{{Short description|none}} This is a collection of lists of mammal gestation period estimated by experts in their fields. The mammals included are only viviparous (marsupials and placentals) as some mammals, which are monotremes (including platypuses and echidnas) lay their eggs. A marsupial has a short gestation period, typically shorter than placental. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on gestational age.
The gestation figures given here are shown in days. They represent average values and should only be considered as approximations.
{{main|Pregnancy (mammals)#Gestation periods}} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Mammal ! data-sort-type="number" colspan = 3 | Gestation period (days)<ref name=Doherty>[http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0004723.html infoplease.com > Health and Science > Environment and Nature > Nature > Gestation, Incubation, and Longevity of Selected Animals] By James G. Doherty, general curator, The Wildlife Conservation Society. Retrieved on April 9, 2010</ref> ! Reference |- ! ! Min ! Max ! Average ! |- | Aardvark (''Orycteropus afer'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 213 |<ref>{{harvnb|van Aarde|1984|pp=466–467}}</ref> |- | Anteater (Giant) (''Myrmecophaga tridactyla'') | style="text-align:right;" | 170 | style="text-align:right;" | 190 | style="text-align:right;" | 180 |<ref>{{cite journal|author=Gaudin, T. J.|author2= Hicks, P.|author3= Blanco, Y. D.|year=2018|title=''Myrmecophaga tridactyla'' (Pilosa: Myrmecophagidae)|journal=Mammalian Species|volume=50|issue=956|pages=1–13|doi=10.1093/mspecies/sey001|doi-access=free|hdl=11336/90534|hdl-access=free}}</ref> |- | Ape (Bonobo) (''Pan paniscus'') | style="text-align:right;" | 196 | style="text-align:right;" | 260 | style="text-align:right;" | 228 |<ref name="Ardito" /> |- | Ape (Bornean orangutan) (''Pongo pygmaeus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 234 |<ref name="Langer" /> |- | Ape (Chimpanzee) (''Pan troglodytes'') | style="text-align:right;" | 230 | style="text-align:right;" | 250 | style="text-align:right;" | 240 |<ref name="Ardito" /> |- | Ape (Gorilla) (Genus ''Gorilla'') | style="text-align:right;" | 255 | style="text-align:right;" | 260 | style="text-align:right;" | 257 |<ref name="Ardito" /> |- | Ape (Human) (''Homo sapiens'') | style="text-align:right;" | 259 | style="text-align:right;" | 275 | style="text-align:right;" | 270 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Ape (Lar gibbon) (''Hylobates lar'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 220 |<ref name="Ardito" /> |- | Ape (Siamang) (''Symphalangus syndactylus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 236 |<ref name="Ardito" /> |- | Armadillo (Nine-banded) (''Dasypus novemcinctus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 120 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Armadillo (Six-banded) (''Euphractus sexcinctus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 62 | |- | Badger (American) (''Taxidea taxus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 60 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Bat (Common vampire) (''Desmodus rotundus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 213 |<ref name=Greenhall1983>{{cite journal |author1=Greenhall, A.M. |author2=Joermann, G. |author3=Schmidt, U. |year=1983 |title=Desmodus rotundus |journal=Mammalian Species |issue=202 |pages=1–6 |url=http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-202-01-0001.pdf |doi=10.2307/3503895 |jstor=3503895 |access-date=2011-11-29 |archive-date=2014-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523225520/http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-202-01-0001.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> |- | Bat (Little brown) (''Myotis lucifugus'') | style="text-align:right;" | 50 | style="text-align:right;" | 60 | style="text-align:right;" | 55 |<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/3503792|jstor=3503792|title=''Myotis lucifugus''|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=142|pages=1–8|last1=Fenton|first1=M. Brock|last2=Barclay|first2=Robert M. R.|year=1980|s2cid=253932645 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/8204741 }}</ref> |- | Bear (Black) (''Ursus americanus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 220 | <ref>{{cite web|last=University of Michigan|title=Ursus Americanus|url= https://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Ursus_americanus/|accessdate=2013-01-16}}</ref> |- | Bear (Giant panda) (''Ailuropoda melanoleuca'') | style="text-align:right;" | 95 | style="text-align:right;" | 160 | style="text-align:right;" | 127 |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.4panda.com/panda/pandatips/reproduction.htm |title=Giant Panda Reproduction |access-date=14 April 2008 |last=Kleiman |first=Devra G |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807161537/http://www.4panda.com/panda/pandatips/reproduction.htm |archive-date=7 August 2008}}</ref> |- | Bear (Grizzly) (''Ursus arctos'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 215 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Bear (Polar) (''Ursus maritimus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 241 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Bovid (American bison) (''Bison bison'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 285 | |- | Bovid (Barbary sheep) (''Ammotragus lervia'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 158 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Bovid (Bay duiker) (''Cephalophus dorsalis'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 120 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Bovid (Bighorn sheep) (''Ovis canadensis'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 180 |<ref name="Langer" /> |- | Bovid (Blackbuck) (''Antilope cervicapra'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 165 |<ref name="Langer" /> |- | Bovid (Cattle) (''Bos taurus'') | style="text-align:right;" | 279 | style="text-align:right;" | 287 | style="text-align:right;" | 283 |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beef.unl.edu/faq/pregnant-cows|title = Pregnant cows, timing of pregnancy, open cows, pregnancy rate}}</ref> |- | Bovid (Common eland) (''Taurotragus oryx'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 255 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Bovid (Domestic goat) (''Capra hircus'') | style="text-align:right;" | 145 | style="text-align:right;" | 155 | style="text-align:right;" | 150 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Bovid (Domestic sheep) (''Ovis aries'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 150 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Bovid (Domestic yak) (''Bos grunniens'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 255 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Bovid (Dorcas gazelle) (''Gazella dorcas'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 132 |<ref name="Langer" /> |- | Bovid (Impala) (''Aepyceros melampus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 191 |<ref name="Langer" /> |- | Bovid (Mountain goat) (''Oreamnos americanus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 176 |<ref name="Langer" /> |- | Bovid (Sable antelope) (''Hippotragus niger'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 270 |<ref name="Langer" /> |- | Bovid (Thomson's gazelle) (''Gazella thomsonii'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 165 |<ref name="Langer" /> |- | Bovid (Zebu) (''Bos indicus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 280 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Camelid (Alpaca) (''Lama pacos'') | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 345 | <ref>{{cite web|last=Paris Hill Farm|title=Alpacas 101|url=https://www.parrishillfarm.com/alpacas101.shtml|accessdate=2012-07-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Northwest Alpacas|title=Alpaca Q&A|url=http://www.alpacas.com/QnA/Breeding.aspx|accessdate=2012-07-14|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721011914/http://www.alpacas.com/QnA/Breeding.aspx|archivedate=2012-07-21}}</ref> |- | Camelid (Bactrian camel) (''Camelus bactrianus'') | style="text-align:right;" | 360 | style="text-align:right;" | 420 | style="text-align:right;" | 390 | |- | Camelid (Llama) (''Lama glama'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 330 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Canid (African wild dog) (''Lycaon pictus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 71 |<ref name="Langer" /> |- | Canid (Bat-eared fox) (''Otocyon megalotis'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 65 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Canid (Coyote) (''Canis latrans'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 62 |<ref name="Langer" /> |- | Canid (Domestic dog) (''Canis familiaris'') | style="text-align:right;" | 58 | style="text-align:right;" | 65 | style="text-align:right;" | 61 | |- | Canid (Golden jackal) (''Canis aureus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 62 |<ref name="Langer" /> |- | Canid (Island fox) (''Urocyon littoralis'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 63 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Canid (Red fox) (''Vulpes vulpes'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 52 |<ref name="Langer" /> |- | Canid (Wolf) (''Canis lupus'') | style="text-align:right;" | 60 | style="text-align:right;" | 68 | style="text-align:right;" | 64 | |- | Cat (Canadian lynx) (''Lynx canadensis'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 60 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Cat (Cheetah) (''Acinoyx jubatus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 92 |<ref name="Langer" /> |- | Cat (Domestic) (''Felis catus'') | style="text-align:right;" | 58 | style="text-align:right;" | 67 | style="text-align:right;" | 64 | |- | Cat (Leopard) (''Panthera pardus'') | style="text-align:right;" | 92 | style="text-align:right;" | 95 | style="text-align:right;" | 93 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Cat (Lion) (''Panthera leo'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 108 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Cat (Puma) (''Puma concolor'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 90 | |- | Cat (Tiger) (''Panthera tigris'') | style="text-align:right;" | 105 | style="text-align:right;" | 113 | style="text-align:right;" | 109 | |- | Deer (Chital) (''Axis axis'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 218 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Deer (Common fallow) (''Dama dama'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 228 |<ref name="Langer">Langer, P. (2008). The phases of maternal investment in eutherian mammals. Zoology, 111(2), 148-162. </ref> |- | Deer (Elk, aka Wapiti) (''Cervus canadensis'') | style="text-align:right;" | 240 | style="text-align:right;" | 250 | style="text-align:right;" | 245 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Deer (Moose) (''Alces alces'') | style="text-align:right;" | 240 | style="text-align:right;" | 250 | style="text-align:right;" | 245 | |- | Deer (Mule) (''Odocoileus hemionus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 206 |<ref name="Langer" /> |- | Deer (Père David's) (''Elaphurus davidianus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 284 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Deer (Red) (''Cervus elaphus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 238 |<ref name="Langer" /> |- | Deer (Reindeer) (''Rangifer tarandus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 215 |<ref name="Langer" /> |- | Deer (Sambar) (''Rusa unicolor'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 246 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Deer (White-tailed) (''Odocoileus virginianus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 201 | |- | Elephant shrew (Bushveld) (''Elephantulus intufi'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 51 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Elephant shrew (Eastern rock) (''Elephantulus myurus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 46 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Elephant (African bush) (''Loxodonta africana'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 670 |<ref name=Williamson1976>{{cite journal |last1=Williamson |first1=B. R. |year=1976 |title=Reproduction in female African elephant in the Wankie National Park, Rhodesia |journal=South African Journal of Wildlife Research |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=89–93 |url=https://journals.co.za/content/wild/6/2/AJA03794369_3213?crawler=true&mimetype=application/pdf}}</ref> |- | Elephant (African forest) (''Loxodonta cyclotis'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 670 |<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Weber |editor-first=W. |editor2-last=White |editor2-first=L. J. T. |editor3-last=Vedder |editor3-first=A. |editor4-last=Naughton-Treves |editor4-first=L. |title=African Rain Forest Ecology and Conservation: An Interdisciplinary Perspective |date=2001 |isbn=9780300084337 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven and London |first1=A. K. |last1=Turkalo |first2=J. M. |last2=Fay |pages=[https://archive.org/details/africanrainfores00webe/page/207 207–213] |chapter=African Rain Forest Ecology and Conservation. Observations from the Dzanga Saline |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iNwfN5ASigUC&pg=PA207 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/africanrainfores00webe/page/207 }}</ref> |- | Elephant (Asian) (''Elephas maximus'') | style="text-align:right;" | 548 | style="text-align:right;" | 670 | style="text-align:right;" | 609 |<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Edward W. |last2=Rasmussen |first2=Lel |date=2002-07-01 |title=Morphological characteristics of the vomeronasal organ of the newborn Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) |journal=The Anatomical Record |language=en |volume=267 |issue=3 |pages=252–259 |doi=10.1002/ar.10112 |pmid=12115276 |s2cid=30345793 |issn=0003-276X|doi-access=free }}</ref> |- | Equid (Burchell's_zebra) (''Equus quagga burchelli'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 390 |<ref name="Langer" /> |- | Equid (Donkey) (''Equus asinus'') | style="text-align:right;" | 335 | style="text-align:right;" | 426 | style="text-align:right;" | 365 |<ref name="Langer" /> |- | Equid (Grant's zebra) (''Equus quagga boehmi'') | style="text-align:right;" | 361 | style="text-align:right;" | 390 | style="text-align:right;" | 375 | |- | Equid (Horse) (''Equus caballus'') | style="text-align:right;" | 330 | style="text-align:right;" | 342 | style="text-align:right;" | 336 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Ferret (Domestic) (''Mustela furo'') | style="text-align:right;" | 41 | style="text-align:right;" | 42 | style="text-align:right;" | 41 | <ref name="A.Rijnberk, F.J 2005"/> |- | Galago (Family ''Galagidae'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 124 |<ref name="Langer" /> |- | Giraffe (Genus ''Giraffa'') | style="text-align:right;" | 420 | style="text-align:right;" | 450 | style="text-align:right;" | 430 | |- | Hare (European) (''Lepus europaeus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 41 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Hedgehog (European) (''Erinaceus europaeus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 34 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Hippopotamus (Common) (''Hippopotamus amphibius'') | style="text-align:right;" | 225 | style="text-align:right;" | 250 | style="text-align:right;" | 237 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Hyena (Striped) (''Hyaena hyaena'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 90 |<ref name="Kiltie" /> |- | Hyrax (Rock) (''Procavia capensis'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 255 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Kinkajou (''Potos flavus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 77 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Lemur (Superfamily ''Lemuroidea'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 128 |<ref name="Langer" /> |- | Manatee (West Indian) (''Trichechus manatus'') | style="text-align:right;" | 365 | style="text-align:right;" | 426 | style="text-align:right;" | 396 |<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Reproduction in free-ranging Florida manatees|journal=National Biological Service Information and Technology Report 1}}</ref> |- | Marsupial (Kangaroo) (Family ''Macropodidae'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 42 | |- | Marsupial (Koala) (''Phascolarctos cinereus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 34 |<ref name="VogelnestWoods2008">{{cite book|author1=Larry Vogelnest|author2=Rupert Woods|title=Medicine of Australian Mammals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lWbgqMsyq8UC&pg=PT439|date=August 18, 2008|publisher=Csiro Publishing|isbn=978-0-643-09928-9|page=439}}</ref> |- | Marsupial (Quokka) (''Setonix brachyurus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 26 |<ref name="Sacher">Sacher, G. A., & Staffeldt, E. F. (1974). Relation of gestation time to brain weight for placental mammals: implications for the theory of vertebrate growth. The American Naturalist, 108(963), 593-615.</ref> |- | Marsupial (Stripe-faced dunnart) (''Sminthopsis macroura'') | style="text-align:right;" | 9.5 | style="text-align:right;" | 12 | style="text-align:right;" | 11 | <ref name="Selwood, Lynne and Patricia A. Woolley 1991">. A timetable of embryonic development, and ovarian and uterine changes during pregnancy, in the stripe-faced dunnart, Sminthopsis macroura (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae). Journal of reproduction and fertility 91 1 (1991): 213-27. DOI 10.1530/jrf.0.0910213 </ref> |- | Marsupial (Virginia opossum) (''Didelphis virginiana'') | style="text-align:right;" | 12 | style="text-align:right;" | 13 | style="text-align:right;" | 12 | |- | Marsupial (Wombat) (Family ''Vombatidae'') | style="text-align:right;" | 26 | style="text-align:right;" | 28 | style="text-align:right;" | 27 | |- | Mink (European) (''Mustela lutreola'') | style="text-align:right;" | 38 | style="text-align:right;" | 76 | style="text-align:right;" | 57 | <ref name="A.Rijnberk, F.J 2005">Anamnese en lichamelijk onderzoek bij gezelschapsdieren, A.Rijnberk, F.J.van Sluis, 2nd print, Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, 2005, (Current Dutch veterinary examination study book for small domestic mammals)</ref> |- | Monkey (Baboon) (Genus ''Papio'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 185 |<ref name="AbeeMansfield2012">{{cite book|editor1=Christian R. Abee|editor2=Keith Mansfield|editor3=Suzette D. Tardif|editor4=Timothy Morris|title=Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research: Biology and Management|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i3GHiMqpfLsC&pg=PA215|date=May 9, 2012|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-397837-0|page=215}}</ref> |- | Monkey (Blue) (''Cercopithecus mitis'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 140 |<ref name="Ardito" /> |- | Monkey (Bonnet macaque) (''Macaca radiata'') | style="text-align:right;" | 153 | style="text-align:right;" | 169 | style="text-align:right;" | 161 |<ref name="Ardito" /> |- | Monkey (Brown woolly) (''Lagothrix lagothrica'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 139 |<ref name="Ardito" /> |- | Monkey (Celebes crested macaque) (''Macaca nigra'') | style="text-align:right;" | 155 | style="text-align:right;" | 175 | style="text-align:right;" | 164 |<ref name="Ardito" /> |- | Monkey (Crab-eating macaque) (''Macaca fascicularis'') | style="text-align:right;" | 153 | style="text-align:right;" | 179 | style="text-align:right;" | 165 |<ref name="Ardito" /> |- | Monkey (Dusky leaf) (''Trachypithecus obscurus or Presbytis obscurus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 150 |<ref name="Ardito" /> |- | Monkey (Formosan rock macaque) (''Macaca cyclopis'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 163 |<ref name="Ardito" /> |- | Monkey (Gelada) (''Theropithecus gelada'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 170 |<ref name="Ardito" /> |- | Monkey (Goeldi's marmoset) (''Callimico goeldii'') | style="text-align:right;" | 149 | style="text-align:right;" | 152 | style="text-align:right;" | 151 |<ref name="Ardito" /> |- | Monkey (Golden lion tamarin) (''Leontopithecus rosalia'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 131 |<ref name="Langer" /> |- | Monkey (Gracile capuchin) (Genus ''Cebus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 180 |<ref name="Ardito" /> |- | Monkey (Grey-cheeked mangabey) (''Cercocebus albigena'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 174 |<ref name="Ardito" /> |- | Monkey (Grivet) (''Cercopithecus aethiops'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 210 |<ref name="Ardito" /> |- | Monkey (Guenon) (Genus ''Cercopithecus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 160 |<ref name="Langer" /> |- | Monkey (Japanese macaque) (''Macaca fuscata'') | style="text-align:right;" | 150 | style="text-align:right;" | 180 | style="text-align:right;" | 166 |<ref name="Ardito" /> |- | Monkey (King colobus) (''Colobus polykomos'') | style="text-align:right;" | 180 | style="text-align:right;" | 213 | style="text-align:right;" | 202 |<ref name="Ardito" /> |- | Monkey (Mantled howler) (''Alquatta paliatta'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 139 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Monkey (Northern plains gray langur) (''Semnopithecus entellus or Presbytis entellus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 183 |<ref name="Ardito" /> |- | Monkey (Patas) (''Erythrocebus patas'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 192 |<ref name="Ardito" /> |- | Monkey (Proboscis) (''Nasalis larvatus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 166 |<ref name="Ardito" /> |- | Monkey (Red-shanked douc) (''Pygathrix nemaeus'') | style="text-align:right;" | 180 | style="text-align:right;" | 190 | style="text-align:right;" | 185 |<ref name="Ardito" /> |- | Monkey (Red-tailed) (''Cercopithecus ascanius'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 190 |<ref name="Ardito" /> |- | Monkey (Rhesus macaque) (''Macaca mulatta'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 164 |<ref name="Ardito" /> |- | Monkey (Southern pig-tailed macaque) (''Macaca nemestrina'') | style="text-align:right;" | 168 | style="text-align:right;" | 171 | style="text-align:right;" | 170 |<ref name="Ardito" /> |- | Monkey (Spider) (Genus ''Ateles'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 139 |<ref name="Ardito">Ardito, G. (1976). Check-list of the data on the gestation length of primates. Journal of human evolution, 5(2), 213-222.</ref> |- | Monkey (Squirrel) (Genus ''Saimiri'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 167 |<ref name="Langer" /> |- | Monkey (Stump-tailed macaque) (''Macaca arctoides'') | style="text-align:right;" | 168 | style="text-align:right;" | 184 | style="text-align:right;" | 182 |<ref name="Ardito" /> |- | Monkey (Talapoin) (''Cercopithecus talapoin'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 196 |<ref name="Ardito" /> |- | Monkey (Tamarin) (Genus ''Saguinus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 162 |<ref name="Langer" /> |- | Monkey (Toque macaque) (''Macaca sinica'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 180 |<ref name="Ardito" /> |- | Monkey (Vervet) (''Cercopithecus pygerythrus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 195 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Otter (Subfamily ''Lutrinae'') | style="text-align:right;" | 60 | style="text-align:right;" | 86 | style="text-align:right;" | 73 | |- | Pig (Domestic) (''Sus domesticus'') | style="text-align:right;" | 112 | style="text-align:right;" | 115 | style="text-align:right;" | 113 | |- | Pig (Wild boar) (''Sus scrofa'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 120 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Pinniped (California sea lion) (''Zalophus californianus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 350 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Pinniped (Northern fur seal) (''Callorhinus ursinus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 254 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Pinniped (Southern elephant seal) (''Mirounga leonina'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 335 |<ref>{{Cite book|title=Elephant seals|date=1999|publisher=Central Coast Press|isbn=9780965877695|location=San Luis Obispo, Calif.|oclc=44446823|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/elephantseals0000frie}}</ref> |- | Pinniped (Walrus) (''Odobenus rosmarus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 456 | |- | Pinniped (Weddel seal) (''Leptonychotes wedelli'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 310 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Pronghorn (''Antilocapra americana'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 246 |<ref name="Langer" /> |- | Rabbit (Domestic) (''Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus'') | style="text-align:right;" | 28 | style="text-align:right;" | 35 | style="text-align:right;" | 31 | <ref name="A.Rijnberk, F.J 2005"/> |- | Raccoon (Common) (''Procyon lotor'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 63 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Rhinoceros (Black) (''Diceros bicornis'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 450 | |- | Rhinoceros (Indian) (''Rhinoceros unicornis'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 478 |<ref name="Kiltie">Kiltie, R. A. (1982). Intraspecific variation in the mammalian gestation period. Journal of Mammalogy, 63(4), 646-652.</ref> |- | Rhinoceros (White) (''Ceratotherium simum'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 467 |<ref name="Langer" /> |- | Rodent (Beaver) (Genus ''Castor'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 122 | |- | Rodent (Chinchilla) (Genus ''Chinchilla'') | style="text-align:right;" | 105 | style="text-align:right;" | 115 | style="text-align:right;" | 110 |<ref name="Rijnberk">A.Rijnberk, F.J (2005). Anamnese en lichamelijk onderzoek bij gezelschapsdieren, A.Rijnberk, F.J.van Sluis, 2nd print, Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, 2005, (Current Dutch veterinary examination study book for small domestic mammals)</ref> |- | Rodent (Chinese hamster) (''Cricetulus griseus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 21 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Rodent (Chipmunk) (Subtribe ''Tamiina'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 31 | |- | Rodent (Cotton mouse) (''Peromyscus gossypinus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 23 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Rodent (Coypu) (''Myocastor coypus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 132 |<ref name="Langer" /> |- | Rodent (Crested porcupine) (''Hystrix cristata'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 112 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Rodent (Domestic guinea pig) (''Cavia porcellus'') | style="text-align:right;" | 56 | style="text-align:right;" | 74 | style="text-align:right;" | 65 | <ref name="A.Rijnberk, F.J 2005"/> |- | Rodent (Domestic mouse) (''Mus musculus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 19 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Rodent (Eastern gray squirrel) (''Sciurus carolinensis'') | style="text-align:right;" | 30 | style="text-align:right;" | 40 | style="text-align:right;" | 35 | |- | Rodent (Golden hamster) (''Mesocricetus auratus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 16 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Rodent (Greater Egyptian gerbil) (''Gebrillus pyramidum'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 21 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Rodent (Green acouchi) (''Myoprocta pratti'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 98 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Rodent (Hamster) (Subfamily ''Cricetinae'') | style="text-align:right;" | 16 | style="text-align:right;" | 23 | style="text-align:right;" | 20 | |- | Rodent (Hispid cotton rat) (''Sigmodon hispidus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 27 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Rodent (Meadow mouse) (''Microtus pennsylvanicus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 21 | |- | Rodent (Mongolian gerbil) (''Meriones unguiculatus'') | style="text-align:right;" | 22 | style="text-align:right;" | 130 | style="text-align:right;" | 24 |<ref name="A.Rijnberk, F.J 2005"/> |- | Rodent (Muskrat) (''Ondatra zibethicus'') | style="text-align:right;" | 28 | style="text-align:right;" | 30 | style="text-align:right;" | 29 | |- | Rodent (North American porcupine) (''Erethizon dorsatum'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 113 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Rodent (Rat) (Genus ''Rattus'') | style="text-align:right;" | 21 | style="text-align:right;" | 23 | style="text-align:right;" | 22 | <ref>The Laboratory Rat, 2nd Edition, Eds. Mark A. Sucklow, Steven H. Weisbroth, and Craig L. Franklin. Page 151.</ref> |- | Rodent (Red squirrel) (''Sciurus vulgaris'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 38 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Rodent (Southern flying squirrel) (''Glaucomys volans'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 40 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Rodent (White-footed mouse) (''Peromyscus leucopus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 23 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Skunk (Striped) (''Mephitis mephitis'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 65 |<ref name="Langer" /> |- | Sloth (Hoffmann's two-toed)) (''Choloepus hoffmanni'') | style="text-align:right;" | 355 | style="text-align:right;" | 377 | style="text-align:right;" | 366 |<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gilmore |first1=D. P. |last2=Da-Costa |first2=C. P. |last3=Duarte |first3=D. P. F. |date=February 2000 |title=An update on the physiology of two- and three-toed sloths |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/bjmbr/a/pXF57MGpbGJmDLKCzbVY6yv/?lang=en |journal=Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research |language=en |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=129–146 |doi=10.1590/S0100-879X2000000200001 |pmid=10657054 |issn=0100-879X|doi-access=free }}</ref> |- | Sloth (Pale-throated) (''Bradypus tridactylus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 183 |<ref>{{cite journal | author = Taube, E.| year = 2001 | title = Reproductive biology and postnatal development in sloths, ''Bradypus'' and ''Choloepus'': review with original data from the field (French Guiana) and from captivity | journal = Mammalian Review | volume = 31 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 173–188 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2001.00085.x| bibcode = 2001MamRv..31..173T |display-authors=etal}}</ref> |- | Slow loris (Sunda) (''Nycticebus coucang'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 90 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Tapir (Malayan) (''Acrocodia indica'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 379 |<ref name="Langer" /> |- | Treeshrew (Common) (''Tupaia glis'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 46 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Whale (Beluga) (''Delphinapterus leucas'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 408 |<ref name="Langer" /> |- | Whale (Blue) (''Balaenoptera musculus'') | style="text-align:right;" | 305 | style="text-align:right;" | 365 | style="text-align:right;" | 335 |<ref>{{cite book | author1=Sears, R. | author2=Perrin, W. F. | title=Encyclopedia of marine mammals | chapter=Blue Whale: "Balaenoptera musculus" | publisher=Academic Press | location=London, UK | editor1-last=Würsig | editor1-first=B. | editor2-last=Thewissen | editor2-first=J. G. M. | editor3-last=Kovacs | editor3-first=K. M. | pages=110–114 | date=2018}}</ref> |- | Whale (Bottlenose dolphin) (''Tursiops truncatus'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 364 |<ref name="Langer" /> |- | Whale (Harbour porpoise) (''Phocoena phocoena'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 270 |<ref name="Sacher" /> |- | Whale (Northern right whale dolphin) (''Lissodelphis borealis'') | style="text-align:right;" | 368 | style="text-align:right;" | 374 | style="text-align:right;" | 371 |<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Larese|first1=Jason P.|last2=Chivers|first2=Susan J.|date=2009|title=Growth and reproduction of female eastern and whitebelly spinner dolphins incidentally killed in the eastern tropical Pacific tuna purse-seine fishery|journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology|language=en|volume=87|issue=6|pages=537–552|doi=10.1139/Z09-038|bibcode=2009CaJZ...87..537L |issn=0008-4301}}</ref> |- | Whale (Orca) (''Orcinus orca'') | style="text-align:right;" | 473 | style="text-align:right;" | 567 | style="text-align:right;" | 532 | <ref name="GullandDierauf2018">{{cite book|author1=Frances M.D. Gulland|author2=Leslie A. Dierauf|author3=Karyl L. Whitman|title=CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b1ZSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT408|date=20 March 2018|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-351-38416-2|page=408}}</ref> |- | Whale (Sperm) (''Physeter catodon'') | style="text-align:right;" | 480 | style="text-align:right;" | 590 | style="text-align:right;" | 535 | |- | Whale (Spinner dolphin) (''Stenella longirostris'') | | | style="text-align:right;" | 318 |<ref name="Langer" /> |- |}
== Factors affecting the gestation period in mammals ==
There are several factors affecting the length of the gestation period in mammals. === Animal size/mass ===
There is a positive relationship between mass at birth and length of gestation in eutherian mammals.<ref>Sacher, G. A., & Staffeldt, E. F. (1974).Relation of gestation time to brain weight for placental mammals: implications for the theory of vertebrate growth. The American Naturalist, 108(963), 593-615.</ref> Larger mammals are more likely to produce a well-developed neonate than small mammals. Large mammals develop at an absolute slower rate compared to small mammals. Thus, the large mammal tend have longer gestation periods than small mammal as they tend to produce larger neonate.<ref> Martin, R. D., Genoud, M., & Hemelrijk, C. K. (2005). Problems of allometric scaling analysis: examples from mammalian reproductive biology. Journal of Experimental Biology, 208(9), 1731-1747.</ref> Large mammals require a longer period of time to attain any proportion of adult mass compared to small mammals.<ref> Zullinger, E. M., Ricklefs, R. E., Redford, K. H., & Mace, G. M. (1984). Fitting sigmoidal equations to mammalian growth curves. Journal of Mammalogy, 65(4), 607-636. </ref>
=== The level of development at birth ===
More developed infants will typically require a longer gestation period. Altricial mammals needs less time to gestate compare to the precocial (well-developed neonate) mammal. A typical precocial mammal has a gestation period almost four times longer than a typical altricial mammal of the same body size.<ref> Martin, R. D., & MacLarnon, A. M. (1985). Gestation period, neonatal size and maternal investment in placental mammals. Nature, 313(5999), 220-223. </ref> Precocial mammal species generally have greater adult body weights than altricial mammals as precocial mammals have markedly longer gestation periods than altricial mammals.<ref> Derrickson, E. M. (1992). Comparative reproductive strategies of altricial and precocial eutherian mammals. Functional Ecology, 57-65.</ref> The neonatal of larger mammals develop relatively more quickly and thus making it more likely that a large mammal would produce a more well-developed neonate as a consequence of its longer gestation period. In some cases, some mammal species may have similar gestation periods despite having significantly different body masses.<ref> Isler, K., & van Schaik, C. P. (2009). The expensive brain: a framework for explaining evolutionary changes in brain size. Journal of human evolution, 57(4), 392-400. </ref>
=== Environmental factor ===
In response to the conditions of the environment, some mammals, such as bat delay the implantation due to the cold temperature in winter.<ref> Racey, P. A., & Swift, S. M. (1981). Variations in gestation length in a colony of pipistrelle bats (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) from year to year. Reproduction, 61(1), 123-129. </ref> Another factor is due to the shortage of food stocks during winter as the insects are being driven away and as the result, bat hibernate in pregnant condition.<ref> Bradley, S. (2006). The ecology of bat reproduction.</ref>
In pinnipeds, the purpose of delayed implantation is in order to increase survival chance of the young animals as the mother ensure that the neonates are born at an optimal season.<ref> Scheffer, V. B., & York, A. E. (1997). Timing of implantation in the northern fur seal, Callorhinus ursinus. Journal of Mammalogy, 78(2), 675-683.</ref>
== See also == * Evolution of mammals - Timing of placental evolution * Gestation
== References == === Citations === {{Reflist}}
=== Sources === {{refbegin}} * [http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0004723.html Gestation, Incubation, and Longevity of Selected Animals] * David Crystal, ''The Cambridge Factfinder'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998 (84). * [http://www.a-z-animals.com/ Online animal encyclopedia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131229042339/http://www.niehs.nih.gov/news/newsletter/2013/9/science-pregnancy/ Study finds wide range in pregnancy length] * {{cite encyclopedia | last = van Aarde | first = Rudi J. | editor-last = Macdonald | editor-first = David | title = Aardvark | encyclopedia = The Encyclopedia of Mammals | year = 1984 | publisher = Facts on File Publications | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-0-87196-871-5 | url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0 }} {{refend}}
{{Wikidata property|P3063}}
{{Mammal lists}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gestation Period}} Category:Fertility Category:Midwifery