Giant current ripples

{{short description|Depositional forms in channeled scablands}} [[File:Giant ripples in the Chuya Basin (Altai Republic).JPG|thumb|Giant ripples in the Chuya basin (Altai Mountains), one of the largest scablands on earth]]'''Giant current ripples''' ('''GCRs'''), also known as '''giant gravel bars''' or '''giant gravel dunes''',<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Reed S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cn4DDAAAQBAJ&dq=submarine+%22giant+current+ripples%22&pg=PA1 |title=Exploring the Geology of the Inland Northwest |last2=Schmidt |first2=Keegan L. |date=2016-05-05 |publisher=Geological Society of America |isbn=978-0-8137-0041-0 |language=en}}</ref> are a form of subaqueous dune. They are active channel topographic forms up to 20 m high, which occur within near-thalweg areas of the main outflow routes created by glacial lake outburst floods.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Indra Bir |last2=Kumar |first2=Surendra |date=1974-09-01 |title=Mega- and giant ripples in the Ganga, Yamuna, and Son Rivers, Uttar Pradesh, India |journal=Sedimentary Geology |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=53–66 |doi=10.1016/0037-0738(74)90016-5 |bibcode=1974SedG...12...53S |issn=0037-0738}}</ref> Giant current ripple marks are large scale analogues of small current ripples formed by sand in streams. Giant current ripple marks are important features associated with scablands. As a landscape component, they are found in several areas that were previously in the vicinity of large glacial lakes.<ref name=":1" />

==Setting== Giant current ripples are a geomorphological phenomenon associated with channeled scablands. Scablands form when lakes dammed off by glaciers suddenly burst through their dams and empty their contents in giant flooding events. They are found in the Altai Mountains of Russia,<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Rudoy |first=Alexei N |date=2002-01-01 |title=Glacier-dammed lakes and geological work of glacial superfloods in the Late Pleistocene, Southern Siberia, Altai Mountains |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618201000660 |journal=Quaternary International |series=Holocene Studies, INQUA Commission Meeting, Sevilla 2000 |language=en |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=119–140 |doi=10.1016/S1040-6182(01)00066-0 |bibcode=2002QuInt..87..119R |issn=1040-6182|url-access=subscription }}</ref> as well as in the Columbia Plateau<ref>{{cite web|url=http://npshistory.com/brochures/iafl/lake-missoula.pdf|title=Our Cataclysmic Floodscape|publisher=Ice Age Flood Institute|access-date=2023-01-22}}</ref> of the Pacific Northwest and Coast Mountains of British Columbia and Alaska.<ref name="Clarke89" />

== Properties == thumb|upright=1.5|Several common ripple shapes. Giant current ripples usually exhibit antidune breaking wave and dune ripple shapes, resulting from their high energy environments.

Giant current ripples can reach a maximum height of {{convert|20|m|ft}} and reach a maximum length of {{convert|1|km|mi}}. They occur in ripple fields that can cover an area several kilometers across.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=Reed S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cn4DDAAAQBAJ&dq=submarine+%22giant+current+ripples%22&pg=PA1|title=Exploring the Geology of the Inland Northwest|last2=Schmidt|first2=Keegan L.|date=2016-05-05|publisher=Geological Society of America|isbn=978-0-8137-0041-0|language=en}}</ref>

As a result of the high energy environment in which they were deposited they consist mainly of pebbles and small boulders, with a small fraction of coarse sand.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Giant current ripples are whale-back shaped, with large poorly-rounded boulders found near the peak. They are oriented with the long axis perpendicular to the flow direction and with the steep flank oriented against the direction of flow. The sediment is loose and dry, without loam or silt. The larger exposed segments are cross-bedded.<ref name=":3">{{cite book|url=http://ice.tsu.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=385%3A-q-q-2005-&catid=17%3A2011-02-24-10-44-05&Itemid=48|first=Alexei N|last=Rudoy|year=2005|title=Giant current ripples (History of the Research, their diagnostics and palaeogeographical significance|location=Tomsk|lang=ru|page=228|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008181456/http://ice.tsu.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=385%3A-q-q-2005-&catid=17%3A2011-02-24-10-44-05&Itemid=48 |archive-date=2017-10-08}}</ref>

While they are often called ripples, their topography responds to hydraulic flow as well as boundary conditions, which means they are more accurately described as a type of dune.<ref name=":0" />

The physical parameters of the ripples, such as height and width, can be used to estimate the hydraulics of the flood (e.g., depth and speed).<ref>{{cite book|last=Baker|first=Victor R|year=1973|title=Paleohydrology and Sedimentology of Lake Missoula Flooding in Eastern Washington|publisher=Geological Society of America|id=Special Paper 144|page=58}}</ref>

== Notable localities == {{Location map+|Earth|width=480|float=right|border=2|caption=Known locations of giant ripple marks on Earth|places= {{Location map~|Earth|lat_deg=45|lat_min=40|lon_deg=120|lon_min=30|lon_dir=W|marksize=6|position=bottom|label=Columbia Plateau}} {{Location map~|Earth|lat_deg=50|lat_min=40|lon_deg= 86|lon_min=50|marksize=6|position=top|label=Altai Mountains}} {{Location map~|Earth|lat_deg=60|lat_min=30|lon_deg=137|lon_min=50|lon_dir=W|marksize=6|label=Alsek River}} }} === North America === thumb|Giant current ripples along the Columbia RiverGiant current ripples are an important feature of the Channeled Scablands in Washington state, U.S., which formed during the Last Glacial Maximum as a result of at least 39 glacial lake bursts, called the Missoula floods, which originated from glacial lakes Columbia in Washington and Missoula in Montana.<ref name=Waitt85>{{cite journal|last=Waitt|first=R.B. Jr|year=1985|title=Case for periodic, colossal jökulhlaups from Pleistocene glacial Lake Missoula|journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin|volume=96|pages=1271–1286|bibcode=1985GSAB...96.1271W|doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<1271:CFPCJF>2.0.CO;2|issue=10}}</ref><ref name="Atwater1986">{{cite journal|url=https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/b1661|title=Pleistocene glacial-lake deposits of the Sanpoil River valley, northeastern Washington|id=Bulletin 1661|publisher=US Geological Survey|first=Brian F|last=Atwater|doi=10.3133/b1661|year=1986|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Hanson2016">{{cite journal |last1=Hanson |first1=M. A. |last2=Clague |first2=J. J. |year=2016 |title=Record of glacial lake Missoula floods in glacial lake Columbia, Washington |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=133 |pages=62–76 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.12.009|bibcode=2016QSRv..133...62H }}</ref><ref name="O'Connoretal2020">{{Cite journal |last1=O'Connor |first1=J.E. |last2=Baker |first2=V.R. |last3=Waitt |first3=R.B. |last4=Smith |first4=L.N. |last5=Cannon |first5= C.M. |last6=George |first6=D.L. |last7=Denlinger |first7=R.P. |year=2020 |title=The Missoula and Bonneville floods—A review of ice-age megafloods in the Columbia River basin |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=1–53 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103181 |bibcode = 2020ESRv..20803181O| s2cid = 219072904|url=https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00624/73634/ }}</ref>

Giant current ripples have also been identified in the Yukon Territory, Canada, where they resulted from a {{convert|30|km3|mi3}} outburst from Neoglacial Lake Alsek.<ref name=Clarke89>{{cite journal|last=Clarke|first=G|year=1989|title=Paleohydraulic Modelling of Outburst Floods From Neoglacial Lake Alsek, Yukon Territory, Canada|journal=Annals of Glaciology|volume=13|page=295|doi=10.3189/S0260305500008090|bibcode=1989AnGla..13..295C|doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Altai Mountains, Russia ===

Another area where Giant current ripples are an important landscape feature is in the Altai Mountains, Russia<ref name=":1" /> At least seven major floods are believed to have happened in this area over a span of 150,000 years during Marine Isotope Stage 2, or the latter part of the last glaciation. The lakes that fed these events reached up to {{convert|600|km3||abbr=on}} in capacity. Floodwater depths during the largest of these floods are estimated to have been up to {{convert|300|m|ft}} and the water would have been moving at a speed of 60 meters per second. This resulted in giant current ripple deposits of up to a hundred meters thick.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Carling |first1=Paul A. |title=Megaflood sedimentary valley fill: Altai Mountains, Siberia |date=2009-09-24 |work=Megaflooding on Earth and Mars |pages=243–264 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |last2=Martini |first2=I. Peter |last3=Herget |first3=Jürgen |last4=Borodavko |first4=Pavel |last5=Parnachov |first5=Sergei|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511635632.013 |isbn=978-0-521-86852-5 }}</ref>

=== Mars === [[File:Athabasca Valles channel.jpg|thumb|3-D Anaglyph of Giant Current Ripples in Athabasca Valles, Mars]] American and British geologists and planetologists have discovered giant current ripple reliefs and other scabland features on Mars surrounding the Cerberus Fossae, indicating that megafloods have occurred there at some point in the recent past.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Megaflooding on Earth and Mars |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |others=Devon Burr, Victor R. Baker, Paul Carling |isbn=978-0-511-63305-8 |location=Cambridge, UK |oclc=667005201}}</ref> While they have roughly the same dimensions as on earth when they occur, Giant current ripples appear to be much less common on Mars relative to other scabland features. This is likely a result of differences in the availability of certain types of sediment.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Burr |first1=Devon M. |last2=Grier |first2=Jennifer A.|author2-link=JA Grier |last3=McEwen |first3=Alfred S. |last4=Keszthelyi |first4=Laszlo P. |date=2002 |title=Repeated Aqueous Flooding from the Cerberus Fossae: Evidence for Very Recently Extant, Deep Groundwater on Mars |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0019103502969216 |journal=Icarus |language=en |volume=159 |issue=1 |pages=53–73 |doi=10.1006/icar.2002.6921|bibcode=2002Icar..159...53B |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== References == {{reflist|30em}}{{Glaciers}}{{Continental glaciations}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Giant Current Ripples}} Category:Geomorphology Category:Megafloods Category:Sedimentary structures