on that particular craft, and jibing as needed. The longer course is offset by the faster speed. For instance, if a vessel sails alternately in the directions 45° from the downwind direction, it will sail {{radic|2}} (≈1.41) times farther than it would if it sailed dead downwind — but as long as it can sail faster than 1.4 times the true wind velocity, the indirect route will let it travel faster.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Batchelor |first1=Andy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfaADwAAQBAJ&q=sailing+catamaran+downwind&pg=PA50 |title=Cruising Catamarans Made Easy: The Official Manual For The ASA Cruising Catamaran Course (ASA 114) |last2=Frailey |first2=Lisa B. |date=2016 |publisher=American Sailing Association |isbn=9780982102541 |pages=50 |language=en}}</ref>
Craft running downwind increase power from the sails by increasing the total area presented to the following wind, sometimes by putting out specialized sails for that purpose, such as a spinnaker on a fore-and-aft rigged vessel,<ref name="Waterborne 2023">{{cite web |date=2023-02-02 |title=Downwind sailing: 3 strategies for sailing downwind in comfort and style |url=https://waterbornemag.com/downwind-sailing/ |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=Waterborne}}</ref> making obsolete the described goosewinging technique with the jib to windward (opposite to the main sail).<ref name="Jobson" /> In light winds, certain square-rigged vessels may set studding sails, a type of sail used to extend the central square sails outwards from the yardarms, to create a larger sail area.<ref name="king424">{{cite book |last1=King |first1=Dean |title=A Sea of Words |date=2000 |publisher=Henry Holt |isbn=978-0-8050-6615-9 |edition=3 |page=424}}</ref>
== Gallery == <gallery mode="packed" heights="150"> File:Malay Penjajap goosewinged.png|Malay Penjajap goosewinged (lug sails) File:USS Monongahela (1862).jpg|Studding sails File:Samudra Raksa dari belakang, dengan layar terkembang seperti sayap angsa.jpg|Javanese Borobudur ship with tanja sails running before the wind (receiving wind from aft) File:Two Palaris came up from the south-east and meet us, running before the wind with all sails set 2.jpg|Palaris with pinisi sail File:A Javanese trading boat in full sail, by Captain Chidley.jpg|Javanese janggolan with ''lete'' sail (a variant of crab claw sail). </gallery>
== References == {{Reflist|2}}
== Bibliography ==
* ''Seemannschaft. Handbuch für den Yachtsport'' 28 Edition, Delius_Klasing_Verlag, Bielefeld 2013, {{ISBN|978-3-7688-0523-0}}. Pages 206, 653 * Rousmaniere, John, ''The Annapolis Book of Seamanship'', Simon & Schuster, 1999 * ''Chapman Book of Piloting'' (various contributors), Hearst Corporation, 1999 * Herreshoff, Halsey (consulting editor), ''The Sailor’s Handbook'', Little Brown and Company, 1983 * Seidman, David, ''The Complete Sailor'', International Marine, 1995 * Jobson, Gary, ''Sailing Fundamentals'', Simon & Schuster, 1987
== External links == {{Commons category|wing on wing}} *{{cite web | title=Wing on wing | website=| date=2020-10-23 | url=https://www.histo.cat/sabir/Wing-on-wing| language=en | access-date=2023-05-08}}
{{Sailing manoeuvres}}
Category:Sailing