{{Short description|Extinct order of seed ferns}} {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = {{Geological range|Permian|latest=Middle Triassic}} | image = Glossopterid reproductive structures.jpg | image_caption = Various glossopterid pollen bearing reproductive structures | image2 = Glossopteris fossil seed fern leaves in claystone (Illawarra Coal Measures, Upper Permian; Dunedoo area, New South Wales, Australia) (15448560516).jpg | image2_caption = Leaf of ''Glossopteris'' | taxon = Glossopteridales | authority = Plumstead, 1956 | subdivision_ranks = Families | subdivision = * Dictyopteridiaceae * Rigbyaceae * Arberiaceae * Lidgettoniaceae | synonyms = *Arberiales *Ottokariales }}
'''Glossopteridales''' is an extinct order of seed plants, known from the Permian of Gondwana. They arose at the beginning of the Permian, and the majority or all members of the group became extinct during the Permian–Triassic extinction event, 251.9 mya. Possible Triassic records of the group have been recorded.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Y. |last2=Zheng |first2=S. |last3=Singh |first3=K. J. |last4=Wang |first4=Y. |last5=Zhang |first5=S. |last6=Saxena |first6=A. |title=Glossopterids survived end-Permian mass extinction in North Hemisphere |year=2022 |journal=Global Geology (English Edition) |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=214–254 |doi=10.3969/j.issn.1673-9736.2022.04.02 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366657763}}</ref> The best known genus is ''Glossopteris,'' a leaf form genus. Other examples are ''Gangamopteris,'' ''Glossotheca,'' and ''Vertebraria''.
Permian permineralised glossopterid reproduction organs found in the central Transantarctic Mountains suggest seeds had an adaxial attachment to the leaf-like mega-sporophyll. This indicate Glossopteridales can be classified as seed ferns and is important in determining the status of the group as either close relatives or ancestors of the angiosperms.<ref>{{Harvnb|Taylor|Taylor|1992|loc=Abstract}}</ref>
Midrib-less forms were common in the Early Permian whereas midrib forms were more common in the Late Permian.<ref>{{Harvnb|Srivastava|1991|loc=Abstract}}</ref>
==See also== *Glossophyte<!--- place here for now, if more, Okay to make a "List of" section, etc. --->
==References== ; Notes {{Reflist}}
; Sources {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite journal |last=Srivastava |first=A. K. |title=Evolutionary tendency in the venation pattern of Glossopteridales |year=1991 |journal=Geobios |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=383–386 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248615815 |access-date=25 November 2017 |doi=10.1016/S0016-6995(06)80235-4|bibcode=1991Geobi..24..383S }}<!-- {{Harvnb|Srivastava|1991}} --> * {{Cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=E. L. |last2=Taylor |first2=T. N. |title=Reproductive biology of the Permian Glossopteridales and their suggested relationship to flowering plants |year=1992 |journal=PNAS |volume=89 |issue=23 |pages=11495–11497 |doi=10.1073/pnas.89.23.11495 |bibcode=1992PNAS...8911495T |pmc=50578 |pmid=11607341 |doi-access=free}}<!-- {{Harvnb|Taylor|Taylor|1992}} --> {{Refend}}
==External links== * [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/seedplants/pteridosperms/glossopterids.html Glossipteridales]
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Category:Pteridospermatophyta Category:Prehistoric plant orders Category:Permian plants Category:Triassic plants Category:Cisuralian first appearances Category:Permian extinctions
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