{{Short description|Substances that disrupt the production of thyroid hormones}}
thumb|Broccoli is a goitrogenic food '''Goitrogens''' are substances that disrupt the production of thyroid hormones. This triggers the pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which then promotes the growth of thyroid tissue, eventually leading to goiter.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bender|first1=David A.|title=A dictionary of food and nutrition|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-923487-5|edition=3rd|chapter-url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199234875.001.0001/acref-9780199234875-e-2463|chapter=Goitrogens|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoffood00bend}}</ref>
==Goitrogenic drugs and chemicals== Chemicals that have been shown to have goitrogenic effects include: * Sulfadimethoxine (Albon),<ref>{{cite journal|title=Goitrogenic effects in offspring of swine fed sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim in late gestation|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/20235459 |journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association|vauthors=Blackwell T, Werdin R, Eisenmenger M, FitzSimmons M|volume=194 |issue=4|pages=519–523 |date=March 1989 |doi=10.2460/javma.1989.194.04.519 |pmid=2921200 }}</ref> propylthiouracil,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Pregnancy outcome, thyroid dysfunction and fetal goitre after in utero exposure to propylthiouracil: a controlled cohort study| pmc=2780286 | pmid=19843064 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2125.2009.03495.x| volume=68| issue=4 | year=2009|vauthors=Rosenfeld H, Ornoy A, Shechtman S, Diav-Citrin O| journal=Br J Clin Pharmacol| pages=609–17}}</ref> potassium perchlorate,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Perchlorate Clinical Pharmacology and Human Health: A Review | pmc=3640367 | pmid=11477312 | volume=23 | issue=4 | year=2001 |vauthors=Soldin OP, Braverman LE, Lamm SH| journal=Ther Drug Monit | pages=316–31 | doi=10.1097/00007691-200108000-00002}}</ref> and iopanoic acid.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Side Effects of Radiographic Contrast Media: Pathogenesis, Risk Factors, and Prevention| pmc=4034507 | pmid=24895606 | doi=10.1155/2014/741018| volume=2014| year=2014|vauthors=Andreucci M, Solomon R, Tasanarong A| journal=Biomed Res Int| article-number=741018| doi-access=free }}</ref> * Some oxazolidines such as goitrin.<ref name=Verhoeven>{{cite journal |vauthors=Verhoeven DT, Verhagen H, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA, van Poppel G |title=A review of mechanisms underlying anticarcinogenicity by brassica vegetables |journal=Chem. Biol. Interact. |volume=103 |issue=2 |pages=79–129 |date=February 1997 |pmid=9055870 |doi= 10.1016/S0009-2797(96)03745-3 |bibcode=1997CBI...103...79V }}</ref> *Ions such as thiocyanate<ref name=CassavaAfrica/> (from cigarette smoking for example<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Erdogan MF |title=Thiocyanate overload and thyroid disease |journal=BioFactors |volume=19 |issue=3–4 |pages=107–11 |year=2003 |pmid=14757960 |doi= 10.1002/biof.5520190302|type=Review}}</ref>) and perchlorate decrease iodide uptake by competitive inhibition and, as a consequence of reduced thyroxine and triiodothyronine secretion by the gland, cause, at low doses, an increased release of thyrotropin (by reduced negative feedback), which then stimulates the gland.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}} * Amiodarone inhibits peripheral conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine; also interferes with thyroid hormone action.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}} * Lithium inhibits thyroid hormone release.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}} * Phenobarbitone, phenytoin, carbamazepine, rifampin induce metabolic degradation of triiodothyronine (T<sub>3</sub>) and thyroxine (T<sub>4</sub>).{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}
==Goitrogenic foods== Foods which have been demonstrated to have goitrogenic effects include soy, cassava (when crushed and not detoxified by soaking,<ref name=CassavaAfrica>{{cite journal |author=Vanderpas J |title=Nutritional epidemiology and thyroid hormone metabolism |journal=Annu. Rev. Nutr. |volume=26 |pages=293–322 |year=2006 |issue=1 |pmid=16704348 |doi=10.1146/annurev.nutr.26.010506.103810 |bibcode=2006ARNut..26..293V }}</ref>) vegetables in the genus ''Brassica'' (such as broccoli and cabbage),<ref name=Kumar>{{cite book |author1=Mitchell, Richard Sheppard |author2=Kumar, Vinay |author3=Abbas, Abul K. |author4=Fausto, Nelson |title=Robbins Basic Pathology|publisher=Saunders |location=Philadelphia |year= 2007|isbn=978-1-4160-2973-1 |edition=8th}}</ref>{{page needed|date=September 2014}} and other cruciferous vegetables.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gaitan|first1=Eduardo|title=Goitrogens in Food and Water|journal=Annual Review of Nutrition|date=July 1990|volume=10|issue=1|pages=21–37|doi=10.1146/annurev.nu.10.070190.000321|pmid=1696490}}</ref> The goitrogenic nature of brassica vegetables appears doubtful, particularly when accompanied by adequate dietary iodine.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Galanty |first1=Agnieszka |last2=Grudzińska |first2=Marta |last3=Paździora |first3=Wojciech |last4=Służały |first4=Piotr |last5=Paśko |first5=Paweł |title=Do Brassica Vegetables Affect Thyroid Function?—A Comprehensive Systematic Review |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |date=2024 |volume=25 |issue=7 |page=3988 |doi=10.3390/ijms25073988 |doi-access=free |pmid=38612798 |pmc=11012840 }}</ref>
In places where iodine deficiency exists in tandem with millet being a major component of the diet, millet consumption can contribute to thyroid enlargement which is the start of endemic goiter.<ref name=MilletBranGoitrogen>{{cite journal |author1=Eduardo Gaitan |author2=Raymond, H. Lindsay |author3=Robert D. Reichert |author4=Sidney H. Ingbar |author5=Robert C. Cooksey |author6=Jim Legan |author7=Edward F. Meydrech |author8=John Hill |author9=Ken Kubota |title=Antithyroid and Goitrogenic Effects of Millet: Role of C-Glycosylflavones |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=707–714 |year=1989 |doi=10.1210/jcem-68-4-707|pmid=2921306 }}</ref>
==See also== *Hypothyroidism *Hyperthyroidism *Thyroid
==References== {{reflist|2}}
==External links== * [http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/5/4/440.full.pdf Goitrogenic Substances in Food]
Category:Thyroid disease