{{Short description|Latin verb form that functions as an adjective}} {{distinguish|text=Gerund}} In Latin grammar, a '''gerundive''' ({{IPAc-en|dʒ|ə|ˈ|r|ʌ|n|d|ɪ|v}}) is a verb form that functions as a verbal adjective.
In Classical Latin, the gerundive has the same form as the gerund, but is distinct from the present active participle. In Late Latin, the differences were largely lost, resulting in a form derived from the gerund or gerundive but functioning more like a participle. The adjectival gerundive form survives in the formation of progressive aspect forms in Italian, Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese and some southern/insular dialects of European Portuguese. In French the adjectival gerundive and participle forms merged completely, and the term ''gérondif'' is used for adverbial use of ''-ant'' forms.<ref>Posner, Rebecca. 1996, ''The Romance Languages''. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-28139-3}} p. 175.</ref>
There is no true equivalent to the gerundive in English, but it can be interpreted as a future passive participle, used adjectivally or adverbially; the closest translation is a passive to-infinitive non-finite clause such as ''books '''to be read'''''. That reflects the most common use of the Latin gerundive, to combine a transitive verb (such as ''read'') and its object (such as ''books''), usually with a sense of obligation. Another translation is the recent development of the ''must-'' prefix as in ''a must-read book''.<ref name="Forsyth">[http://blog.inkyfool.com/2016/11/referendums-and-english-gerundive.html Referendums and the Gerundive], Mark Forsyth.</ref>
==Latin== {{see|Latin syntax#The gerundive|Latin tenses#Gerundive tenses}}
===Form=== The Latin gerundive is a form of the verb. It is composed of: * the '''infectum''' stem (the stem used to form Present and Imperfect tense forms) * a vowel appropriate to the verb class or conjugation of the verb * the suffix -nd- * an adjectival Inflectional ending For example: {| class="wikitable" |- | laud- || -a- || -nd- || -us, -a, -um || First conjugation || ''laudandus, -a, -um'' || 'concerned with the act of praising' || ''homo laudandus est''— 'the man is to be praised' |- | tim- || -e- || -nd- || -us, -a, -um || Second conjugation || ''timendus, -a, -um'' || 'concerned with the act of fearing' || ''mulier timenda est'' — 'the woman is to be feared' |- |leg- || -e- || -nd- || -us, -a, -um || Third conjugation || ''legendus, -a, -um'' || 'concerned with the act of reading' || ''volumen legendum est '' — 'the volume is to be read' |- |capi- || -e- || -nd- || -us, -a, -um || Third conjugation || ''capiendus, -a, -um'' || 'concerned with the act of taking' || ''castra capienda sunt'' — 'the camp is to be taken' |- | audi- || -e- || -nd- || -us, -a, -um || Fourth conjugation || ''audiendus, -a, -um'' || 'concerned with the act of hearing' || ''voces audiendae sunt'' — 'the voices are to be heard' |} Related gerund forms are composed in a similar way with nominal inflexional endings.
===Meaning and use=== In principle, the gerundive could express a wide range of meaning relationships: 'capable of', 'prone to', 'ripe for' (killing, dying, rising, rolling etc.). Some gerundives have much the same meaning as present participles: ''secundus'' 'following'; ''oriundus'' 'arising, descended from'; ''volvendus'' 'rolling'. Originally it could express active or passive meaning, and therefore could be used with verbs in intransitive as well as transitive use. However, the great majority of gerundive forms were used with passive meaning of transitive verbs.
The gerundive could be used as either a predicative or an attributive adjective. However, attributive use was rare, largely confined to verbs expressing approval or disapproval. The predicative use invited a secondary meaning of obligation (a meaning not shared with the gerund). Thus: {| |- | ATTRIBUTIVE || ''agnus caedundus'' || 'a lamb ready for slaughtering' |- | PREDICATIVE || ''agnus est caedundus'' || 'The lamb is for slaughter', 'The lamb is to be slaughtered', 'The lamb must be slaughtered' |} This sense of obligation with passive meaning is by far the most common use of the gerundive.<ref>Palmer, L.R. , 1954, ''The Latin Language'', London. Faber and Faber. pp 320-322.</ref> Thus it has been equated with a future passive participle.
A neuter form without a noun may function as an impersonal expression, for example: ''addendum'' 'something to be added'; ''referendum'' 'something to be referred back'. These are not gerund forms; the -um form of the gerund is used only after prepositions. The plural forms without nouns such as ''agenda'' 'things to be done' are also adjectival gerundives; the gerund has no plural form.
For details of the formation and usage of the Latin gerundive, see {{slink|Latin conjugation|Gerundive}} and {{slink|Latin syntax|The gerundive}}.
===Gerundive expressions widely quoted or adopted in English===
*Cato the Elder, a Roman senator, frequently ended his speeches with the statement ''Ceterum censeo Carthaginem '''delendam''' esse'' ("I also think Carthage to be '''[something] that must be destroyed'''", i.e. "Besides which, I think Carthage must be destroyed"). *{{lang|la|nunc est bibendum}} (Horace, ''Odes'', 1.37) "now it is necessary to drink!", in other words, it's time to celebrate. *Mutatis mutandis, "changing [only] those things which need to be changed" or more simply "[only] the necessary changes having been made". *A gerundive appears in the phrase ''quod erat '''demonstrandum''''' ("which was '''to be demonstrated'''"), whose abbreviated form ''Q.E.D.'' is often used after the final conclusion of a proof. * The motto ''Nil '''desperandum''''' 'Nothing is to be despaired at' i.e. 'Never despair'. Based on this the cod Latin ''Nil illegitimis '''carborundum''''' 'Don't let the bastards grind you down'. *The name Amanda is the feminine gerundive of ''amare'' ("to love"), and thus means roughly "[she who is] to be loved", "worthy of being loved", "worthy of love", or simply "lovable". Similarly with the name Miranda; ''mirari'' means "to admire", so the name means "[she who is] to be admired", "worthy of admiration", or "admirable". *A number of English words come from Latin gerundives. For example, ''addendum'' comes from the gerundive of ''addere'' ("to add"), and so means ''something that must be added''; ''referendum'' comes from the gerundive of ''referre'' ("to bring back" [to the people]); ''agenda'' comes from the neuter plural of ''agendus'', the gerundive of ''agere'' "to do", and so means ''things that must be done''; ''reverend'' comes from the gerundive ''reverendus'', and refers to a person who ''should be revered''; ''propaganda'' comes from a Neo-Latin phrase containing a feminine form of ''propagandus'', the gerundive of ''propagare'' ("to propagate"), so that ''propaganda'' was originally something that ''should be propagated''; ''legend'' in Latin is ''legenda'', which originally meant ''things you should read,'' (from ''legere'' "to read") but became a (fem. sing.) word in its own right in medieval times; a dividend is ''something to be divided [among shareholders]''. * The expression ''de gustibus non est '''disputandum''''' ("matters of taste should not be debated").
===Later developments=== In Late Latin, the distinction between gerundive and future participle was sometimes lost. So, gerundive ''moriendi'' is found for ''morituri'' 'about to die'. Conversely, future participles ''recepturus'' and ''scripturus'' are found for ''recipiendus'' and ''scribendus/scribundus''. More regularly, the gerundive came to be used as a future passive participle. Ultimately the gerundive in the nominative case came to substitute for the present participle.<ref>Palmer 1954. p 167</ref>
==Other languages== The term is occasionally used in descriptions of English grammar, to denote the present participle used adjectivally or adverbially e.g. 'take a running jump'. That form, ending in ''-ing'', is identical to that of the English gerund, but it is generally called a gerund when it is used as a noun, not as an adjective or adverb e.g. 'running burns more calories than walking'.
In Old Irish, a form known in the literature as the ''verbal of necessity'' is used as the predicate of the copula in the function of the Latin gerundive, e.g. ''{{lang|sga|inna hí atá adamraigthi}}'' "the things that are to be admired".<ref>Rudolf Thurneysen (1946, reprinted 1980), ''A Grammar of Old Irish'' (translated by D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin), Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, p. 443.</ref><ref>Whitley Stokes and John Strachan (eds.) (1901, reprinted 1987), ''Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus'', Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, vol. I, p. 217, Ml. 64<sup>c</sup>3.</ref>
The term ''gerundive'' may be used in grammars and dictionaries of Pali, for example the Pali Text Society's Pali-English Dictionary of 1921–25.<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/ Pali Text Society Pali-English Dictionary, edited by T W Rhys Davids and William Stede, 1921-25]</ref> It is referred to by some other writers as the ''participle of necessity'', the ''potential participle'' or the ''future passive participle''. It is used with the same meaning as the Latin gerundive.
In the east African Semitic language Tigrinya, ''gerundive'' is used to denote a particular finite verb form, not a verbal adjective or adverb. Generally, it denotes completed action that is still relevant. A verb in the gerundive can be used alone or serially with another gerundive verb. In the latter case, it may sometimes be translated with an adverbial clause: ''bitri '''hidju''' '''kheydu''''' (literally, "a-stick '''he-took-hold-of''' '''he-began-walking'''") means "while holding a stick, he is walking", i.e. "he is carrying a stick". {{xref|See Tigrinya verbs.}}
==References== {{reflist|2}}
== External links == The following pages provide definitions or glosses of the term ''gerundive'': *As applied to Latin: **[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gerundive at Merriam Webster] **[https://web.archive.org/web/20060621013709/http://www.bartleby.com/61/65/G0106500.html at American Heritage Dictionary] **[http://www.infoplease.com/ipd/A0456247.html at infoplease] quoting Random House Unabridged Dictionary **[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gerundive in Wiktionary] *As applied to Tigrinya: **[http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=ucsdling Department of Linguistics, UCSD states]
{{lexical categories|state=collapsed}}
Category:Verb types Category:Adjectives by type Category:Latin grammar