{{Short description|Economic philosophy centered on common ownership of land}} {{Redirect|Georgist|the Romanian political group|National Liberal Party-Brătianu}} {{For|systems of taxation based on one tax|single tax}} {{More citations needed|date=February 2023}} {{Use American English|date=April 2026}} {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2026}} [[File:FREE TRADE FREE LAND FREE MEN (Georgist campaign button).svg|thumb|right|Georgist campaign button from the 1890s. The cat on the badge refers to the slogan "Do you see the cat?" from a story by Congressman James G. Maguire. He compared understanding the Single Tax to being able to make out a cat in a picture of a landscape.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seeing the Cat |url=http://www.henrygeorge.org/catsup.htm |access-date=19 August 2018 |publisher=Henry George Institute}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Cat |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/1141004139/?match=1&terms=%22James%20G.%20Maguire%22 |access-date=16 October 2025 |work=The Valley Review |date=13 December 1888 |location=Lodi}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Post |first1=Louis F. |authorlink=Louis F. Post |title=Outlines of Lectures on the Taxation of Land Values |date=1912 |publisher=The Public |location=Chicago |pages=144–145 |url=https://archive.org/details/outlinesoflectur00postrich/page/144/mode/1up |access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref>]] {{Georgism}} '''Georgism''', in modern times also called '''Geoism''',<ref>{{cite web |last=Foldvary |first=Fred |title=Geoism Explained |url=http://www.progress.org/views/editorials/geoism-explained/ |publisher=The Progress Report |access-date=12 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317210356/http://www.progress.org/views/editorials/geoism-explained/ |archive-date=March 17, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2012 |title=Geoism Explained on Public Access TV by... Me (VIDEO) |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/geoism-explained-on-publi_b_1594193 |access-date=15 May 2023 |website=HuffPost |language=en |quote=We talked about Geoism/Georgism}}</ref> and known historically as the '''single tax movement''', is an economic ideology holding that persons should own the value that they produce themselves, while the economic rent derived from land—including from all natural resources, the commons, and urban locations—should belong equally to all members of society.<ref>{{cite web |title=An Introduction to Georgist Philosophy & Activity |url=http://www.cgocouncil.org/cwho.html |publisher=Council of Georgist Organizations |access-date=28 June 2014 |archive-date=29 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429102952/http://www.cgocouncil.org/cwho.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Heavey>{{cite journal |last=Heavey |first=Jerome F. |title=Comments on Warren Samuels' "Why the Georgist movement has not succeeded" |journal=American Journal of Economics and Sociology |date=July 2003 |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=593–599 |jstor=3487813 |quote=human beings have an inalienable right to the product of their own labor |doi=10.1111/1536-7150.00230}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=McNab |first1=Jane |title=How the reputation of Georgists turned minds against the idea of a land rent tax |url=http://www.business.uwa.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/2325322/Jane-McNab-Jacqueline-Tuck-Final-b-HETSA-Paper-2013.pdf |website=Business School, The University of Western Australia |access-date=18 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812144900/http://www.business.uwa.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/2325322/Jane-McNab-Jacqueline-Tuck-Final-b-HETSA-Paper-2013.pdf |archive-date=12 August 2014}}</ref> Developed from the writings of American economist and social reformer Henry George, the Georgist paradigm seeks solutions to social and ecological problems based on principles of land rights and public finance that attempt to integrate economic efficiency with social justice.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gaffney |first1=Mason |last2=Harrison |first2=Fred |year=1994 |url=http://www.shepheard-walwyn.co.uk/product/the-corruption-of-economics/ |title=The Corruption of Economics |location=London |publisher=Shepheard-Walwyn |isbn=978-0-85683-244-4 |access-date=2015-01-26 |archive-date=2018-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105213825/http://www.shepheard-walwyn.co.uk/product/the-corruption-of-economics/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Hudson, Michael; Feder, Kris; and Miller, George James (1994). ''[http://www.shepheard-walwyn.co.uk/product/philosophy-for-a-fair-society/ A Philosophy for a Fair Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105215526/https://shepheard-walwyn.co.uk/product/philosophy-for-a-fair-society/ |date=2018-11-05}}''. Shepheard-Walwyn, London. {{ISBN|978-0-85683-159-1}}.</ref>
Georgism is concerned with the distribution of economic rent caused by land ownership, natural monopolies, pollution rights, and control of the commons, including title of ownership for natural resources and other contrived privileges (e.g., intellectual property). Any natural resource that is inherently limited in supply can generate economic rent, but the classical and most significant example of land monopoly involves the extraction of common ground rent from valuable urban locations. Georgists argue that taxing economic rent is efficient, fair, and equitable. The main Georgist policy recommendation is a land value tax (LVT), the revenues from which can be used to reduce or eliminate existing taxes (such as on income, trade, or purchases) that are posited to be unfair and inefficient. Some Georgists also advocate the return of surplus public revenue to the people by means of a basic income or citizen's dividend.
George popularized the concept of gaining public revenues mainly from land and natural resource privileges with his first book, ''Progress and Poverty'' (1879). The philosophical basis of Georgism draws on thinkers such as John Locke,<ref>{{cite web |last=Locke |first=John |title=Some Considerations of the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest and the Raising the Value of Money |url=http://www.cooperative-individualism.org/locke-john_some-considerations-of-the-consequences-of-the-lowering-of-interest-1691.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208204411/http://www.cooperative-individualism.org/locke-john_some-considerations-of-the-consequences-of-the-lowering-of-interest-1691.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 February 2016 |date=1691}}</ref> Baruch Spinoza,<ref>{{cite web |last=Gaffney |first=Mason |title=Logos Abused: The Decadence and Tyranny of Abstract Reasoning in Economics |url=http://www.masongaffney.org/workpapers/Logos_Abused.pdf |access-date=22 December 2013}}</ref> and Thomas Paine.<ref>Agrarian Justice, Wikisource edition, paragraph 12</ref> Economists from Adam Smith and David Ricardo to Milton Friedman and Joseph Stiglitz have observed that a public levy on land value does not cause economic inefficiency, unlike other taxes.<ref name="Adam Smith">{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Adam |title=The Wealth of Nations, Book V |date=1776 |chapter=Chapter 2, Article 1: Taxes upon the Rent of Houses}}</ref><ref name="TidemanEngland1994">{{cite book |first1=Nicolaus |last1=Tideman |first2=Mason |last2=Gaffney|title=Land and Taxation |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=s0wgAQAAIAAJ}}|year=1994|publisher=Shepheard-Walwyn in association with Centre for Incentive Taxation|isbn=978-0-85683-162-1}}</ref> A land value tax also has progressive effects.<ref name="World Bank">{{cite book |author1=Binswanger-Mkhize, Hans P |author2=Bourguignon, Camille |author3=Brink, Rogier van den |editor-first1=Hans P. |editor-first2=Camille |editor-first3=Rogier |editor-last1=Binswanger-Mkhize |editor-last2=Bourguignon |editor-last3=Van Den Brink |title=Agricultural Land Redistribution : Toward Greater Consensus |date=2009 |publisher=World Bank |doi=10.1596/978-0-8213-7627-0 |isbn=978-0-8213-7627-0 |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/2653 |quote=A land tax is considered a progressive tax in that wealthy landowners normally should be paying relatively more than poorer landowners and tenants. Conversely, a tax on buildings can be said to be regressive, falling heavily on tenants who generally are poorer than the landlords}}</ref><ref name="ntanet.org">{{cite journal |last1=Plummer |first1=Elizabeth |title=Evidence on the Distributional Effects of a Land Value Tax on Residential Households |journal=National Tax Journal |date=March 2010 |volume=63 |pages=63–92 |doi=10.17310/ntj.2010.1.03 |s2cid=53585974 |url=http://www.ntanet.org/NTJ/63/1/ntj-v63n01p63-92-evidence-distributional-effects-land.pdf |access-date=7 January 2015 |archive-date=10 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110102445/http://www.ntanet.org/NTJ/63/1/ntj-v63n01p63-92-evidence-distributional-effects-land.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> Advocates of land value taxes argue that they reduce economic inequality, increase economic efficiency, remove incentives to under-utilize urban land, and reduce property speculation.<ref name="McCluskey and Franzsen">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jkogP2U4k0AC&pg=PA73 |title=Land Value Taxation: An Applied Analysis |first1=William J. |last1=McCluskey |first2=Riël C. D. |last2=Franzsen |year=2017 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |access-date=9 October 2017 |via=Google Books |isbn=9780754614906}}</ref>
Georgist ideas were popular and influential in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref>[http://onthecommons.org/magazine/forgotten-idea-shaped-great-us-cities The Forgotten Idea That Shaped Great U.S. Cities] by Mason Gaffney & Rich Nymoen, ''Commons'' magazine, October 17, 2013.</ref> Political parties, institutions, and communities were founded on Georgist principles. Early devotees of George's economic philosophy were often termed ''Single Taxers'' for their political goal of raising public revenue mainly or only from a land-value tax, although Georgists endorsed multiple forms of rent capture (e.g. seigniorage) as legitimate.<ref>{{cite web |title="Economics" and Political Economy |url=http://www.henrygeorge.org/def2.htm |website=Understanding Economics |access-date=27 March 2015}}</ref> One contemporary and friend of Henry George who advocated strongly for the Single Tax movement, and lectured at related organizations such as the Manhattan Single Tax Club, was Charles Frederic Adams.<ref>''New-York Tribune. "''Dinner of the Manhattan Single Tax Club." Nov 16, 1892 · Page 7</ref> The term ''Georgism'' was invented later, and some prefer the term ''geoism'' as more generic.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tideman |first1=Nic |title=Basic Principles of Geonomics |url=http://www.wealthandwant.com/docs/Tideman_Geonomics.html |access-date=15 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="Casal 2011 307–327">{{cite journal |last=Casal |first=Paula |title=Global Taxes on Natural Resources |journal=Journal of Moral Philosophy |year=2011 |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=307–327 |url=http://www.unipa.it/dottoratodirittocomparato/sites/default/files/20052009/Materiale%20Casal%282%29.pdf |access-date=14 March 2014 |quote="Geoism" can also invoke a philosophical tradition encompassing the views of John Locke and Thomas Paine as well as Henry George ... |doi=10.1163/174552411x591339}}</ref>
== Main tenets == === Land rent and wealth === {{see also|Land value tax|ATCOR|EBCOR}} [[File:Perfectly inelastic supply.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|A supply and demand diagram showing the effects of land-value taxation in which burden of the tax is entirely on the landowner when the tax is implemented. The rental price of land does not change and there is no deadweight loss.]] Henry George is best known for popularizing the argument that government should be funded by a tax on land rent rather than taxes on labor. He believed that although scientific experiments could not be performed in political economy, theories could be tested by comparing different societies with different conditions and by thought experiments about the effects of various factors.<ref name="henrygeorge.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.henrygeorge.org/pchp0.htm|title=Progress and Poverty, Introduction|website=www.henrygeorge.org|access-date=9 October 2017}}</ref> Applying this method, he concluded that many societal problems, such as poverty, inequality, and economic booms and busts, can be attributed to private ownership of the necessary resource: land rent. In his most celebrated book, ''Progress and Poverty'', George argues that the appropriation of land rent for private use contributes to persistent poverty in spite of technological progress, and causes economies to tend toward boom-and-bust cycles. According to George, people justly own what they create, but natural opportunities and land belong equally to all.<ref name=Heavey/>
{{blockquote|The tax upon land values is, therefore, the most just and equal of all taxes. It falls only upon those who receive from society a peculiar and valuable benefit, and upon them in proportion to the benefit they receive. It is the taking by the community, for the use of the community, of that value which is the creation of the community. It is the application of the common property to common uses. When all rent is taken by taxation for the needs of the community, then will the equality ordained by Nature be attained. No citizen will have an advantage over any other citizen save as is given by his industry, skill, and intelligence; and each will obtain what he fairly earns. Then, but not till then, will labor get its full reward, and capital its natural return.|author=Henry George |source=''Progress and Poverty'', Book VIII, Chapter 3}} George believed there is an important distinction between common and collective property.<ref name="Sullivan">{{cite web|url=http://geolib.com/sullivan.dan/commonrights.html|title=Common Rights Vs. Collective Rights|website=geolib.com|access-date=9 October 2017}}</ref> Although equal rights to land might be achieved by nationalizing land and then leasing it to private users, George preferred taxing unimproved land value and leaving the control of land mostly in private hands. His reason for leaving land in private control and slowly shifting to land value tax was that it would not penalize existing owners who had improved land and would also be less disruptive and controversial in a country where land titles have already been granted.
Georgists have observed that privately created wealth is socialized via the tax system (e.g., through income and sales tax), while socially created wealth in land values are privatized in the price of land titles and bank mortgages. The opposite would be the case if land rents replaced taxes on labor as the main source of public revenue; socially created wealth would become available for use by the community, while the fruits of labor would remain private.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://earthsharing.ca/page/poverty|title=Poverty - Earthsharing Canada|website=earthsharing.ca|access-date=9 October 2017}}</ref> According to Georgists, a land value tax can be considered a user fee instead of a tax, since it is related to the market value of socially created locational advantage, the privilege to exclude others from locations. Assets consisting of commodified privilege can be considered wealth since they have exchange value, similar to taxi medallions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Inman |first=Phillip |title=Could we build a better future on a land value tax? |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/sep/16/land-value-tax-revamp?newsfeed=true |access-date=14 January 2014 |date=16 September 2012}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=January 2015}} A land value tax, charging fees for exclusive use of land, as a means of raising public revenue is also a progressive tax tending to reduce economic inequality,<ref name="World Bank" /><ref name="ntanet.org" /> since it applies entirely to ownership of valuable land, which correlates with income,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aaron |first1=Henry |title=A New View of Property Tax Incidence |journal=The American Economic Review |date=May 1974 |volume=64 |issue=2 |url=http://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:JcjLOUlhFZIJ:scholar.google.com/+%22land+OR+site+value+tax+OR+taxation%22+progressive+OR+regressive&as_sdt=0,5 |access-date=7 January 2015}}{{dead link|date=November 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and there is generally no means by which landlords can shift the tax burden onto tenants or laborers. Landlords cannot pass the tax on to tenants because the supply and demand of rented land is unchanged. Because the supply of land is perfectly inelastic, land rents depend on what tenants are prepared to pay, rather than on the expenses of landlords, and so the tax cannot be passed on to tenants.<ref>Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations Book V, Chapter 2, Part 2, Article I: Taxes upon the Rent of Houses</ref>
=== Economic properties === {{see also|Optimal tax|Tax incidence}} {{Economic systems sidebar|expanded=by ideology}} Standard economic theory suggests that a land value tax would be extremely efficient—unlike other taxes, it does not reduce economic productivity.<ref name="McCluskey and Franzsen"/> Milton Friedman called George's tax on unimproved land value the "least bad tax", since unlike other taxes, it would not impose an excess burden on economic activity (leading to zero or even negative "deadweight loss"); hence, a replacement of other more "distortionary" taxes with a land value tax would improve economic welfare.<ref>Foldvary, Fred E. "Geo-Rent: A Plea to Public Economists". ''Econ Journal Watch'' (April 2005)[http://econjwatch.org/issues/volume-2-issue-1-april-2005]</ref> Joseph Stiglitz argues that a land value tax can improve the use of land and redirect investment toward productive, non-rent-seeking activities.<ref>{{cite report |last1=Stiglitz |first1=Joseph |title= New theoretical perspectives on the distribution of income and wealth among individuals: Part IV: Land and credit |date=May 2015 |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w21192 |institution=National Bureau of Economic Research |type=Working paper |number=21192 |access-date=2025-02-17}}</ref> Because land value tax would apply to foreign land speculators, the Australian Treasury estimated that land value tax was unique in having a negative marginal excess burden, meaning that it would increase long-run living standards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Re:Think. Tax discussion paper for March 2015 |publisher=The Australian Government the Treasury |url=http://bettertax.gov.au/files/2015/03/TWP_combined-online.pdf |access-date=14 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417064033/http://bettertax.gov.au/files/2015/03/TWP_combined-online.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Adam Smith first noted the efficiency and distributional properties of a land value tax in ''The Wealth of Nations''<ref name="Adam Smith"/> {{blockquote|Ground-rents are a still more proper subject of taxation than the rent of houses. A tax upon ground-rents would not raise the rents of houses. It would fall altogether upon the owner of the ground-rent, who acts always as a monopolist, and exacts the greatest rent which can be got for the use of his ground. More or less can be got for it according as the competitors happen to be richer or poorer, or can afford to gratify their fancy for a particular spot of ground at a greater or smaller expense. In every country the greatest number of rich competitors is in the capital, and it is there accordingly that the highest ground-rents are always to be found. As the wealth of those competitors would in no respect be increased by a tax upon ground-rents, they would not probably be disposed to pay more for the use of the ground. Whether the tax was to be advanced by the inhabitant, or by the owner of the ground, would be of little importance. The more the inhabitant was obliged to pay for the tax, the less he would incline to pay for the ground; so that the final payment of the tax would fall altogether upon the owner of the ground-rent.
Both ground-rents and the ordinary rent of land are a species of revenue which the owner, in many cases, enjoys without any care or attention of his own. Though a part of this revenue should be taken from him in order to defray the expenses of the state, no discouragement will thereby be given to any sort of industry. The annual produce of the land and labour of the society, the real wealth and revenue of the great body of the people, might be the same after such a tax as before. Ground-rents and the ordinary rent of land are, therefore, perhaps, the species of revenue which can best bear to have a peculiar tax imposed upon them. ... Nothing can be more reasonable than that a fund which owes its existence to the good government of the state should be taxed peculiarly, or should contribute something more than the greater part of other funds, towards the support of that government.|author=Adam Smith||source=''The Wealth of Nations'', Book V, Chapter 2}}
Benjamin Franklin and Winston Churchill made similar distributional and efficiency arguments for taxing land rents. They noted that the costs of taxes and the benefits of public spending always eventually apply to and enrich the owners of land. Therefore, they believed it would be best to defray public costs and recapture value of public spending by applying public charges directly to owners of land titles, rather than harming public welfare with taxes assessed against beneficial activities such as trade and labor.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Franklin |first1=Benjamin |title=Memoirs of Benjamin Franklin, Volume 2 |date=1840 |publisher=McCarty & Davis |page=32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HptPAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA32 |access-date=13 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shine |first1=Mary L. |title=Ideas of the founders of the American nation on landed property |date=1922 |publisher=University of Wisconsin |page=196 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iiNSAAAAMAAJ&pg=PT196}}</ref>
Henry George wrote that his plan for a high land value tax would cause people "to contribute to the public, not in proportion to what they produce ... but in proportion to the value of natural [common] opportunities that they hold [monopolize]". He went on to explain that "by taking for public use that value which attaches to land by reason of the growth and improvement of the community", it would, "make the holding of land unprofitable to the mere owner, and profitable only to the user".
A high land value tax would discourage speculators from holding valuable natural opportunities (like urban real estate) unused or only partially used. Henry George claimed this would have many benefits, including the reduction or elimination of tax burdens from poorer neighborhoods and agricultural districts; the elimination of a multiplicity of taxes and expensive obsolete government institutions; the elimination of corruption, fraud, and evasion with respect to the collection of taxes; the enablement of true free trade; the destruction of monopolies; the elevation of wages to the full value of labor; the transformation of labor-saving inventions into blessings for all; and the equitable distribution of comfort, leisure, and other advantages that are made possible by an advancing civilization.<ref name="George 1997">{{cite book |last=George |first=Henry |title=An anthology of Henry George's thought |publisher=University of Rochester Press |location=Rochester, NY |year=1997 |isbn=978-1878822819}}</ref> In this way, the vulnerability that market economies have to credit bubbles and property manias would be reduced.<ref name="McCluskey and Franzsen" />
=== Sources of economic rent and related policy interventions === {{see also|Pigovian tax|Severance tax}} Income flow resulting from payments for restricted access to natural opportunities or for contrived privileges over geographic regions is termed economic rent. Georgists argue that economic rent of land, legal privileges, and natural monopolies should accrue to the community, rather than private owners. In economics, "land" is everything that exists in nature independent of human activity. George explicitly included climate, soil, waterways, mineral deposits, laws/forces of nature, public ways, forests, oceans, air, and solar energy in the category of land.<ref>George, Henry (1905). ''Protection or Free Trade''</ref><ref name="Progress and Poverty">{{cite book |last1=George |first1=Henry |title=Progress and Poverty |date=1879 |publisher=Cosimo |isbn=1596059516 |at=bk. 1 ch. 2 |url=https://progressandpoverty.org/read-online/p-p-table-of-contents/ |access-date=19 September 2021 |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327064853/https://progressandpoverty.org/read-online/p-p-table-of-contents/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> While the philosophy of Georgism does not say anything definitive about specific policy interventions needed to address problems posed by various sources of economic rent, the common goal among modern Georgists is to capture and share (or reduce) rent from all sources of natural monopoly and legal privilege.<ref name="politicaleconomy.org">{{cite web |last1=Davies |first1=Lindy |title=The Science of Political Economy: What George "Left Out" |url=http://www.politicaleconomy.org/leftout.htm |website=Economic Science Course by the Henry George Institute |access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="wealthandwant.com">{{cite web |last1=Batt |first1=H. William |title=The Compatibility of Georgist Economics and Ecological Economics |url=http://www.wealthandwant.com/docs/Batt_GEE.html |access-date=9 June 2014 |archive-date=4 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604115221/http://www.wealthandwant.com/docs/Batt_GEE.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Henry George shared the goal of modern Georgists to socialize or dismantle rent from all forms of land monopoly and legal privilege. However, George emphasized mainly his preferred policy known as land value tax, which targeted a particular form of unearned income known as ground rent. George emphasized ground-rent because basic locations were more valuable than other monopolies and everybody needed locations to survive, which he contrasted with the less significant streetcar and telegraph monopolies, which George also criticized. George likened the problem to a laborer traveling home who is waylaid by a series of highway robbers along the way, each who demand a small portion of the traveler's wages, and finally at the very end of the road waits a robber who demands all that the traveler has left. George reasoned that it made little difference to challenge the series of small robbers when the final robber remained to demand all that the common laborer had left.<ref>{{cite book |last1=George |first1=Henry |title=Protection or Free Trade |date=1886 |publisher=Doubleday, Page & Co. |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.514177}}</ref> George predicted that over time technological advancements would increase the frequency and importance of lesser monopolies, yet he expected that ground rent would remain dominant.<ref>{{cite book |last1=George |first1=Henry |title=An Anthology of Henry George's Thought, Volume 1 |date=1997 |publisher=University of Rochester Press |page=148 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YcE19ylnJ8YC |access-date=16 June 2014 |isbn=9781878822819}}</ref> George even predicted that ground-rents would rise faster than wages and income to capital, a prediction that modern analysis has shown to be plausible, since the supply of land is fixed.<ref name="econstor.eu">{{cite journal |last1=Mattauch |first1=Linus |last2=Siegmeier |first2=Jan |last3=Edenhofer |first3=Ottmar |author3-link=Ottmar Edenhofer |last4=Creutzig |first4=Felix |author4-link=Felix Creutzig |date=2013 |title=Financing Public Capital through Land Rent Taxation: A Macroeconomic Henry George Theorem |journal=CESifo Working Paper |number=4280 |url=http://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/77659/1/cesifo_wp4280.pdf}}</ref>
Spatial rent is still the primary emphasis of Georgists because of its large value and the known dis-economies of misused land. However, there are other sources of rent that are theoretically analogous to ground-rent and are debated topics of Georgists. The following are some sources of economic rent.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tideman |first1=Nicolaus |title=Using Tax Policy to Promote Urban Growth |url=http://www.wealthandwant.com/docs/Tideman_Urban_Growth.html |access-date=9 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="economics.ucr.edu">{{cite journal |last1=Gaffney |first1=Mason |title=The Hidden Taxable Capacity of Land: Enough and to Spare |journal=International Journal of Social Economics |date=3 July 2008 |issue=Summer 2008 |url=http://economics.ucr.edu/papers/papers08/08-12old.pdf |access-date=13 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="Total Resource Rents of Australia">{{cite web |last1=Fitzgerald |first1=Karl |title=Total Resource Rents of Australia |url=http://www.prosper.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/TRRA_2013_final.pdf |publisher=Prosper Australia |access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref> * Extractable resources (minerals and hydrocarbons)<ref name="Harriss, C. Lowell 2006">{{cite journal |last1=Harriss |first1=C. Lowell |year=2006 |title=Nonrenewable Exhaustible Resources and Property Taxation |journal=American Journal of Economics and Sociology |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=693–699 |doi=10.1111/j.1536-7150.2006.00470.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=George |first1=Henry |title=An Anthology of Henry George's Thought, Volume 1 |date=1997 |publisher=University of Rochester Press |page=156 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YcE19ylnJ8YC |access-date=16 June 2014 |isbn=9781878822819}}</ref> * Severables (forests and stocks of fish)<ref name="wealthandwant.com" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=George |first1=Henry |title=Scotland and Scotsmen |url=http://homepage.ntlworld.com/janusg/hgh/scots.htm |access-date=16 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810011003/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/janusg/hgh/scots.htm |archive-date=10 August 2014}} Address delivered on 18 February 1884 at the City Hall, Glasgow</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Joseph Dana |title=To Hold the Sea In Fee Simple |journal=The Single Tax Review |date=1921 |volume=21–22 |page=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zEAoAAAAYAAJ |access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref> * Extraterrestrial domains (geosynchronous orbits and airway corridor use)<ref name="economics.ucr.edu" /><ref name="Total Resource Rents of Australia" /> * Legal privileges that apply to specific location (taxi medallions, billboard and development permits, or the monopoly of electromagnetic frequencies)<ref name="economics.ucr.edu" /><ref name="Total Resource Rents of Australia" /> * Restrictions/taxes of pollution or severance (tradable emission permits and fishing quotas)<ref name="politicaleconomy.org" /><ref name="economics.ucr.edu" /><ref name="Total Resource Rents of Australia" /> * Right-of-way (transportation) used by railroads, utilities, and internet service providers<ref>{{cite web |last1=Darrow |first1=Clarence |title=How to Abolish Unfair Taxation |url=http://henrygeorgedevon.wordpress.com/2014/01/14/308/ |access-date=15 June 2014 |date=14 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sullivan |first1=Dan |title=Are you a Real Libertarian, or a ROYAL Libertarian? |url=http://www.wealthandwant.com/docs/Sullivan_RL.html |access-date=15 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Post |first1=Louis F. |title=Outlines of Louis F. Post's Lectures |url=http://www.wealthandwant.com/docs/Post_Lectures.htm |access-date=15 June 2014}}</ref> * Issuance of legal tender (see seigniorage)<ref name="politicaleconomy.org" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Zarlenga |first1=Stephen |title=Henry George's Concept of Money (Full Text) And Its Implications For 21st Century Reform |url=http://www.monetary.org/henry-georges-concept-of-money-ful/2010/12 |publisher=American Monetary Institute |access-date=13 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604031856/http://www.monetary.org/henry-georges-concept-of-money-ful/2010/12 |archive-date=4 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Privileges that are less location dependent but that still exclude others from natural opportunities (patents)<ref>{{cite web |last1=George |first1=Henry |title=On Patents and Copyrights |url=http://www.cooperative-individualism.org/george-henry_on-patents-and-copyrights-1888.htm |access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Niman |first1=Neil B. |title=Henry George and the Intellectual Foundations of the Open Source Movement |url=http://schalkenbach.org/scholars-forum/Niman-George-and-Open-Source.pdf |website=Robert Schalkenbach Foundation |quote=A modern counterpart to the nineteenth century focus on land can be found in the twentieth century concern with the establishment of intellectual property rights that fence off a portion of the creative commons in order to construct temporary monopolies. |access-date=16 June 2014 |archive-date=20 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620061554/https://schalkenbach.org/scholars-forum/Niman-George-and-Open-Source.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Where free competition is impossible, such as telegraphs, water, gas, and transportation, George wrote, "[S]uch business becomes a proper social function, which should be controlled and managed by and for the whole people concerned." Georgists were divided by this question of natural monopolies and often favored public ownership only of the rents from common rights-of-way, rather than public ownership of utility companies themselves.<ref name="George 1997"/>
=== Georgism and environmental economics === The early conservationism of the Progressive Era was inspired partly by Henry George, and his influence extended for decades afterward.<ref>Fox, Stephen R. The American Conservation Movement: John Muir and His Legacy. Madison, WI: U of Wisconsin, 1985.</ref> Some ecological economists still support the Georgist policy of land value tax as a means of freeing or rewilding unused land and conserving nature by reducing urban sprawl.<ref name="Daly, Herman E. 2004">Daly, Herman E., and Joshua C. Farley. Ecological Economics: Principles and Applications. Washington: Island, 2004.</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Cato |first1=Molly Scott |title=The Gypsy Rover, the Norman Yoke and the Land Value Tax |url=http://gaianeconomics.blogspot.com/2013/09/the-gypsy-rover-norman-yoke-and-land.html |access-date=15 August 2014 |date=2 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Peter |title=Beaver, Rewilding & Land Value Tax have the answer to the UK's Flooding Problem. |url=http://renegadeecologist.blogspot.com/2014/01/beaver-rewilding-land-value-tax-have.html |access-date=15 August 2014 |date=29 January 2014}}</ref>
Pollution degrades the value of what Georgists consider to be commons. Because pollution is a negative contribution, a taking from the commons or a cost imposed on others, its value is economic rent, even when the polluter is not receiving an explicit income. Therefore, to the extent that society determines pollution to be harmful, most Georgists propose to limit pollution with taxation or quotas that capture the resulting rents for public use, restoration, or a ''citizen's dividend''.<ref name="politicaleconomy.org" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ikerd |first1=John |title=The Green Tax Shift: Winners and Losers |url=http://web.missouri.edu/ikerdj/papers/Kansas%20City%20--%20George%20-%20Green%20Tax.htm |website=missouri.edu |access-date=13 June 2014 |archive-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618061540/http://web.missouri.edu/ikerdj/papers/Kansas%20City%20--%20George%20-%20Green%20Tax.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Casal |first1=Paula |title=Global Taxes on Natural Resources |journal=Journal of Moral Philosophy |date=2011 |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=307–327 |doi=10.1163/174552411X591339 |url=http://www.unipa.it/dottoratodirittocomparato/sites/default/files/20052009/Materiale%20Casal(2).pdf |access-date=14 June 2014}}</ref>
Georgism is related to the school of ecological economics, since both propose market-based restrictions for pollution.<ref name="Daly, Herman E. 2004" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Backhaus |first1=Jurgen |last2=Krabbe |first2=J. J. |title=Henry George's Contribution to Modern Environmental Policy: Part I, Theoretical Postulates. |journal=American Journal of Economics and Sociology |volume=50 |number=4 |date=1991 |pages=485–501 |publisher=Weborn <!--|access-date=14 August 2014-->|doi=10.1111/j.1536-7150.1991.tb03342.x }}</ref> The schools are compatible in that they advocate using similar tools as part of a conservation strategy, but they emphasize different aspects. Conservation is a central issue of ecology, whereas economic rent is the central issue of geoism. Ecological economists might price pollution fines more conservatively to prevent inherently unquantifiable damage to the environment, whereas Georgists might emphasize mediation between conflicting interests and human rights.<ref name="wealthandwant.com" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Cobb |first1=Clifford |title=Herman Daly Festschrift: Ecological and Georgist Economic Principles: A Comparison |url=http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/153482/ |access-date=13 June 2014}}</ref> Geolibertarianism, a market-oriented branch of Geoism, tends to take a direct stance against what it perceives as burdensome regulation and would like to see auctioned pollution quotas or taxes replace most command and control regulation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roark |first1=Eric |title=Removing the Commons: A Lockean Left-Libertarian Approach to the Just Use and Appropriation of Natural Resources |date=2013 |publisher=Lexington Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6QSaAAAAQBAJ |access-date=12 June 2014 |isbn=9780739174692}}</ref>
Since ecologists are primarily concerned with conservation, they tend to emphasize less the issue of equitably distributing scarcity/pollution rents, whereas Georgists insist that unearned income not accrue to those who hold title to natural assets and pollution privilege. To the extent that geoists recognize the effect of pollution or share conservationist values, they will agree with ecological economists about the need to limit pollution, but geoists will also insist that pollution rents generated from those conservation efforts do not accrue to polluters and are instead used for public purposes or to compensate those who suffer the negative effects of pollution. Ecological economists advocate similar pollution restrictions but, emphasizing conservation first, might be willing to grant private polluters the privilege to capture pollution rents. To the extent that ecological economists share the geoist view of social justice, they would advocate auctioning pollution quotas instead of giving them away for free.<ref name="Daly, Herman E. 2004" /> This distinction can be seen in the difference between basic cap and trade and the geoist variation, cap and share, a proposal to auction temporary pollution permits, with rents going to the public, instead of giving pollution privilege away for free to existing polluters or selling perpetual permits.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brebbia |first1=C. A. |title=Ecodynamics: The Prigogine Legacy |date=2012 |publisher=WIT Press |page=104 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yk6fmUJ8GLkC |access-date=4 June 2014 |isbn=9781845646547}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gluckman |first1=Amy |title=A Primer on Henry George's "Single Tax" |url=http://www.dollarsandsense.org/archives/2006/0306gluckman.html |access-date=12 July 2015}}</ref>
=== Revenue uses === The revenue can allow the reduction or elimination of taxes, greater public investment/spending, or the direct distribution of funds to citizens as a pension or basic income/citizen's dividend.<ref name="wealthandwant.com" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hartzok |first1=Alanna |title=Citizen Dividends and Oil Resource Rents A Focus on Alaska, Norway and Nigeria |url=http://www.wealthandwant.com/docs/Hartzok_citdivs_oil.html |access-date=9 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gaffney |first1=Mason |title=A Cannan Hits the Mark |url=http://economics.ucr.edu/papers/papers02/02-17.pdf |access-date=9 June 2014}}</ref>
In practice, the elimination of all other taxes implies a high land value tax, greater than any currently existing land tax. Introducing or increasing a land value tax would cause the purchase price of land to decrease. George did not believe landowners should be compensated and described the issue as being analogous to compensation for former slave owners. Other geoists disagree on the question of compensation; some advocate complete compensation while others endorse only enough compensation required to achieve Georgist reforms. Some geoists advocate compensation only for a net loss due to a shift of taxation to land value; most taxpayers would gain from the replacement of other taxes with a tax on land value. Historically, those who advocated for taxes on rent tax only great enough to replace other taxes were known as endorsers of ''single tax limited''.
== Synonyms and variants == thumb|Georgist single tax poster published in ''The Public'', a Chicago newspaper ({{Circa|1910–1914}}) Most early advocacy groups described themselves as single taxers and George reluctantly accepted the single tax as an accurate name for his main political goal—the repeal of all unjust or inefficient taxes, to be replaced with a land value tax (LVT).
Some modern proponents are dissatisfied with the name ''Georgist''. While Henry George was well known throughout his life, he has been largely forgotten by the public and the idea of a single tax of land predates him. Some now prefer the term ''geoism'',<ref name="Casal 2011 307–327" /><ref>[http://www.truefreetrade.org/scg.htm Socialism, Capitalism, and Geoism] – by Lindy Davies</ref> with ''geo'' (from Greek {{lang|grc|γῆ}} {{lang|grc-latn|gē}} "earth, land") being the first compound of the name ''George'' < (Gr.) {{lang|grc-latn|Geōrgios}} < {{lang|grc-latn|geōrgos}} "farmer" or {{lang|grc-latn|geōrgia}} "agriculture, farming" < {{lang|grc-latn|gē}} + {{lang|grc-latn|ergon}} "work"<ref>{{LSJ|gh{{=}}|γῆ|ref}}.</ref><ref>{{OEtymD|George}}</ref> deliberately ambiguous. The terms ''Earth Sharing'',<ref>[http://www.earthsharing.org.au/introduction/ Introduction to Earth Sharing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113173137/http://www.earthsharing.org.au/introduction/ |date=2014-11-13 }},</ref> ''geonomics''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.progress.org/geonomy/ |title=Jeffery J. Smith |website=www.progress.org |access-date=9 October 2017}}</ref> and ''geolibertarianism''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.progress.org/archive/fold251.htm |title= Geoism and Libertarianism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104040047/http://www.progress.org/archive/fold251.htm |archive-date=4 November 2012 |url-status=dead |first=Fred |last=Foldvary |access-date=9 October 2017 |author-link=Fred Foldvary}}</ref> are also used by some Georgists. These terms represent a difference of emphasis and sometimes real differences about how land rent should be spent (citizen's dividend or just replacing other taxes), but they all agree that land rent should be recovered from its private recipients.
Compulsory fines and fees related to land rents are the most common Georgist policies, but some geoists prefer voluntary value capture systems that rely on methods such as non-compulsory or self-assessed location value fees, community land trusts<ref>{{cite web |last=Curtis |first=Mike |title=The Arden Land Trust |url=http://www.henrygeorge.org/mikerent.htm |access-date=30 May 2014}}</ref> and purchasing land value covenants.<ref>{{cite web |last=Adams |first=Martin |title=Sharing the Value of Land: The Promise of Location Value Covenants |url=https://medium.com/@martin_unitism/sharing-the-value-of-land-18066c10ac50 |access-date=30 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530053734/https://medium.com/@martin_unitism/sharing-the-value-of-land-18066c10ac50 |archive-date=30 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kent |first=Deirdre |title=Land and Money Reform Synergy in New Zealand |url=http://smarttaxes.org/2012/07/24/land-and-money-reform-synergy-in-new-zealand/ |publisher=Smart Taxes |access-date=30 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605080303/http://smarttaxes.org/2012/07/24/land-and-money-reform-synergy-in-new-zealand/ |archive-date=5 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/wrigley-adrian_location-value-covenants-2010-06.pdf |title=Cooperative Individualism - Liberty Schools |website=www.cooperativeindividualism.org |access-date=9 October 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604042754/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/wrigley-adrian_location-value-covenants-2010-06.pdf |archive-date=4 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sfrgroup.org/Home/location-value-covenants |title=Location Value Covenants - Systemic Fiscal Reform |website=www.sfrgroup.org |access-date=9 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Foldvery |first=Fred |title=Geoanarchism A short summary of geoism and its relation to libertarianism. |url=http://www.anti-state.com/geo/foldvary1.html |access-date=29 May 2014 |archive-date=18 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018190159/http://www.anti-state.com/geo/foldvary1.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Some geoists believe that partially compensating landowners is a politically expedient compromise necessary for achieving reform.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bille |first=Frank F. |title=The Danish-American Georgist |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/bille-frank_danish-american-georgist-1964.html |access-date=30 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531110700/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/bille-frank_danish-american-georgist-1964.html |archive-date=31 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Miller |first=Joseph Dana |title=Land and Freedom: An International Record of Single Tax Progress, Volume 4 |date=1904 |publisher=Single Tax Publishing Company |pages=9–15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pt85AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA9}}</ref> For similar reasons, others propose capturing only future land value increases, instead of all land rent.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wolf |first=Martin |title=Why we must halt the land cycle |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/8f06df9e-8ac1-11df-8e17-00144feab49a.html |newspaper=Financial Times |access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref>
Some libertarians and minarchists take the position that limited social spending should be financed using Georgist concepts of rent value capture, but that not all land rent should be captured. Today, this relatively conservative adaptation is usually considered incompatible with true geolibertarianism, which requires that excess rents be gathered and then distributed back to residents. During George's time, this restrained Georgist philosophy was known as "single tax limited", as opposed to "single tax unlimited." George disagreed with the limited interpretation, but accepted its adherents (e.g., Thomas Shearman) as legitimate "single-taxers."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Barker |first1=Charles A. |title=The Followers of Henry George |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/barker-charles_followers-of-henry-george-1953.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113053410/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/barker-charles_followers-of-henry-george-1953.html |archive-date=13 January 2015 |access-date=13 January 2015 |publisher=Henry George News |quote=This is not to say that George was less than enthusiastic about Shearman's idea and the organized movement which presently occurred. He did speak for it, about as the common supposition takes for granted. He took the formula to Britain on his later, less important, visits, and introduced it in competition with other reforms. But there were limits to his enthusiasm. More than once he said that the name "single tax" lacked the dimensions of the underlying idea. And when inevitably the "single tax limited" came to open debate with the "single tax unlimited," the real issue was no less than whether or not Progress and Poverty's central proposition, that the land belongs to all the people and that economic rent should return to the community, the book's whole claim in the name of justice, would stand or fall.}}</ref>
== Influence == === Political parties === [[File:Henry George I. W. Taber Portrait Trim Edit.jpg|thumb|upright|Henry George, whose writings and advocacy form the basis for Georgism]] Georgist ideas heavily influenced the politics of the early 20th century. Political parties that were formed based on Georgist ideas include the Commonwealth Land Party in the United States, the Henry George Justice Party in Victoria, the Single Tax League in South Australia, and the Justice Party in Denmark.
{{multiple image|perrow = 3|total_width=350 | image1 = Harter, Hon. M.D. Crop.jpg | image2 = Johnson, Hon. Tom. L. Crop.jpg | image3 = Maguire, Hon. J.G Trim Crop.jpg | image4 = Simpson, Hon. Jerry Crop.jpg | image5 = Tracey, Hon. Chas. Crop.jpg | image6 = Warner, Hon. J.D. Crop.jpg | caption_align = center | footer = In 1894, six congressmen representing four states voted in favor of a single tax amendment to the Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act. They were, clockwise from top left:<br />'''Michael D. Harter''' of Ohio, '''Tom L. Johnson''' of Ohio, '''James G. Maguire''' of California, '''J. De Witt Warner''' of New York, '''Charles Tracey''' of New York, and '''Jerry Simpson''' of Kansas.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Marion Milles |title=Great Debates in American History |date=1913 |publisher=Current Literature |location=New York |pages=407–408 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ufl.31262056304594&seq=435 |access-date=18 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=HENRY GEORGE ON MONEY |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/1206697117/?terms=%22single%20tax%20amendment%22&match=1 |access-date=18 October 2025 |work=The Paris Mercury |date=16 March 1894 |location=Paris}}</ref> | footer_align = left | align = left | alt1 = }}
In the United Kingdom, George's writings were praised by emerging socialist groups in 1890s such as the Independent Labour Party and the Fabian Society, which each helped form the modern-day Labour Party.<ref>{{Citation |last=Thorpe |first=Andrew |title=Creation and Early Years, 1900–14 |date=1997 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25305-0_2 |work=A History of the British Labour Party |pages=5–31 |place=London |publisher=Macmillan Education UK |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-25305-0_2 |isbn=978-1-349-25305-0 |lccn=96031879 |oclc=1285556329 |access-date=20 June 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Liberal government included a land tax as part of several taxes in the 1909 People's Budget intended to redistribute wealth (including a progressively graded income tax and an increase of inheritance tax). This caused a political crisis that resulted indirectly in reform of the House of Lords. The budget passed eventually—but without the land tax. In 1931, the minority Labour government passed a land value tax as part III of the 1931 Finance act, but the National Government repealed it in 1934 before it could be implemented.
In Denmark, the Georgist Justice Party has been represented in Folketinget. It formed part of a centre-left government im 1957–60 and was represented in the European Parliament in 1978–79. George's influence has waned, but Georgist ideas still occasionally emerge in politics. In the United States 2004 presidential election, third-party presidential candidate Ralph Nader mentioned George in his policy statements.<ref name="web.archive.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.votenader.org/issues/index.php?cid=7 |date=28 August 2004 |access-date=26 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927005612/http://www.votenader.org/issues/index.php?cid=7 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |title=Fair Tax Where the Wealthiest and Corporations Pay their Share — Tax Wealth More than Work; Tax Activities We Dislike More than Necessities |website=votenader.org}}</ref>
Economists still generally favor a land value tax.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Why Henry George had a point |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2015/04/land-value-tax |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=29 June 2017 |date=1 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Value Tax |url=https://kentclarkcenter.org/surveys/land-value-tax/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Clark Center Forum |language=en-US}}</ref> Monetarist economist Milton Friedman publicly endorsed the Georgist land value tax as the "least bad tax".<ref name="TidemanEngland1994"/> Economist Joseph Stiglitz said: "Not only was Henry George correct that a tax on land is non-distortionary, but in an equilibrium society … tax on land raises just enough revenue to finance the (optimally chosen) level of government expenditure."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stiglitz |first1=Joseph |editor1-last=Feldstein |editor1-first=Martin |editor2-last=Inman |editor2-first=Robert |title=The Economics of Public Services |date=1977 |publisher=Macmillan Publishers |location=London |pages=274–333 |chapter=The theory of local public goods}}</ref> He dubbed this proposition the Henry George theorem.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arnott |first1=Richard J. |last2=Stiglitz |first2=Joseph E. |title=Aggregate Land Rents, Expenditure on Public Goods, and Optimal City Size |journal=Quarterly Journal of Economics |date=November 1979 |volume=93 |issue=4 |pages=471–500 |jstor=1884466 |doi=10.2307/1884466 |bibcode=1979QJEco..93..471A |s2cid=53374401 |url=http://academiccommons.columbia.edu/download/fedora_content/download/ac:160390/CONTENT/4624867.pdf |access-date=2019-09-19 |archive-date=2017-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817083741/https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/download/fedora_content/download/ac:160390/CONTENT/4624867.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
=== Communities === [[File:Everybody works but the vacant lot (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|1914 billboard citing Henry George in Rockford, Illinois]] Several communities were initiated with Georgist principles during the height of the philosophy's popularity. Two such communities that still exist are Arden, Delaware, which was founded in 1900 by Frank Stephens and William Lightfoot Price, and Fairhope, Alabama, which was founded in 1894 under the auspices of the Fairhope Single Tax Corporation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fairhopesingletax.com/ |title=Fairhope Single Tax Corporation |website=Fairhope Single Tax Corporation |access-date=9 October 2017}}</ref> Some established communities in the United States also adopted Georgist tax policies. A Georgist in Houston, Texas, Joseph Jay "J.J." Pastoriza, promoted a Georgist club in that city established in 1890. Years later, in his capacity as a city alderman, he was selected to serve as Houston Tax Commissioner, and promulgated a "Houston Plan of Taxation" in 1912. Improvements to land and merchants' inventories were taxed at 25 percent of the appraised value, unimproved land was taxed at 70 percent of appraisal, and personal property was exempt. This was calculated using the Somers System.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lutz |first=H. L. |date=1910 |title=The Somers System of Realty Valuation |url=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/25/1/172/1908077 |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |language=en |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=172–181 |doi=10.2307/1885830 |jstor=1885830 |issn=0033-5533 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811073631/https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/25/1/172/1908077 |archive-date=2024-08-11 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> This Georgist tax continued until 1915, when two courts struck it down as violating the Texas Constitution in 1915.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240109190622/https://casetext.com/case/city-of-houston-v-baker ''City of Houston v. Baker'']</ref> This quashed efforts in several other Texas cities towards implementing the Houston Plan: Beaumont, Corpus Christi, Galveston, San Antonio, and Waco.<ref name=davis>{{cite news |url=https://houstonhistorymagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Stephen-Davis-Joseph-Jay-Pastoriza-and-the-Single-Tax-in-Houston-1911{{endash}}1917.pdf |title=Joseph Jay Pastoriza and the Single Tax in Houston, 1911{{endash}}1917 |publisher=Houston Review: history and culture of the Gulf Coast |year=1986 |last=Davis |first=Stephen |volume=8 |number=2}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
The German protectorate of the Kiautschou Bay concession in Jiaozhou Bay, China, fully implemented Georgist policy. Its sole source of government revenue was the land value tax of six percent which it levied in its territory. The German colonial empire had previously had economic problems with its African colonies caused by land speculation. One of the main reasons for using the land value tax in Jiaozhou Bay was to eliminate such speculation, which the policy achieved.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Silagi |first1=Michael |last2=Faulkner |first2=Susan N |year= 1984|title=Land Reform in Kiaochow, China: From 1898 to 1914 the Menace of Disastrous Land Speculation was Averted by Taxation |journal=The American Journal of Economics and Sociology |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=167–177 |doi=10.1111/j.1536-7150.1984.tb02240.x}}</ref> The colony existed as a German protectorate from 1898 until 1914, when seized by Japanese and British troops in World War I. In 1922, the territory was returned to the Republic of China.
thumb|left|Henry George School of Social Science in New York City
Georgist ideas were also adopted to some degree in Australia, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, and Taiwan. In these countries, governments still levy some type of land value tax, albeit with exemptions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.georgiststudies.org/george100years.html |title=Henry George 100 Years Later |last=Gaffney |first=M. Mason |publisher=Association for Georgist Studies Board |access-date=12 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724030349/http://www.georgiststudies.org/george100years.html |archive-date=24 July 2008}}</ref> Many municipal governments of the United States depend on real-property tax as their main source of revenue, although such taxes are not Georgist as they generally include the value of buildings and other improvements. One exception is the town of Altoona, Pennsylvania, which for a time in the 21st century only taxed land value, phasing in the tax in 2002, relying on it entirely for tax revenue from 2011, and ending it 2017; the ''Financial Times'' noted that "Altoona is using LVT in a city where neither land nor buildings have much value".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/c92e084a-4300-11e4-8a43-00144feabdc0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/c92e084a-4300-11e4-8a43-00144feabdc0 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Property: Land of opportunity |work=Financial Times |date=September 2014 |last=Harding |first=Robin}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.altoonamirror.com/news/local-news/2016/06/city-council-decides-to-cut-land-value-tax/ |title=City council decides to cut land value tax |date=6 June 2016 |work=Altoona Mirror}}</ref>
In 2023, Detroit mayor Mike Duggan and Michigan State Representative Stephanie Young proposed replacing existing property taxes with a land-value tax.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=The Land Value Tax Plan |url=https://detroitmi.gov/departments/office-chief-financial-officer/land-value-tax-plan |access-date=12 November 2023 |website=City of Detroit}}</ref> After the Great Recession and city's 2013 bankruptcy, speculators bought cheap property, expecting to profit from the city's recovery. This plan to shift the cost of municipal services to owners of empty land, while exempting community gardens and parks, will require approval from the Michigan Legislature and Detroit City Council before being added as a ballot measure for Detroit residents.<ref name="Dougherty"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Alsup |first=Alex |date=17 October 2023 |title=Property Tax Burden Falls on Owners of Occupied Homes in Good Condition |work=Detroit Free Press |url=https://www.freep.com/story/opinion/contributors/2023/10/16/detroit-land-value-tax-duggan-speculators-blight-tax-foreclosure/71185245007/ |access-date=12 November 2023}}</ref>
=== Institutes and organizations === [[File:Newcomer Koreisha Badge.svg|thumb|The Shoshinsha mark emoji is used by Georgists online due to its resemblance to a yellow and green shield.<ref name="Dougherty">{{Cite news |last=Dougherty |first=Conor |date=November 12, 2023 |title=The 'Georgists' Are Out There, and They Want to Tax Your Land |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/12/business/georgism-land-tax-housing.html}}</ref>]] Various organizations exist that continue to promote George's ideas. According to ''The American Journal of Economics and Sociology'', the periodical ''Land&Liberty'', established in 1894, is "the longest-lived Georgist project in history".<ref>''The American Journal of Economics and Sociology'', vol. 62, 2003, p. 615</ref> Founded during the Great Depression in 1932, the Henry George School of Social Science in New York offers courses, sponsors seminars, and publishes research in the Georgist paradigm.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us – Henry George School of Social Science |url=http://www.hgsss.org/about-us/ |website=hgsss.org |publisher=Henry George School of Social Science |access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref> Also in the US, the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy was established in 1974 based on the writings of Henry George. It "seeks to improve the dialogue about urban development, the built environment, and tax policy in the United States and abroad".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lincolninst.edu/aboutlincoln/ |title=About the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy |publisher=Lincolninst.edu |access-date=26 July 2012 |archive-date=5 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105022613/http://www.lincolninst.edu/aboutlincoln/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Other major organizations include the Henry George Foundation, which continues to promote George's ideas in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.henrygeorgefoundation.org |title=The Henry George Foundation |access-date=31 July 2009}}</ref> The IU, an international umbrella organization that brings together organizations worldwide that seek land-value tax reform.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.interunion.org.uk/ |author=The IU |title=The IU |access-date=13 June 2019}}</ref> Prosper Australia, which has promoted George's ideas in Australia since the early 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History |url=https://www.prosper.org.au/about/our-history/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Prosper Australia |date=10 May 2016 |language=en-AU}}</ref> Common Ground USA, including its local chapters,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapters |url=https://commonground-usa.net/about-us/chapters/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Common Ground U.S.A. |language=en-US}}</ref> and Common Wealth Canada, both of which are dedicated to spreading Georgist policies and views in their respective North American countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://commonground-usa.net/about-us/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Common Ground U.S.A. |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Common Wealth Canada |url=https://www.commonwealth.ca/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Common Wealth Canada |language=en-CA}}</ref>
== Reception == [[File:Single tax conference (Picture of the participants of the conference) Edit.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|The first "Single Tax Conference," held in New York City in September 1890. Seated at the table are Edward McGlynn (far left), Louis F. Post (third from right), and George himself (far right).]] The economist Alfred Marshall believed that George's views in ''Progress and Poverty'' were dangerous, even predicting wars, terror, and economic destruction from the immediate implementation of its recommendations. Specifically, Marshall was upset about the idea of rapid change and the unfairness of not compensating existing landowners. In his lectures on ''Progress and Poverty'', Marshall opposed George's position on compensation while fully endorsing his ultimate remedy. So far as land value tax moderately replaced other taxes and did not cause the price of land to fall, Marshall supported land value taxation on economic and moral grounds, suggesting that a three or four percent tax on land values would fit this condition. After implementing land taxes, governments would purchase future land values at discounted prices and take ownership after 100 years. Marshall asserted that this plan, which he strongly supported, would end the need for a tax collection department of government. For newly formed countries where land was not already private, Marshall advocated implementing George's economic proposal immediately.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marshall |first=Alfred |date=1969 |title=Three Lectures on Progress and Poverty by Alfred Marshall |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/724986 |journal=The Journal of Law & Economics |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=184–226 |doi=10.1086/466666 |jstor=724986 |s2cid=154700964 |issn=0022-2186|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Marshall |first=Alfred |title=Principles of Economics |date=1920 |publisher=Library of Economics and Liberty}}</ref>
Karl Marx considered the single-tax platform as a regression from the transition to communism and referred to Georgism as "capitalism's last ditch".<ref>{{cite web |last=Andelson |first=Robert V. |title=Henry George and The Reconstruction Of Capitalism |url=http://schalkenbach.org/on-line-library/works-by-robert-v-andelson/henry-george-and-the-reconstruction-of-capitalism/ |access-date=14 January 2014 |archive-date=25 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925045512/http://schalkenbach.org/on-line-library/works-by-robert-v-andelson/henry-george-and-the-reconstruction-of-capitalism/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Marx argued, "The whole thing is ... simply an attempt, decked out with socialism, to save capitalist domination and indeed to establish it afresh on an even wider basis than its present one."<ref name="marx">{{cite web|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1881/letters/81_06_20.htm|title=Letters: Marx-Engels Correspondence 1881|first=Karl|last=Marx|website=www.marxists.org|access-date=9 October 2017}}</ref> Marx also criticized the way land value tax theory emphasizes the value of land, arguing that George's "fundamental dogma is that everything would be all right if ground rent were paid to the state."<ref name="marx" />
In ''The Natural Economic Order through Free Land and Free Money'', Silvio Gesell disagreed with George that land value taxes could solve the problem of land rent,<ref name="NEO-intro">{{Cite web |url=http://wikilivres.ca/wiki/The_Natural_Economic_Order/Part_I/Introduction |title=The Natural Economic Order/Part I/Introduction - Wikilivres |access-date=23 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123201516/http://wikilivres.ca/wiki/The_Natural_Economic_Order/Part_I/Introduction |archive-date=23 November 2016 |url-status=usurped |df=dmy-all }}</ref> as he believed that such taxes could be passed onto the tenants.<ref name="NEO-chap-11">{{Cite web |url=http://wikilivres.ca/wiki/The_Natural_Economic_Order/Part_I/Chapter_11 |title=The Natural Economic Order/Part I/Chapter 11 - Wikilivres |access-date=23 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124024552/http://wikilivres.ca/wiki/The_Natural_Economic_Order/Part_I/Chapter_11 |archive-date=24 November 2016 |url-status=usurped |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Instead, he proposed nationalizing all land from current landowners, with the purchases financed by land bonds that would be paid over 20 years from revenues raised by leasing the purchased land through competitive bidding.<ref name="baynham-2023">{{cite journal |url=https://www.noemamag.com/what-if-money-expired/ |title=What If Money Expired? |last=Baynham |first=Jacob |date=14 November 2023 |website=Noema Magazine |publisher=Berggruen Institute |access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref> This would achieve many of the intended effects of Georgism, but with compensation for previous landowners, and with no need to repeatedly reappraise land values.<ref name="sidman-lecture-7">{{cite AV media |last=Sidman |first=Josh |date=10 April 2024 |title="Silvio Gesell: Beyond Capitalism vs Socialism" Class #7 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jeClotFiTDA?t=1253 |work=Videotape |language=English |publisher=Henry George School of Economics |access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref> Landowners would no longer own their land, but they would be compensated through the bond payments and could obtain private possession of their land if they pay the leases.<ref name="sidman-lecture-7"/> Gesell also criticized Henry George for supporting the fructification theory of interest and believing that Georgism would be sufficient to eliminate interest, economic crises, and unemployment.<ref name="NEO-part-2-chap-6">{{Cite book |last=Gesell |first=Silvio |title=Die natürliche Wirtschaftsordnung durch Freiland und Freigeld |trans-title=The Natural Economic Order/Part II/Chapter 6: What Free-Land Cannot Do |date=1916 |location=Bern, Switzerland |translator-last=Pye |translator-first=Philip |via=The Anarchist Library |url=https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/silvio-gesell-the-natural-economic-order#toc28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317140424/https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/silvio-gesell-the-natural-economic-order#toc28 |archive-date=17 March 2025 |access-date=22 July 2025 |df=dmy-all |isbn=9781610330442}}</ref>
Richard T. Ely agreed with the economic arguments for Georgism but believed that correcting the problem the way George wanted, without compensation, was unjust to existing landowners. Ely wrote, "If we have all made a mistake, should one party to the transaction alone bear the cost of the common blunder?"<ref>{{cite web |last=George |first=Henry |author-link=Henry George |title=A Response to Richard Ely On the Question of Compensation to Owners of Land |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/george-henry_a-response-to-richard-ely-on-the-question-of-compensation-to-land-owners-1887.html |access-date=29 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529145606/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/george-henry_a-response-to-richard-ely-on-the-question-of-compensation-to-land-owners-1887.html |archive-date=29 May 2014}}</ref>
John R. Commons supported Georgist economics but opposed what he perceived as an environmentally and politically reckless tendency for advocates to rely on a one-size-fits-all approach to tax reform, specifically, the "single tax" framing. Commons concluded ''The Distribution of Wealth'', with an estimate that "perhaps 95% of the total values represented by these millionaire [''sic''] fortunes is due to those investments classed as land values and natural monopolies and to competitive industries aided by such monopolies", and that "tax reform should seek to remove all burdens from capital and labour and impose them on monopolies." However, he criticized Georgists for failing to see that Henry George's anti-monopoly ideas must be implemented with a variety of policy tools. Commons wrote, "Trees do not grow into the sky—they would perish in a high wind; and a single truth, like a single tax, ends in its own destruction." Commons uses the natural soil fertility and value of forests as an example of this destruction, arguing that a tax on the in-situ value of those depletable natural resources can result in overuse or over-extraction. Instead, Commons recommends an income tax-based approach to forests similar to a modern Georgist severance tax.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Commons |first=John Rogers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dhVEAAAAIAAJ |title=The Distribution of Wealth |date=1893 |publisher=Macmillan and Company |isbn=978-0-598-86363-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Commons |first1=John R. |year=1922 |title=A Progressive Tax on Bare Land Values |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_political-science-quarterly_1922-03_37_1/page/40 |journal=Political Science Quarterly |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=41–68 |doi=10.2307/2142317 |jstor=2142317}}</ref>
Other contemporaries such as Austrian economist Frank Fetter and neoclassical economist John Bates Clark argued that it was impractical to maintain the traditional distinction between land and capital and used this as a basis to attack Georgism. Mark Blaug, a specialist in the history of economic thought, credits Fetter and Clark with influencing mainstream economists to abandon the idea "that land is a unique factor of production and hence that there is any special need for a special theory of ground rent" claiming that "this is in fact the basis of all the attacks on Henry George by contemporary economists and certainly the fundamental reason why professional economists increasingly ignored him".<ref name="Blaug">{{Cite book |last=Andelson |first=Robert V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-fdaZGXDF4cC&pg=RA1-PA745 |title=Studies in Economic Reform and Social Justice, Critics of Henry George: An Appraisal of Their Strictures on Progress and Poverty |date=23 April 2004 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-4051-1829-3 |language=en}}</ref>
Robert Solow endorsed the theory of Georgism, while being wary of the perceived injustice of expropriation. Solow said that taxing away expected land rents "would have no semblance of fairness" but that Georgism would be good to introduce where location values were not already privatized or if the transition could be phased in slowly.<ref name="auto">{{cite journal |last=Foldvery |first=Fred E. |title=Geo-Rent: A Plea to Public Economists |journal=Econ Watch |year=2005 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=106–132 |url=http://econjwatch.org/file_download/66/2005-04-foldvary-tyranny-statquo.pdf |access-date=2 October 2013}}</ref>
George has also been accused of exaggerating the importance of his "all-devouring rent thesis" in claiming that it is the primary cause of poverty and injustice in society.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Critics of Henry George: An Appraisal of Their Strictures on Progress and Poverty |volume=1 |editor-first=Robert V. |editor-last=Andelson |year=2003 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1405118255}}</ref> He argued that the rent of land increased faster than wages for labor because the supply of land is fixed. Modern economists, including Ottmar Edenhofer have demonstrated that George's assertion is plausible but was more likely to be true during George's time than now.<ref name="econstor.eu" />
An early criticism of Georgism was that it would generate too much public revenue and result in unwanted growth of government, but later critics argued that it would not generate enough income to cover government spending. Joseph Schumpeter concluded his analysis of Georgism by stating that, "It is not economically unsound, except that it involves an unwarranted optimism concerning the yield of such a tax." Land use economists conclude that Schumpeter's criticism is unwarranted because the rental yield from land is likely much greater than what modern critics such as Paul Krugman suppose.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hudson |first1=Michael |title=A Philosophy for a Fair Society |date=1994 |publisher=Shepheard-Walwyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F0r2ZMHoDMAC |access-date=18 January 2015 |isbn=9780856831591}}</ref> Krugman agrees that land value taxation is the best means of raising public revenue but asserts that increased spending has rendered land rent insufficient to fully fund government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Michael Scott |date=2009-10-21 |title=This Land Is Your Land |url=https://psmag.com/news/this-land-is-your-land-3392/ |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=Pacific Standard |language=en-US}}</ref> Georgists have responded by citing studies and analyses implying that land values of nations like the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia are more than sufficient to fund all levels of government.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The hidden taxable capacity of land: enough and to spare |first=Mason |last=Gaffney |date=13 March 2009 |journal=International Journal of Social Economics |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=328–411 |doi=10.1108/03068290910947930}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Foldvery |first=Fred |title=The Ultimate Tax Reform: Public Revenue from Land Rent |url=http://www.foldvary.net/works/policystudy.pdf |access-date=27 January 2014 |archive-date=7 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207152253/http://www.foldvary.net/works/policystudy.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Steven |first1=Cord |title=How Much Revenue would a Full Land Value Tax Yield? Analysis of Census and Federal Reserve Data |journal=American Journal of Economics and Sociology |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=279–293}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Steven |last=Cord |title=Land Rent is 20% of U.S. National Income for 1986 |work=Incentive Taxation |date=July–August 1991 |pages=1–2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miles |first1=Mike |year=1990 |title=What Is the Value of all U.S. Real Estate? |journal=Real Estate Review |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=69–75}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Nicolaus |last1=Tideman |first2=Florenz |last2=Plassman |chapter=Taxed Out of Work and Wealth: The Costs of Taxing Labor and Capital |title=The Losses of Nations: Deadweight Politics versus Public Rent Dividends |location=London |publisher=Othila Press |date=1988 |pages=146–174}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Fitzgerald |first=Karl |title=Total Resource Rents of Australia |url=http://www.prosper.org.au/2013/12/03/total-resource-rents-of-australia-2/ |access-date=27 January 2014}}</ref>
Anarcho-capitalist political philosopher and economist Murray Rothbard criticized Georgism in ''Man, Economy, and State'' as being philosophically incongruent with subjective value theory, and further stating that land is irrelevant in the factors of production, trade, and price systems,<ref>{{cite book |last=Rothbard |first=Murray |author-link=Murray Rothbard |title=Man, Economy, and State: A Treatise on Economic Principles |url=https://archive.org/details/maneconomystatet00roth |url-access=registration |publisher=Van Nostrand |year=1962}}</ref> but this critique is seen by some,{{Who|date=March 2025}} including other opponents of Georgism, as relying on false assumptions and flawed reasoning.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Heinrich |first1=David J. |title=Murray Rothbard and Henry George |url=https://mises.org/blog/murray-rothbard-and-henry-george |website=Ludwig von Mises Institute |access-date=28 August 2014 |date=24 February 2004}}</ref>
Austrian economist Friedrich Hayek credited early enthusiasm for George with developing his interest in economics. Later, Hayek said that Georgism would be very strong if assessment challenges did not result in unfair outcomes, but he believed that they would.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Andelson |first=Robert V. |title=On Separating the Landowner's Earned and Unearned Increment: A Georgist Rejoinder to F. A. Hayek |journal=American Journal of Economics and Sociology |date=January 2000 |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=109–117 |doi=10.1111/1536-7150.00016}} Hayek wrote, "It was a lay enthusiasm for Henry George which led me to economics."</ref>
Economists Bryan Caplan and Zachary Gochenour have argued that a 100% Georgist tax would destroy the incentive to search for natural resources and discover optimal locations for businesses, as the additional profits that would result from such discoveries would lead to a corresponding increase in the unimproved value of the land, and so be taxed away.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Search-Theoretic Critique of Georgism|url=https://www.academia.edu/1338040|date=4 February 2012 |last1=Gochenour |first1=Zac }}</ref> Georgist economist Fred Foldvary has responded by arguing that Caplan and Gochenour rely on a confused definition of land that includes produced capital goods. If land does not include any produced capital goods and is merely an unproduced natural resource, then their claim that LVT is distortionary does not follow. Additionally, Caplan and Gochenour build on Frank Knight's critique of Georgism, which Foldvary claims has been refuted.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Foldvary |first=Fred |date=18 October 2013 |title=Reply to the Caplan and Gochenour critique of Georgism |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11138-013-0243-7 |journal=The Review of Austrian Economics |language=en |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=451–461 |doi=10.1007/s11138-013-0243-7 |issn=0889-3047 |via=|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
== List of Georgists == {{see also|Category:Georgists}} {{columns-start|num=3}}
=== Economists === * Roger Babson<ref>{{cite news |last1=Babson |first1=Roger |title=Roger Babson Sees Many Changes To Come After the War Has Ended |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=950&dat=19430820&id=o2lIAAAAIBAJ&pg=4650,5379686 |access-date=22 August 2014 |agency=The Evening Independent |date=20 August 1943}}</ref> * Harry Gunnison Brown<ref>{{cite journal |last=Brown |first=H. G. |title=A Defense of the Single Tax Principle |journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science |volume=183 |number=1 |date=1936 |pages=63–69 |doi=10.1177/000271623618300109 |s2cid=144711642 |quote=The truth is that I recognize the fundamental justice and common sense of the single-tax idea. But that any other tax than a tax on land values is always and everywhere wrong, regardless of public needs or the nature of this other tax, I do not maintain.}}</ref> * Stuart Chase<ref>{{cite journal | title=Tribune of the Technostructure: The Popular Economics of Stuart Chase | date=1980 | jstor=2712459 | last=Westbrook | first=Robert B. | journal=American Quarterly | volume=32 | issue=4 | pages=387–408 | issn=0003-0678 | doi=10.2307/2712459}}</ref> * John R. Commons<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harter |first1=Lafayette G. |first2=John R. |last2=Commons |title=His Assault on Laissez-faire |location=Corvallis |publisher=Oregon State University Press |date=1962 |pages=21, 32, 36, 38}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter=Two Centuries of Economic Thought on Taxation of Land Rents |editor1-first=Richard |editor1-last=Lindholm |editor2-first=Arthur |editor2-last=Lynn, Jr. |title=Land Value Taxation in Thought and Practice |location=Madison |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |date=1982 |pages=151–196}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Brue |first1=Stanley |last2=Randy |first2=Grant |title=The Evolution of Economic Thought |date=2012 |isbn=978-1-285-40175-1 |publisher=Cengage Learning |quote="After reading Henry George's Progress and Poverty," Commons "became a single-taxer."}} [http://www.cengage.com/resource_uploads/downloads/0324321457_65788.pdf Supplemental Biography of John Rogers Commons: Chapter 19 of the online edition].</ref> * Raymond Crotty<ref>{{cite book |last1=Crotty |first1=Raymond D. |title=A Radical's Response |date=1988 |publisher=Poolbeg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X0hCAQAAIAAJ |access-date=29 August 2014 |isbn=9780905169989}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sheppard |first1=Barry |title='Progress and Poverty' – Henry George and Land Reform in modern Ireland |url=http://www.theirishstory.com/2014/08/24/progress-and-poverty-henry-george-and-land-reform-in-modern-ireland/ |website=The Irish Story |access-date=29 August 2014 |date=24 August 2014}}</ref> * Herman Daly<ref>{{cite web |last1=Daly |first1=Herman |title=Smart Talk: Herman Daly on what's beyond GNP Growth |date=23 October 2015 |quote=. . . I am really sort of a Georgist. |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=npmx_qsCHz4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/npmx_qsCHz4 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live |publisher=Henry George School of Social Science |access-date=24 October 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> * Ottmar Edenhofer<ref>{{cite report |last=Edenhofer |first=Ottmar |title=Hypergeorgism: When is Rent Taxation as a Remedy for Insufficient Capital Accumulation Socially Optimal? |ssrn=2232659 |date=2013 |quote="Extending and modifying the tenet of georgism, we propose that this insight be called hypergeorgism." "From a historical perspective, our result may be closer to Henry George's original thinking than georgism or the neoclassical Henry George Theorems."}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Edenhofer |first=Ottmar |title=Financing Public Capital Through Land Rent Taxation: A Macroeconomic Henry George Theorem |ssrn=2284745 |date=25 June 2013 |journal=CESifo Working Paper Series}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Edenhofer |first=Ottmar |title=The Triple Dividend Climate Change Mitigation, Justice and Investing in Capabilities |url=http://www.pik-potsdam.de/members/edenh/talks/20130626_Edenhofer_Input_Final2.pdf |access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref> * Mary Fels<ref>{{cite news |title=MARY FELS, WIDOW OF SOAP KING, DECLARES SINGLE TAX IS SOLUTION OF INDUSTRIAL WAR |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/571923677/?terms=Mary%20Fels&match=1 |access-date=9 March 2022 |work=St. Louis Globe-Democrat |via=Newspapers.com |date=22 December 1914 |page=1 |language=en}}</ref> * Michael Flürscheim<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Silagi |first1=Michael |last2=Faulkner |first2=Susan N. |title=Henry George and Europe: An Industrialist and Pioneer Social Reformer, Michael Flürscheim, Publicized George's Ideas in Germany |journal=American Journal of Economics and Sociology |date=October 1992 |volume=51 |issue=2 |doi=10.1111/j.1536-7150.1992.tb02732.x |url=https://www.cooperative-individualism.org/silagi-michael_henry-george-and-europe-an-industrialist-1992-oct.pdf |access-date=3 December 2025}}</ref> * Fred Foldvary<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foldvary.net/works/policy.html |title=Foldvary policy reforms |website=www.foldvary.net |access-date=9 October 2017 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010010411/http://www.foldvary.net/works/policy.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Mason Gaffney<ref>{{cite web|url=http://masongaffney.org/|title=Mason Gaffney's Website|website=masongaffney.org|access-date=9 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Gaffney |first=Mason |title=Henry George 100 Years Later: The Great Reconciler |url=http://masongaffney.org/essays/Henry_George_100_Years_Later.pdf |access-date=27 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303234646/http://www.masongaffney.org/essays/Henry_George_100_Years_Later.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2012}}</ref> * Silvio Gesell<ref>Onken, Werner. "The Political Economy of Silvio Gesell: A Century of Activism." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 59.4 (2000): 609–622. Weborn 16 Aug. 2014.</ref> * Robert M. Haig<ref>{{cite web |last1=Haig |first1=Robert Murray |authorlink=Robert M. Haig |title=DISCUSSION-SINGLE TАХ |url=https://cooperative-individualism.org/national-tax-association-discussion-on-the-single-tax-1914-sep.pdf |website=cooperative-individualism.org |publisher=The School of Cooperative Individualism |access-date=3 December 2025}}</ref> * Fred Harrison<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/vviBboUXhuA Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20150518085914/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vviBboUXhuA Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vviBboUXhuA| title = Fred Harrison speaks at ALTER Spring Conference 2014 | website=YouTube| date = 27 April 2014 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> * C. Lowell Harriss<ref>[http://www.nndb.com/people/585/000174063/ C. Lowell Harriss]. NNDB. Retrieved September 12, 2015.</ref> * Max Hirsch<ref>Airlie Worrall, ''The New Crusade: the Origins, Activities and Influence of the Australian Single Tax Leagues, 1889–1895'' (M.A. thesis, University of Melbourne, 1978).</ref> * J. A. Hobson<ref>{{cite book |last1=Coats |first1=Alfred William |author-link1=A.W. (Bob) Coats |title=The sociology and professionalization of economics |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=scZzGUjvLxIC&q=%22j+a+hobson%22+%22london+school+of+economics%22&pg=PA195 |access-date=5 October 2010 |volume=2 |year=1993 |orig-year=1967 |publisher=Routledge |page=195 |chapter=Alfred Marshall and the Early Development of the London School of Economics|isbn=9780203982648 }}</ref> * Harold Hotelling<ref>Turgeon, Lynn. Bastard Keynesianism : the evolution of economic thinking and policymaking since World War II. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1997</ref><ref>Gaffney, Mason. "Warm Memories of Bill Vickrey". Land & Liberty. http://www.cooperative-individualism.org/gaffney-mason_warm-memories-of-bill-vickrey-1997.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116103120/http://www.cooperative-individualism.org/gaffney-mason_warm-memories-of-bill-vickrey-1997.htm |date=16 November 2016}}</ref><ref>Gaffney, Mason, and Fred Harrison. ''The Corruption of Economics'', London: Shepheard-Walwyn in association with Centre for Incentive Taxation, 2006</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hotelling |first=Harold |title=The General Welfare in Relation to Problems of Taxation and of Railway and Utility Rates |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_econometrica_1938-07_6_3/page/242 |journal=Econometrica |volume=6 |number=3 |date=1938 |pages=242–269 |doi=10.2307/1907054 |jstor=1907054}}</ref> * Michael Hudson<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hudson|first1=Michael|title=A philosophy for a fair society (Georgist Paradigm Series)|date=1994|publisher=Shepheard-Walwyn|edition=paperback}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commonground-usa.net/hudson-michael_has-georgism-been-hijacked-by-special-interests-2004-jan-feb.pdf|title=Has Georgism been hijacked by special interests?}}</ref> * Wolf Ladejinsky<ref>{{cite book |last=Andelson |first=Robert V. |date=2000 |title=Land-Value Taxation Around the World: Studies in Economic Reform and Social Justice Malden |location=MA |publisher=Blackwell Publishers Inc. |page=359}}</ref> * Raymond Moley<ref>{{cite book |last=Lawson |first=R |title=A commonwealth of hope : the New Deal response to crisis |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore |year=2006 |isbn=978-0801884061}}</ref> * Edward J. Nell<ref>{{cite book |last=Nell |first=Edward |title=Henry George and How Growth in Real Estate Contributes to Inequality and Financial Instability |series=Palgrave Studies on Henry George for the 21st Century |year=2019 |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-030-18663-0.pdf |publisher=Palgrave |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-18663-0 |isbn=978-3-030-18662-3 |s2cid=204445750}}</ref> * Thomas G. Shearman<ref>{{cite news |title=THOMAS G. SHEARMAN DEAD; Succumbs to an Operation at His Home in Brooklyn. Well-Known Lawyer and Political Economist Was Seized with His Fatal Illness While in Paris. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1900/09/30/archives/thomas-g-shearman-dead-succumbs-to-an-operation-at-his-home-in.html |access-date=2 December 2025 |work=The New York Times |date=30 September 1900 |location=New York}}</ref> * Donald Shoup<ref>{{cite news |last1=Knack |first1=Ruth Eckdish |title=Pay As You Park: UCLA professor Donald Shoup inspires a passion for parking. |url=http://shoup.bol.ucla.edu/PayAsYouPark.htm |access-date=17 September 2014 |agency=Planning Magazine |issue=May 2005}}</ref><ref>Shoup, Donald C. "The Ideal Source of Local Public Revenue." Regional Science and Urban Economics 34.6 (2004): 753-84.</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Washington |first1=Emily |title=The High Cost of Free Parking Chapters 19–22 |url=http://marketurbanism.com/2012/08/07/the-high-cost-of-free-parking-chapters-19-22/ |website=marketurbanism.com |publisher=Market Urbanism |access-date=17 September 2014 |date=7 August 2012}}</ref> * Herbert A. Simon<ref>[http://www.wealthandwant.com/themes/quotable_nobels.htm Quotes from Nobel Prize Winners] Herbert Simon stated in 1978: "''Assuming that a tax increase is necessary, it is clearly preferable to impose the additional cost on land by increasing the land tax, rather than to increase the wage tax—the two alternatives open to the City (of Pittsburgh). It is the use and occupancy of property that creates the need for the municipal services that appear as the largest item in the budget—fire and police protection, waste removal, and public works. The average increase in tax bills of city residents will be about twice as great with wage tax increase than with a land tax increase.''"</ref> * Joseph Stiglitz<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stiglitz |first1=Joseph |title=Working Paper No. 6: Principles and Guidelines for Deficit Reduction |url=http://www.newdeal20.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/principles-and-guidelines-for-deficit-reduction.pdf |website=Next New Deal The Blog of the Roosevelt Institute |publisher=The Roosevelt Institute |access-date=22 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206120932/http://www.newdeal20.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/principles-and-guidelines-for-deficit-reduction.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2010 |page=5 |date=2 December 2010 |quote=One of the general principles of taxation is that one should tax factors that are inelastic in supply, since there are no adverse supply side effects. Land does not disappear when it is taxed. Henry George, a great progressive of the late nineteenth century, argued, partly on this basis, for a land tax.}}</ref> * Taguchi Ukichi<ref>De Bary, William Theodore, Carol Gluck and Arthur E. Tiedemann eds. (2005). ''Sources of Japanese Tradition: Volume Two: 1600 to 2000''. Second Edition. New York: Columbia University Press. pp1227ff.</ref> * Nicolaus Tideman<ref>{{cite web |last=Tideman |first=Nicolaus |title=Global Economic Justice |url=http://www.schalkenbach.org/library/tidemanglobaljustice.html |publisher=Schalkenbach Foundation |access-date=8 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629031608/http://www.schalkenbach.org/library/tidemanglobaljustice.html |archive-date=June 29, 2013}}</ref> * Thorstein Veblen<ref name="Journal of the History of Economic Thought">{{cite journal |last1= Niman |first1= Neil |title= Henry George and the Development of Thorstein Veblen's Theory of Capital |date= 27 August 2010 |url= http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S1053837210000349 |journal= Journal of the History of Economic Thought |volume= 32 |issue= 3 |pages= 419–431 |doi= 10.1017/S1053837210000349 |s2cid= 155043275 |access-date= 2021-04-27|url-access= subscription }}</ref> * William Vickrey<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wealthandwant.com/auth/Vickrey.html|title=Bill Vickrey: "This paper would benefit from an application of Henry George's idea of taxing land values!"|website=www.wealthandwant.com|access-date=9 October 2017|archive-date=7 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907220506/http://www.wealthandwant.com/auth/Vickrey.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Netzer |first1=Dick |title=Remembering William Vickrey |journal=Land Lines |date=November 1996 |volume=8 |issue=6 |url=http://www.lincolninst.edu/pubs/503_Remembering-William-Vickrey |access-date=2 September 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>Vickrey, William. "The Corporate Income Tax in the U.S. Tax System, 73 TAX NOTES 597, 603 (1996). Quote: "Removing almost all business taxes, including property taxes on improvements, excepting only taxes reflecting the marginal social cost of public services rendered to specific activities, and replacing them with taxes on site values, would substantially improve the economic efficiency of the jurisdiction."</ref> * Léon Walras<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cirillo |first=Renato |title=Léon Walras and Social Justice |journal=The American Journal of Economics and Sociology |date=Jan 1984 |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=53–60 |doi=10.1111/j.1536-7150.1984.tb02222.x |jstor=3486394}}</ref> * Philip Wicksteed<ref>Barker, Charles A., 1955. Henry George. New York: Oxford University Press</ref> {{column}}
=== Heads of government === * H. H. Asquith<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=MacLaren |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew MacLaren |orig-year=1970 |date=2019-03-20 |title=Henry George and Churchill's "The People's Rights": Part 1 |url=https://winstonchurchill.hillsdale.edu/henry-george-land-taxation/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=The Churchill Project |publisher=Hillsdale College |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>Williams, Karl. "Geoists in History: Herbert Asquith (1852-1928)". Reprinted from PROGRESS, Summer 2014. https://cooperative-individualism.org/williams-karl_herbert-asquith-2014-summer.pdf</ref> * John Ballance<ref>{{cite book |last=Boast |first=Richard |title=Buying the land, selling the land : governments and Maori land in the North Island 1865–1921 |publisher=Victoria University Press, Victoria University of Wellington |location=Wellington, N.Z |year=2008 |isbn=9780864735614}}</ref><ref>Daunton, M. J. State and market in Victorian Britain : war, welfare and capitalism. Woodbridge, UK Rochester, NY: Boydell Press, 2008. Quote: "In the election of 1890 he campaigned for radical land reform, arguing for a tax on the 'unearned increment', and advocated the programme of Henry George as a means of 'bursting up the great estates'."</ref> * Henry Campbell-Bannerman<ref name="auto1"/><ref>Williams, Karl. "Geoists in History: Henry Campbell-Bannerman (1836-1908)". Reprinted from PROGRESS, Winter 2016. https://cooperative-individualism.org/williams-karl_henry-campbell-bannerman-2016-winter.pdf</ref> * Chiang Kai-shek<ref>{{Cite news |date=January–February 1927 |title=Single-Tax Movement in China |url=https://cooperative-individualism.org/land-and-freedom_single-tax-movement-in-china-1927-jan-feb.pdf |work=Land and Freedom}}</ref> * Winston Churchill<ref>[https://www.cooperative-individualism.org/churchill-winston_mother-of-all-monopolies-1909.htm "Winston S. Churchill / The Mother of all Monopolies -- 1909"].</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=MacLaren |first1=Andrew |title=The People's Rights: Opportunity Lost? |journal=Finest Hour |date=Autumn 2001 |volume=112 |url=http://www.winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-112/the-people-s-rights-opportunity-lost |access-date=15 August 2015 |archive-date=18 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018155237/http://www.winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-112/the-people-s-rights-opportunity-lost |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dugan |first1=Ianthe Jeanne |title=It's a Lonely Quest for Land-Tax Fans, But, by George, They Press On |url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323826704578354733775359470 |access-date=25 August 2014 |agency=Wall Street Journal |date=March 17, 2013}}</ref><ref>Stevens, Elizabeth Lesly. "A Tax Policy With San Francisco Roots". July 30, 2011 https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/31/us/31bcstevens.html Quote: "But Mr. Brown was certainly in good company as a Georgist. Devotees over the years have included Leo Tolstoy, Winston Churchill, Sun Yat-Sen, and the inventor of the board game that would become Monopoly."</ref> * Alfred Deakin<ref>Murdoch, Walter. Alfred Deakin: a sketch. Melbourne, Vic: Bookman, 1999. [1923]</ref><ref>Williams, Karl. "Geoists in History: Alfred Deakin (1857-1919)". Reprinted from PROGRESS, April-June 2012. https://cooperative-individualism.org/williams-karl_alfred-deakin-2012-apr-jun.pdf</ref> * Andrew Fisher<ref>{{cite book |last=Bastian |first=Peter |title=Andrew Fisher: An Underestimated Man |publisher=UNSW Press |location=Sydney, N.S.W |year=2009 |isbn=978-1742230047 |pages=28–30}}</ref> * George Grey<ref>[George, Henry, Jr. The Life of Henry George. New York: Doubleday & McClure, 1900.]</ref><ref name="auto3">Williams, Karl. "Geoists in History: Rolland O'Regan (1904-1902)". Reprinted from PROGRESS, Autumn 2016. https://www.cooperative-individualism.org/williams-karl_rolland-o'regan-2016-jul.pdf</ref> * Rutherford B. Hayes<ref>{{cite web |last=Hayes |first=Rutherford B. |title=Henry George |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/hayes-rutherford_henry-george-1887.html |access-date=26 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004921/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/hayes-rutherford_henry-george-1887.html |archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> * Billy Hughes<ref>{{Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |volume=9 |year=1983 |title=William Morris (Billy) Hughes (1862–1952) |id2=hughes-william-morris-billy-6761 |first=L. F. |last=Fitzhardinge |access-date=21 August 2025}}</ref> * Lee Jae Myung<ref name="Progress and Poverty (Substack)">{{cite web |last1=Hoskins |first1=Stephen |title=Did South Korea just elect a Georgist President |date=13 June 2025 |url=https://progressandpoverty.substack.com/p/did-south-korea-just-elect-a-georgist#_ |publisher=Substack |access-date=26 June 2025}}</ref> * David Lloyd George<ref name="Robert Schalkenbach Foundation"/> * Ramsay MacDonald<ref>"What the Prime Minister Has Said: Mr Ramsay MacDonald's Declarations Recalled". Reprinted from Land & Liberty, June 1934. https://cooperative-individualism.org/macdonald-ramsay_statements-supporting-the-taxation-of-land-values-1934-jun.pdf</ref><ref>Peter d’A. Jones. “Henry George and British Socialism.” The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. 47, no. 4, 1988, pp. 473–91. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3486564. Accessed 11 Nov. 2025.</ref> * Robert Stout<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stout |first1=Robert |title=Address by the Hon. R. Stout |url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=NZH18850414.2.41 |access-date=6 December 2014 |agency=New Zealand Herald |volume=XXII|issue=7302 |publisher=PAPERPAST |date=14 April 1885}}</ref> * Sun Yat-sen<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1536-7150.1994.tb02606.x|title=Henry George, Sun Yat-sen and China: More Than Land Policy Was Involved|first=Paul B.|last=Trescott|date=January 22, 1994|journal=American Journal of Economics and Sociology|volume=53|issue=3|pages=363–375|via=Wiley Online Library|doi=10.1111/j.1536-7150.1994.tb02606.x|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Trescott |first=Paul B. |title=Jingji Xue: The History of the Introduction of Western Economic Ideas Into China, 1850–1950 |year=2007 |publisher=Chinese University Press |pages=46–48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RkJtJm9L7mQC&q=%22basis%20of%20our%20program%20OR%20reform%22%20Leng%20sun%20yat%20sen&pg=PA48 |quote=The foregoing help to demonstrate why Sun Yat-sen would have regarded Henry George as a very credible guide, and why in 1912 Sun could tell an interviewer, 'The teachings of your single-taxer, Henry George, will be the basis of our program of reform.'|isbn=9789629962425}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Post |first1=Louis Freeland |title=Sun Yat Sen's Economic Program for China |journal=The Public |date=April 12, 1912 |volume=15 |page=349 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AYlGAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA349 |access-date=8 November 2016 |quote=land tax as the only means of supporting the government is an infinitely just, reasonable, and equitably distributed tax, and on it we will found our new system}}</ref> * Wang Jingwei<ref>{{Cite news |last=Blanshard |first=Paul |date=11 September 1927 |title=WANG CHING-WEI RISES IN CHINA; Trained by Sun Yat-sen, He Is Now Civil Head Of the Nationalist Party -- An Anti-Communist -- His Adventurous Career |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1927/09/11/archives/wang-chingwei-rises-in-china-trained-by-sun-yatsen-he-is-now-civil.html |work=The New York Times}}</ref> * Trygve Slagsvold Vedum<ref>https://www.ft.com/content/bd4e8222-0927-413b-abd9-f71a6306cba0</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Forsvarer omstridte skatteendringer {{!}} Finansavisen | url=https://www.finansavisen.no/politikk/2023/08/29/8032380/forsvarer-omstridte-skatteendringer | access-date=2026-03-24 | website=www.finansavisen.no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=«Vi er alle georgister – vi vet det bare ikke» – Morgenbladet | url=https://www.morgenbladet.no/aktuelt/2023/02/10/vi-er-alle-georgister-vi-vet-det-bare-ikke | access-date=2026-03-24 | website=www.morgenbladet.no}}</ref>
{{column}}
=== Other political figures === * John Peter Altgeld<ref>{{cite book |last1=Altgeld |first1=John |title=Live Questions |date=1899 |publisher=Geo. S Bowen & Son |url=http://darrow.law.umn.edu/documents/Altgeld%20on%20Henry%20George.pdf |pages=776–781 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924001239/http://darrow.law.umn.edu/documents/Altgeld%20on%20Henry%20George.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2014}}</ref><ref>Chicago Single Tax Club collection, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Illinois at Chicago http://findingaids.library.uic.edu/ead/rjd1/ChiSingleTaxf.html</ref> * Baldomero Argente<ref>{{Cite journal |journal=Revista de Estudios Regionales |issue=56 |year=2000 |pages=245 |title=La Liga Española para el Impuesto Único y la Hacienda Municipal de Sevilla en 1914 |language=es |trans-title=The Spanish League for the Single Tax and the Seville Municipal Treasury in 1914 |first=Manuel |last=Martín Rodríguez |issn=0213-7585 |url=https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/755/75505608.pdf}}</ref> * Paddy Ashdown<ref>"Land Value Taxation for Fairness". Reprinted from Land & Liberty, May-June, 1989. http://cooperative-individualism.org/ashdown-paddy_land-value-taxation-for-fairness-1989.htm</ref> * Warren W. Bailey<ref>"A Remembrance of Warren Worth Bailey". Reprinted from Land and Freedom, November–December, 1928. http://cooperative-individualism.org/anonymous_a-remembrance-of-warren-worth-bailey-1928.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220120518/http://cooperative-individualism.org/anonymous_a-remembrance-of-warren-worth-bailey-1928.htm |date=2016-12-20 }}</ref><ref name="Robert Schalkenbach Foundation"/> * Newton D. Baker<ref name="Robert Schalkenbach Foundation"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Finegold |first=Kenneth |title=Experts and politicians: reform challenges to machine politics in New York, Cleveland, and Chicago |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, NJ |year=1995 |isbn=978-0691037349 |url=https://archive.org/details/expertspoliticia0000fine}}</ref> * Clitus Barbour<ref>{{cite news |title=SINGLE TAX SOCIETY |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/46387399/?terms=%22Clitus%20Barbour%22&match=1 |access-date=28 October 2025 |work=The San Francisco Call |date=20 May 1895 |location=San Francisco}}</ref> * Herbert S. Bigelow<ref>"Rev. Herbert S. Bigelow in the House of Representatives". Reprinted from Land and Freedom, July-August, 1937. https://cooperative-individualism.org/bigelow-herbert_address-in-the-u-s-house-of-representatives-1937-jul-aug.pdf</ref> * Louis Brandeis<ref>{{cite book |last=Brandeis |first=Louis |title=Letters of Louis D. Brandeis |volume=1 |year=1971 |page=82 |publisher=State University of New York Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AN5zRPO2OCgC&pg=PA82 |isbn=9781438422565 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=101+ Famous Thinkers on Owning Earth |url=http://www.progress.org/geonomy/Earth.html |access-date=22 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105024602/http://www.progress.org/geonomy/Earth.html |archive-date=5 January 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}} Brandeis said, "I find it very difficult to disagree with the principles of Henry George... I believe in the taxation of land values only."</ref> * Willie Brown<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stevens |first=Elizabeth Lesly |title=The Power Broker |journal=Washington Monthly |volume=July/August 2012 |date=July–August 2012 |url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/julyaugust_2012/features/the_power_broker038423.php?page=all |access-date=8 December 2013 |archive-date=12 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212205050/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/julyaugust_2012/features/the_power_broker038423.php?page=all |url-status=dead}}</ref> * John Burns<ref>Peter d’A. Jones. “Henry George and British Labor Politics.” The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. 46, no. 2, 1987, pp. 245–56. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3485997. Accessed 11 Nov. 2025.</ref> * Clyde Cameron<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cameron |first1=Clyde |title=Revenue is not a Tax |url=http://www.georgist.multiline.com.au/revenue2.htm |access-date=18 February 2015 |archive-date=19 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419154905/http://www.georgist.multiline.com.au/revenue2.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> * George F. Cotterill<ref>{{cite news |title=Single Tax Loses, But Mayor Favoring This Reform Is Chosen By a Small Vote Margin |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19120306&id=0GExAAAAIBAJ&pg=4805,3507757 |access-date=23 August 2014 |agency=The Milwaukee Journal |date=Mar 6, 1912}}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>Arnesen, Eric. Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-class History. New York: Routledge, 2007</ref><ref>Johnston, Robert D. The Radical Middle Class: Populist Democracy and the Question of Capitalism in Progressive Era Portland, Oregon. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 2003</ref> * Robert Crosser<ref>Candeloro, Dominic. “The Single Tax Movement and Progressivism, 1880-1920.” The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. 38, no. 2, 1979, pp. 113–27. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3486892. Accessed 10 Nov. 2025.</ref> * Cunninghame Graham<ref>Peter d’A. Jones. “Henry George and British Labor Politics.” The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. 46, no. 2, 1987, pp. 245–56. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3485997. Accessed 11 Nov. 2025.</ref> * Frank de Jong<ref>{{cite web |title=Frank de Jong: Economic Rent Best Way to Finance Government |website=YouTube |date=20 June 2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KB6zNyOXMBg |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/KB6zNyOXMBg |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=9 November 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref> * Fred Dixon<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Naylor |first=James |title=Dixon, Frederick John |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/dixon_frederick_john_16E.html |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=Dictionary of National Biography}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Mills |first=Allen |date=1980 |title=Single Tax, Socialism and the Independent Labour Party of Manitoba: The Political Ideas of F.J. Dixon and S. J. Farmer |url=https://www.lltjournal.ca/index.php/llt/article/view/2519 |journal=Labour/Le Travail |volume=5 |pages=33–46|doi=10.2307/25139947 |jstor=25139947 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * Francis Douglas<ref>{{cite book |last=Douglas |first=Francis |title=Land Value Rating |year=1961 |publisher=Christopher Johnson Publishers Ltd.}}</ref> * Paul Douglas<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gaffney |first1=Mason |title=Stimulus: The False and the True Mason Gaffney |url=http://commonground-usa.net/gaffney-mason_stimulus-the-false-and-the-true-2008.htm |access-date=13 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Douglas |first=Paul |title=In the fullness of time; the memoirs of Paul H. Douglas |publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich |location=New York |year=1972 |isbn=978-0151443765 |url=https://archive.org/details/infullnessoftime00doug}}</ref> * Charles R. Eckert<ref>Eckert, Charles R. "Henry George, Sound Economics, and the 'New Deal'". Reprinted from the Congressional Record, July 2, 1935. https://cooperative-individualism.org/eckert-charles_henry-george-sound-economics-and-the-new-deal-1935-jul.pdf</ref> * Patrick Egan<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=3106139 |title=The Life of Henry George<!-- bot-generated title --> |access-date=7 September 2017 |archive-date=5 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605023558/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=3106139 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * H. V. Evatt<ref>{{cite web | url=https://electionspeeches.moadoph.gov.au/speeches/1955-herbert-evatt | title=Election Speeches · Herbert Evatt, 1955 · Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House }}</ref> * Seymour Farmer<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Naylor |first=James |title=Dixon, Frederick John |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/dixon_frederick_john_16E.html |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=Dictionary of National Biography}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Mills |first=Allen |date=1980 |title=Single Tax, Socialism and the Independent Labour Party of Manitoba: The Political Ideas of F.J. Dixon and S. J. Farmer |url=https://www.lltjournal.ca/index.php/llt/article/view/2519 |journal=Labour/Le Travail |volume=5 |pages=33–46|doi=10.2307/25139947 |jstor=25139947 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * William Jay Gaynor<ref>Gaynor, William Jay. Some of Mayor Gaynor's Letters and Speeches. New York: Greaves Pub., 1913. 214–221. https://books.google.com/books?id=-7kMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA219</ref> * Henry George Jr.<ref>{{cite book |last=George |first=Henry, Jr. |title=The Menace of Privilege: A Study of the Dangers to the Republic from the Existence of a Favored Class |year=1906 |publisher=The MacMillan Company}}</ref><ref name="Robert Schalkenbach Foundation"/> * Keir Hardie<ref>{{cite news |date=25 September 1895 |title=Socialism in England: James Keir Hardie Declares that it is Capturing that Country |url=http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC18950925.2.136 |newspaper=The San Francisco Call |volume=78 |issue=117 |page=9 |access-date=4 November 2014 |via=California Digital Newspaper Collection}} Hardie states, "I was a very enthusiastic single-taxer for a number of years."</ref><ref>Peter d’A. Jones. “Henry George and British Socialism.” The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. 47, no. 4, 1988, pp. 473–91. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3486564. Accessed 11 Nov. 2025.</ref> * Michael D. Harter<ref name=debates>{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Marion Milles |title=Great Debates in American History |date=1913 |publisher=Current Literature |location=New York |pages=407–408 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ufl.31262056304594&seq=435 |access-date=18 October 2025}}</ref> * Arthur Henderson<ref>Peter d’A. Jones. “Henry George and British Socialism.” The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. 47, no. 4, 1988, pp. 473–91. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3486564. Accessed 11 Nov. 2025.</ref> * Daniel Hoan<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gaffney |first1=Mason |title=Excerpts from The Corruption of Economics |url=http://www.politicaleconomy.org/gaffney.htm |access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref> * Frederic C. Howe<ref>Howe, Frederic C. The Confessions of a Reformer. Kent, OH: Kent State UP, 1988.</ref> * Blas Infante<ref>Arcas Cubero, Fernando: ''El movimiento georgista y los orígenes del Andalucismo : análisis del periódico "El impuesto único" (1911–1923)''. Málaga : Editorial Confederación Española de Cajas de Ahorros, 1980. {{ISBN|84-500-3784-0}}</ref> * Tom L. Johnson<ref>[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1910/05/31/104936447.pdf "Single Taxers Dine Johnson"]. ''New York Times'' May 31, 1910.</ref> * Samuel M. Jones<ref>[http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=165 "Henry George"]. ''Ohio History Central: An Online History of Ohio History''.</ref> * John Seymour Keay<ref>Peter d’A. Jones. “Henry George and British Socialism.” The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. 47, no. 4, 1988, pp. 473–91. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3486564. Accessed 11 Nov. 2025.</ref> * Oscar Keller<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gaffney |first1=Mason |title=Excerpts from The Corruption of Economics |url=http://www.politicaleconomy.org/gaffney.htm |access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref> * William Kent<ref>Candeloro, Dominic. “The Single Tax Movement and Progressivism, 1880-1920.” The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. 38, no. 2, 1979, pp. 113–27. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3486892. Accessed 10 Nov. 2025.</ref> * Ro Khanna<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://x.com/RoKhanna/status/1163060125130792966 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819182629/https://x.com/RoKhanna/status/1163060125130792966 | archive-date=2024-08-19}}</ref> * Robert M. La Follette Jr.<ref>La Follette, Robert M. "Unearned Increment". Reprinted from Land and Freedom, May-June, 1935. https://cooperative-individualism.org/lafollette-robert_unearned-increment-1935.htm</ref> * Franklin Knight Lane<ref name="Robert Schalkenbach Foundation">{{cite web |last1=Gaffney |first1=Mason |title=Henry George 100 Years Later: The Great Reconciler |url=http://schalkenbach.org/henry-george/henry-george-100-years-later/ |publisher=Robert Schalkenbach Foundation |access-date=3 September 2014}}</ref> * Andrew MacLaren<ref name="Stewart, John, 1931–2001">{{Cite book |title=Standing for justice: a biography of Andrew MacLaren, MP |last=Stewart |first=John |date=2001 |publisher=Shepheard-Walwyn |isbn=0856831948 |location=London |oclc=49362105}}</ref> * James G. Maguire<ref name=lough>{{Cite web |last=Lough |first=Alexandra W. |date=September 2013 |title=The Federal Income Tax and the Georgist Movement |url=https://commonground-usa.net/lough-alexandra_federal-income-tax-and-the-georgist-movement-2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122090034/https://commonground-usa.net/lough-alexandra_federal-income-tax-and-the-georgist-movement-2013.pdf |archive-date=November 22, 2015 |website=GroundSwell, V. 26, No. 5}}</ref> * Richard McGhee<ref>Philip J Waller, ''Democracy and Sectarianism: A Political and Social History of Liverpool 1868-1939''; Liverpool University Press, 1981 p.103</ref> * Theodore L. Moritz<ref>Moritz, Theodore L. "Why I Introduced a Single Tax Bill in Congress". Reprinted from Real America, 1935. https://cooperative-individualism.org/moritz-theodore_why-i-introduced-a-single-tax-bill-in-congress-1935.pdf</ref> * Joaquim Nabuco<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www2.senado.leg.br/bdsf/bitstream/handle/id/1041/574660.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804175519/https://www2.senado.leg.br/bdsf/bitstream/handle/id/1041/574660.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y |archive-date=2022-08-04 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=www2.senado.leg.br|title=JOAQUIM NABUCO: REVOLUCIONÁRIO CONSERVADOR (SUA FILOSOFIA POLÍTICA)}}</ref> * Francis Neilson<ref>Peterson, V.G.. "Francis Neilson". Reprinted from The Henry George News, May 1961. https://cooperative-individualism.org/peterson-vi_a-remembrance-of-francis-neilson-1961-may.pdf</ref><ref>[http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/neilson-francis_henry-george-the-scholar-1940.html "Henry George, The Scholar"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215751/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/neilson-francis_henry-george-the-scholar-1940.html |date=2013-10-04}} – A Commencement Address Delivered by Francis Neilson at the Henry George School of Social Science, June 3, 1940.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Neilson |first=Francis |title=Albert Jay Nock on Henry George – Truth Sets Men Free |journal=The Freeman |date=September 1939 |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/neilson-francis_albert-jay-nock-on-henry-george.html |access-date=1 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213045/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/neilson-francis_albert-jay-nock-on-henry-george.html |archive-date=4 October 2013}}</ref> * Joshua Nkomo<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Baron |first=Ian |date=September 1986 |title=Nkomo Debt to George in Banned Talk |url=http://www.cooperative-individualism.org/barron-ian_zimbabwe-joshua-nkomo-prevented-from-travel-to-vancouver-1986-sep-oct.pdf |magazine=Land & liberty |location=London |publisher=HGFUK |access-date=30 July 2020}}</ref> * George W. Norris<ref>{{cite web |last1=Putz |first1=Paul Emory |title=Summer Book List: Henry George (and George Norris) and the Crisis of Inequality |date=2 July 2015 |url=http://peputz.blogspot.com/2015/07/henry-george-and-george-norris-and.html |access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref> * Gerald Nye<ref>{{cite web |last1=Putz |first1=Paul Emory |title=Summer Book List: Henry George (and George Norris) and the Crisis of Inequality |date=2 July 2015 |url=http://peputz.blogspot.com/2015/07/henry-george-and-george-norris-and.html |access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref> * Patrick O'Regan<ref name="auto3"/> * Sydney Olivier<ref>Peter d’A. Jones. “Henry George and British Socialism.” The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. 47, no. 4, 1988, pp. 473–91. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3486564. Accessed 11 Nov. 2025.</ref> * Joseph Jay Pastoriza<ref>{{cite magazine |title=J. J. Pastoriza |magazine=The Public |volume=14 |issue=682 |date=April 28, 1911 |location=Chicago |pages=400–401 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p31PAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA400}}</ref> * Hazen S. Pingree<ref>{{cite web |last=Gaffney |first=Mason |title=What's the matter with Michigan? Rise and collapse of an economic wonder |url=http://economics.ucr.edu/papers/papers08/08-15.pdf |access-date=28 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Cleveland |first=Polly |title=The Way Forward for Detroit? Land Taxes |url=http://www.washingtonspectator.org/index.php/Economics/when-progressive-taxation-made-detroit-a-powerhouse.html |magazine=Washington Spectator |access-date=28 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428034615/http://www.washingtonspectator.org/index.php/Economics/when-progressive-taxation-made-detroit-a-powerhouse.html |archive-date=28 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Gaffney |first=Mason |title=New Life in Old Cities |url=http://economics.ucr.edu/seminars_colloquia/2008/development_applied_economics/Gaffney.pdf |work=UC Riverside |access-date=28 April 2014 |archive-date=28 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428054901/http://economics.ucr.edu/seminars_colloquia/2008/development_applied_economics/Gaffney.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Jared Polis<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tsscolorado.com/polis-lobbies-property-tax-commission-to-consider-land-value-tax/ | title=Polis lobbies property-tax commission to consider land value tax | date=9 January 2024 }}</ref> * Louis F. Post<ref>{{cite book |last=Post |first=Louis F. |title=The Prophet of San Francisco: Personal Memories & Interpretations of Henry George |publisher=The Minerva Group |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fKqUMrsNcbsC |isbn=9780898758337 |year=2002 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="Robert Schalkenbach Foundation"/> * Josiah Quincy VI<ref name="auto2">"The Taxation of Ground Rent". April 27, 1905. http://cooperative-individualism.org/adams-charles-francis_taxation-of-ground-rent-1905-apr.pdf</ref> * Henry S. Reuss<ref>"The Sensible Tax". Reprinted from The Henry George News, October-November, 1979. http://cooperative-individualism.org/reuss-henry_sensible-tax-1979-oct-nov.pdf</ref> * Thorold Rogers<ref>Williams, Karl. "Geoists in History: Thorold Rogers (1823-1890)". Reprinted from PROGRESS, January-March 2012. https://cooperative-individualism.org/williams-karl_thorold-rogers-2012-jan-mar.pdf</ref> * Edgar L. Ryder<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015054067015&view=1up&seq=213|title=National Cyclopædia of American Biography|publisher=James T. White & Company|year=1943|volume=XXX|location=New York, N.Y.|pages=115|via=HathiTrust}}</ref> * George A. Schilling<ref>[https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinamerica02marq/page/996/mode/2up SCHILLING, Charles], in ''Who's Who in America'' (1901-02 edition), via archive.org</ref> * Samuel Seabury<ref>{{cite book |last=Mitgang |first=Herbert |title=The Man Who Rode the Tiger: The Life and Times of Judge Samuel Seabury |year=1996 |publisher=Fordham University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__yUGoL0OmAC&q=henry+george |isbn=9780823217229}}</ref> * James Sexton<ref>Peter d’A. Jones. “Henry George and British Socialism.” The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. 47, no. 4, 1988, pp. 473–91. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3486564. Accessed 11 Nov. 2025.</ref> * Jerry Simpson<ref name=lough/> * Philip Snowden<ref>{{cite book |last=Bryson |first=Phillip |title=The economics of Henry George : history's rehabilitation of America's greatest early economist |url=https://archive.org/details/economicshenryge00brys |url-access=limited |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York |year=2011 |page=[https://archive.org/details/economicshenryge00brys/page/n159 145] |isbn=9780230115859}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Moore |first=Robert |title=Pit-men, preachers & politics the effects of Methodism in a Durham mining community |url=https://archive.org/details/pitmenpreachersp0000moor |url-access=registration |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=1974 |page=[https://archive.org/details/pitmenpreachersp0000moor/page/61 61] |isbn=9780521203562}}</ref><ref>Williams, Karl. "Geoists in History: Philip Snowden (1864-1937)". Reprinted from PROGRESS, May-June 2011. https://cooperative-individualism.org/williams-karl_philip-snowden-2011-may-jun.pdf</ref><ref>Peter d’A. Jones. “Henry George and British Socialism.” The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. 47, no. 4, 1988, pp. 473–91. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3486564. Accessed 11 Nov. 2025.</ref> * L. D. Taylor<ref>"Eight Times Mayor of Vancouver: 'Single Tax' Taylor: Louis Denison Taylor 1857-1946". GroundSwell, May-June, 2001. https://cooperative-individualism.org/rawson-mary_eight-times-mayor-of-vancouver-2001-may-jun.pdf</ref> * Charles Tracey<ref name=debates/> * Charles Philips Trevelyan<ref>Peter d’A. Jones. “Henry George and British Socialism.” The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. 47, no. 4, 1988, pp. 473–91. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3486564. Accessed 11 Nov. 2025.</ref> * J. De Witt Warner<ref name=debates/> * Sidney Webb<ref>Peter d’A. Jones. “Henry George and British Socialism.” The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. 47, no. 4, 1988, pp. 473–91. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3486564. Accessed 11 Nov. 2025.</ref> * Josiah Wedgwood<ref>Cooke, W. Henry. "Book Review of 'The Last of the Radicals: Josiah Wedgwood, M.P.'". Reprinted from The Annals of the American Academy, May 1952. https://cooperative-individualism.org/cooke-w-henry_review-of-c-v-wedgwood-the-last-of-the-radicals-josiah-wedgwood-1952-may.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Langworth |first=Richard |author-link=Richard M. Langworth |orig-year=2019 |date=2019-03-21 |title=Henry George and Churchill's "The People's Rights": Part 2 |url=https://winstonchurchill.hillsdale.edu/henry-george-churchills-rejection/ |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=The Churchill Project |publisher=Hillsdale College |language=en-US}}</ref> * Chaim Weizmann<ref>Williams, Karl. "Geoists in History: Chaim Weizmann (1874-1952)". Reprinted from PROGRESS, Spring 2017. https://cooperative-individualism.org/williams-karl_chaim-weizmann-2017-spring.pdf</ref> * John Henry Whitley<ref>{{cite news |title=His Majesty's Ministers and the Doctrines of Henry George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smU3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA419 |access-date=7 March 2019 |work=National Review|publisher=W.H. Allen |date=1908 |page=419 |language=en}}</ref> * Brand Whitlock<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Charles Joseph |title=Forty Years of the Struggle for Freedom |journal=Land and Freedom |date=January–February 1941 |volume=XLI |issue=1 |url=https://archive.org/stream/landfreedom41newyrich/landfreedom41newyrich_djvu.txt |access-date=30 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Filler |first=Louis |title=The muckrakers |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford, Calif |year=1993}}</ref><ref>Miller, Joseph Dana (ed.), 1917. Single Tax Year Book. NY: Single Tax Review Publishing Company</ref> * William B. Wilson<ref name="Robert Schalkenbach Foundation"/> * J. Stitt Wilson<ref name="Barton2016">{{cite journal |last1=Barton |first1=Stephen E. |title=Berkeley Mayor J. Stitt Wilson: Christian Socialist, Georgist, Feminist |journal=American Journal of Economics and Sociology |volume=75 |issue=1 |year=2016 |pages=193–216 |issn=0002-9246 |doi=10.1111/ajes.12132|hdl=10.1111/ajes.12132 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>"Some Suggestions for Reform of Taxation", Proceedings, 14th Annual Convention, League of California Municipalities, Santa Barbara, California, October 25, 1911, pp. 152–171. J. Stitt Wilson, "Report from California", The Single Tax Review, V.17, No.1, January–February 1917, pp. 50–52</ref> {{columns-end}} {{columns-start|num=3}}
=== Activists === * Mumia Abu-Jamal<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.henrygeorge.org/mumia.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806130249/http://www.henrygeorge.org/mumia.htm|url-status=dead|title=Justice for Mumia Abu-Jamal<!-- Bot generated title -->|archive-date=August 6, 2007}}</ref> * Charles Frederic Adams<ref>{{cite web |last1=Goodman |first1=William M. |title=Charles Frederic Adams: Man Against the Machine |url=https://www.newyorkalmanack.com/2025/06/charles-frederic-adams-machine/ |website=newyorkalmanack.com |publisher=New York Almanack |access-date=1 December 2025 |date=19 June 2025}}</ref> * Jane Addams<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Carolyn C. |title=Taxing Women: Thoughts on a Gendered Economy: Symposium: A Historical Outlook: Taxes and Peace" A Case Study of Taxing Women |journal=Southern California Review of Law and Women's Studies Southern California Review of Law and Women's Studies |date=Spring 1997 |url=https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&doctype=cite&docid=6+S.+Cal.+Rev.+L.+%26+Women%27s+Stud.+361&srctype=smi&srcid=3B15&key=2ee4d64342aee8044cf7a2058abebf9e |access-date=5 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208021637/https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&doctype=cite&docid=6+S.+Cal.+Rev.+L.+%26+Women%27s+Stud.+361&srctype=smi&srcid=3B15&key=2ee4d64342aee8044cf7a2058abebf9e |archive-date=8 December 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Ludwig von Mises Institute">{{cite book |last1=Rothbard |first1=Murray |author1-link=Murray Rothbard |title=Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought (Complete, 1965–1968) |date=2007 |publisher=Ludwig von Mises Institute |page=263 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=erCNHca0ThoC&pg=PA263 |access-date=5 December 2014 |isbn=9781610160407}}</ref> * Peter Barnes<ref>Chris Oestereich. "With Liberty and Dividends for All: An Interview with Peter Barnes"; https://medium.com/@costrike/with-liberty-and-dividends-for-all-an-interview-with-peter-barnes-2d3cbd95028c</ref> * Hubert Bland<ref>Bland, Hubert. "The Faith I Hold". Reprinted from The New Age, January 25, 1908. https://cooperative-individualism.org/bland-hubert_faith-i-hold-1908.htm</ref> * William Dwight Porter Bliss<ref>{{cite book |last=Bliss |first=W.D.P. |title=What is Christian Socialism? |publisher=The Society of Christian Socialists |location=Boston, MA |year=1890 |isbn=9781015815643}}</ref> * William F. Buckley Jr.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Buckley |first1=William F. Jr |author-link=William F. Buckley Jr. |title=Firing Line: Has New York Let Us Down? |url=http://www.schalkenbach.org/firing_line/Buckly-Star.pdf |publisher=PBS, Robert Schalkenbach Foundation |access-date=6 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924094932/http://www.schalkenbach.org/firing_line/Buckly-Star.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead}} Buckley says, "The location problem is, of course, easily solved by any Georgist, and I am one."</ref> * Carrie Chapman Catt<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gaffney |first1=Mason |title=Excerpts from The Corruption of Economics |url=http://www.politicaleconomy.org/gaffney.htm |access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref> * Henry Hyde Champion<ref>Peter d’A. Jones. “Henry George and British Labor Politics.” The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. 46, no. 2, 1987, pp. 245–56. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3485997. Accessed 11 Nov. 2025.</ref> * John Sherwin Crosby<ref>[http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchdetail.cfm?trg=1&strucID=453398&imageID=1160286&total=109&num=0&parent_id=452324&word=&s=¬word=&d=&c=&f=&k=0&sScope=&sLevel=&sLabel=&lword=&lfield=&imgs=20&pos=16&snum=&e=w NYPL Digital Gallery: "The mission of Henry George"], addresses by John S. Crosby.</ref> * Clarence Darrow<ref>How to Abolish Unfair Taxation: An Address Before a Los Angeles Audience, Delivered March 1913 https://books.google.com/books?id=rlOFHAAACAAJ</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Darrow |first1=Clarence |title=The Land Belongs To The People |url=http://darrow.law.umn.edu/documents/Land_Belongs_to_People_Everyman_Darrow_1916.pdf |website=www.umn.edu |publisher=Everyman |access-date=3 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060133/http://darrow.law.umn.edu/documents/Land_Belongs_to_People_Everyman_Darrow_1916.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=The Centre for Incentive Taxation |journal=Land&Liberty |volume=20 |issue=4 |date=August 1994 |quote=Darrow replied about Georgism, "Well, you either come to it or go broke."}}</ref> * Michael Davitt<ref>Lane, Fintan. ''The Origins of Modern Irish Socialism, 1881–1896''.Cork University Press, 1997 (pp. 79, 81).</ref> * Nellie Fassett<ref>{{cite web |author=Jo Freeman |author-link=Jo Freeman |title=The Rise of Political Woman in the Election of 1912 |url=http://uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/jofreeman/polhistory/1912.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511132006/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/jofreeman/polhistory/1912.htm |archive-date=2009-05-11 |access-date=2009-07-25 |publisher=University of Illinois}}</ref> * Elizabeth and Alexis Ferm<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gay |first1=Kathlyn |last2=Gay |first2=Martin |title=Encyclopedia of Political Anarchy |date=1999 |isbn=978-0-87436-982-3 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |df=mdy-all |chapter=Ferm, Alexis (1870–1971), and Elizabeth (1857–1944) |pages=74–75 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofpo0000gayk/page/74/mode/2up }}</ref> * Sara Bard Field<ref>Beth Shalom Hessel. "Field, Sara Bard"; http://www.anb.org/articles/15/15-00220.html; American National Biography Online April 2014. Access Date: Mar 22 2015</ref> * Samuel Gompers<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Joseph Dana |title=Mr. Samuel Gompers Replies to Our Criticism |journal=The Single Tax Review |date=1921 |volume=21–22 |page=42 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zEAoAAAAYAAJ |access-date=31 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gompers |first1=Samuel |title=The Samuel Gompers Papers: The making of a union leader, 1850–86, Volume 1 |date=1986 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |pages=431–432 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5ZapJXvCtgC |access-date=31 August 2014 |isbn=9780252011375}}</ref><ref>Williams, Karl. "Geoists in History: Samuel Gompers (1850-1924)". Reprinted from PROGRESS, January-March 2013. https://cooperative-individualism.org/williams-karl_samuel-gompers-2013-jan-mar.pdf</ref> * Bolton Hall<ref>Leubuscher, F. C. (1939). [http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/leubuscher-frederic_bolton-hall.html Bolton Hall] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214070335/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/leubuscher-frederic_bolton-hall.html |date=December 14, 2010}}. ''The Freeman''. January issue.</ref> * Hubert Harrison<ref>{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Joseph Dana |title=The Single Tax Review, Volumes 21–22 |date=1921 |page=178 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zEAoAAAAYAAJ |access-date=16 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Land and Freedom, Volumes 22–23 |date=1922 |page=179 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r6xLAQAAIAAJ |access-date=16 December 2014 |via=Google Books}}</ref> * Stewart Headlam<ref>Thompson, Noel. ''Political economy and the Labour Party: The economics of démocratic socialism (1884–2005)''. Routlegde Ed., 2006, pp. 54–55.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Haggard |first=Robert |title=The persistence of Victorian liberalism : the politics of social reform in Britain, 1870–1900 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, Conn |year=2001 |isbn=978-0313313059 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53VUwDw_UYMC&pg=PA87}}</ref><ref>Peter d’A. Jones. “Henry George and British Socialism.” The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. 47, no. 4, 1988, pp. 473–91. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3486564. Accessed 11 Nov. 2025.</ref> * Theodor Herzl<ref name="Henry George and Zionism">{{cite web |last1=Sklar |first1=Dusty |title=Henry George and Zionism |url=http://jewishcurrents.org/henry-george-zionism-32779 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028225026/http://jewishcurrents.org/henry-george-zionism-32779 |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 October 2014 |access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> * Ami Mali Hicks<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Huntington|first1=Charles White|title=Free Acres|journal=Enclaves of Single Tax or Economic Rent|date=1922|volume=2|pages=117–136|url=https://archive.org/stream/enclavesofsingle02hunt#page/117/mode/1up/search/hicks|access-date=19 August 2017|publisher=Fiske Warren|location=Harvard, Massachusetts}}</ref> * John Haynes Holmes<ref>{{cite web |title=The Land Question Quotations from Historical and Contemporary Sources |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/land-question_f-h.html |access-date=5 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101042450/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/land-question_f-h.html |archive-date=1 November 2014}} Holmes said, "The passing years have only added to my conviction that Henry George is one of the greatest of all modern statesmen and prophets."</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Eckert |first1=Charles R. |title=Henry George, Sound Economics and the "New Deal" |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/eckert-charles_henry-george-sound-economics-and-the-new-deal-1935.html |access-date=5 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604102744/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/eckert-charles_henry-george-sound-economics-and-the-new-deal-1935.html |archive-date=4 June 2016}}</ref> * Ebenezer Howard<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Steuer |first1=Max |title=Review Article: A hundred years of town planning and the influence of Ebenezer Howard |journal=The British Journal of Sociology |date=June 2000 |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=377–386 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-4446.2000.00377.x |pmid=10905006}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Meacham |first1=Standish |title=Regaining Paradise: Englishness and the Early Garden City Movement |date=1999 |publisher=Yale University Press |pages=50–53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqa9S_E7ImQC |access-date=5 August 2014 |isbn=978-0300075724}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Purdom |first1=Charles Benjamin |title=The Letchworth Achievement |date=1963 |page=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XWTaAAAAMAAJ |access-date=5 August 2014}}</ref><ref>Williams, Karl. "Geoists in History: Ebenezer Howard (1850-1928)". Reprinted from PROGRESS, Winter 2020. https://cooperative-individualism.org/williams-karl_ebenezer-howard-2020-winter.pdf</ref> * Margrit Kennedy<ref>{{cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Margrit |title=Money & The Land Grab |date=11 December 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nSUKPV6BD0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/6nSUKPV6BD0 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live |via=YouTube |publisher=Share the Rents |access-date=12 December 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref> * Martin Luther King Jr.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Martin Luther King, Jr: Where Do We Go From Here? (1967) |url=http://www.wealthandwant.com/docs/King_Where.htm |access-date=24 May 2023 |website=www.wealthandwant.com}}</ref> * Mary Elizabeth Lease<ref>Orr, B. S. (2006–2007). Mary Elizabeth Lease: Gendered discourse and Populist Party politics in Gilded Age America. Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains, 29, 246–265.</ref> * Lizzie Magie<ref>Magie invented ''The Landlord's Game'', predecessor to ''Monopoly''</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Dodson |first=Edward J. |title=How Henry George's Principles Were Corrupted Into the Game Called Monopoly |url=http://www.henrygeorge.org/dodson_on_monopoly.htm |access-date=1 October 2013}}</ref> * Benjamin C. Marsh<ref>Caves, Roger W. Encyclopedia of the City. Abingdon, Oxon, OX: Routledge, 2005.</ref><ref>Marsh, Benjamin Clarke. Lobbyist for the People; a Record of Fifty Years. Washington: Public Affairs, 1953.</ref> * James Shaw Maxwell<ref>Peter d’A. Jones. “Henry George and British Socialism.” The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. 47, no. 4, 1988, pp. 473–91. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3486564. Accessed 11 Nov. 2025.</ref> * Edward McGlynn<ref>{{cite web |last=Gaffney |first=Mason |title=Henry George Dr. Edward McGlynn & Pope Leo XIII |url=http://www.masongaffney.org/publications/K18George_McGlynn_and_Leo_XIII.pdf |access-date=25 January 2014}}</ref> * James Ferdinand Morton Jr.<ref>{{cite news |title=Single-Taxers again laud Henry George |newspaper=Daily Standard Union |location=Brooklyn, NY |page=12 |date=Sep 8, 1912 |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2014/Brooklyn%20NY%20Standard%20Union/Brooklyn%20NY%20Standard%20Union%201912/Brooklyn%20NY%20Standard%20Union%201912%20-%201936.pdf |access-date=Nov 7, 2014}}</ref><ref> * {{cite news |title=British MP guest at George dinner |newspaper=Daily Standard Union |location=Brooklyn, NY |page=9 |date=Sep 6, 1912 |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2014/Brooklyn%20NY%20Standard%20Union/Brooklyn%20NY%20Standard%20Union%201912/Brooklyn%20NY%20Standard%20Union%201912%20-%201907.pdf |access-date=Nov 7, 2014}} * {{cite news |title=Community Club |newspaper=Silver Creek News |location=Silver Creek, NY |page=1 |date=Jan 4, 1916 |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2021/SILVER%20CREEK%20NY%20NEWS/SILVER%20CREEK%20NY%20NEWS%201917/SILVER%20CREEK%20NY%20NEWS%201917%20-%200002.pdf |access-date=Nov 7, 2014}} * {{cite news |title=James F. Morton at Eagle Temple |newspaper=Jamestown Evening Journal |location=Jamestown, NY |page=10 |date=Jan 23, 1917 |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2023/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal%201917/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal%201917%20-%200256.pdf |access-date=Nov 7, 2014}} * {{cite news |title=Meetings this evening; Labor Forum |newspaper=Jamestown Evening Journal |location=Jamestown, NY |page=12 |date=Mar 30, 1918 |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2023/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal%201918/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal%201918%20-%201044.pdf |access-date=Nov 7, 2014}} * {{cite news |title=F. P. Morgan(sic) gives instructive talk on the single tax |newspaper=The Saratogian |location=Saratoga Springs, NY |page=9 |date=Apr 10, 1929 |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2021/Saratoga%20Springs%20NY%20Saratogian/Saratoga%20Springs%20NY%20Saratogian%201929/Saratoga%20Springs%20NY%20Saratogian%201929%20-%201166.pdf |access-date=Nov 7, 2014}} * {{cite journal |last=Morton |first=James F. Jr. |title=Report of James F. Morton, Jr.'s Lecture Work |journal=The Single Tax Review |volume=18 |issue=4 |page=116 |date=July–August 1918 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=icZLAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA116 |access-date=Nov 7, 2014}} * {{cite news |title=Single taxer to speak |newspaper=Buffalo Courier |location=Buffalo, NY |page=9 |date=Apr 7, 1916 |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2021/Buffalo%20NY%20Courier/Buffalo%20Ny%20Courier%201916/Buffalo%20Ny%20Courier%201916%20-%202132.pdf |access-date=Nov 7, 2014}} * {{cite news |title=Plans single tax talk |newspaper=Buffalo Courier |location=Buffalo, NY |page=10 |date=Apr 14, 1916 |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2021/Buffalo%20NY%20Courier/Buffalo%20Ny%20Courier%201916/Buffalo%20Ny%20Courier%201916%20-%202313.pdf |access-date=Nov 7, 2014}} * {{cite news |title=Single tax advocate lectures in church |newspaper=Buffalo Courier |location=Buffalo, NY |page=6 |date=Apr 17, 1916 |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2021/Buffalo%20NY%20Courier/Buffalo%20Ny%20Courier%201916/Buffalo%20Ny%20Courier%201916%20-%202437.pdf |access-date=Nov 7, 2014}} * {{cite news |title=Meetings this evening; Meeting of the Men's club |newspaper=Jamestown Evening Journal |location=Jamestown, NY |page=14 |date=Apr 25, 1916 |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2023/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal%201916/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal%201916%20-%201497.pdf |access-date=Nov 7, 2014}} * {{cite news |title=Philosophy of the Single Tax |newspaper=Jamestown Evening Journal |location=Jamestown, NY |page=7 |date=Apr 26, 1916 |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2023/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal%201916/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal%201916%20-%201504.pdf |access-date=Nov 7, 2014}} * {{cite news |title=Season's close at Chautauqua; The Single Tax |newspaper=Jamestown Evening Journal |location=Jamestown, NY |page=9 |date=Aug 28, 1916 |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2023/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal%201916/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal%201916%20-%203006.pdf |access-date=Nov 7, 2014}} * {{cite news |title=Exclusive tax on land values |newspaper=Jamestown Evening Journal |location=Jamestown, NY |page=3 |date=Jan 15, 1917 |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2023/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal%201917/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal%201917%20-%200158.pdf |access-date=Nov 7, 2014}} * {{cite news |title=Saturday Night Club |newspaper=Jamestown Evening Journal |location=Jamestown, NY |page=9 |date=Jan 12, 1917 |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2023/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal%201917/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal%201917%20-%200134.pdf |access-date=Nov 7, 2014}} * {{cite news |title=Lewiston |newspaper=Buffalo Evening News |location=Buffalo, NY |page=10 |date=Apr 30, 1917 |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2021/Buffalo%20NY%20Evening%20News/Buffalo%20NY%20Evening%20News%201917/Buffalo%20NY%20Evening%20News%201917%20-%202129.pdf |access-date=Nov 7, 2014}} * {{cite news |title=Greenfield Center |newspaper=The Saratogian |location=Saratoga Springs, NY |page=7 |date=Nov 13, 1917 |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2021/Saratoga%20Springs%20NY%20Saratogian/Saratoga%20Springs%20NY%20Saratogian%201917/Saratoga%20Springs%20NY%20Saratogian%201917%20-%202152.pdf |access-date=Nov 7, 2014}} * {{cite news |title=Church Services Tomorrow; First Congregational Church |newspaper=Daily Argus |location=Mount Vernon, NY |page=12 |date=Dec 3, 1917 |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2018/Mount%20Vernon%20NY%20Daily%20Argus/Mount%20Vernon%20NY%20Daily%20Argus%201917/Mount%20Vernon%20NY%20Daily%20Argus%201917%20-%203585.pdf |access-date=Nov 7, 2014}}</ref> * Albert Jay Nock<ref>Lora, Ronald; Longton, William Henry, eds. (1999). ''The Conservative Press in Twentieth-century America''. Greenwood Publishing, Inc. p. 310. "Thus, the ''Freeman'' was to speak for the great tradition of classical liberalism, which [Albert Jay Nock and Francis Nielson] were afraid was being lost, and for the economics of Henry George, which both men shared."</ref><ref>Williams, Karl. "Geoists in History: Albert Jay Nock (1870-1945)". Reprinted from PROGRESS, Summer 2016. https://cooperative-individualism.org/williams-karl_albert-jay-nock-2016-jan.pdf</ref> * Rolland O'Regan<ref name="auto3"/> * Thomas Mott Osborne<ref>Jorgensen, Emil Oliver. The next Step toward Real Democracy: One Hundred Reasons Why America Should Abolish, as Speedily as Possible, All Taxation upon the Fruits of Industry, and Raise the Public Revenue by a Single Tax on Land Values Only. Chicago, IL: Chicago Singletax Club, 1920.</ref><ref name="books.google.com">Gorgas, William Crawford, and Lewis Jerome Johnson. Two Papers on Public Sanitation and the Single Tax. New York: Single Tax Information Bureau, 1914. https://books.google.com/books?id=v3NHAAAAYAAJ</ref><ref name="dlg.galileo.usg.edu">Ware, Louise. George Foster Peabody, Banker, Philanthropist, Publicist. Athens: U of Georgia, 1951. http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/ugapressbks/pdfs/ugp9780820334561.pdf</ref> * Hugh O. Pentecost<ref>[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1887/06/20/104012097.pdf "Anti-Poverty's Apostles: Speeches at Two Meetings of the Society,"] ''New York Times'', June 20, 1887; [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1887/09/24/103145200.pdf "Talking to the Printers: Mr. Pentecost at an Anti-Poverty Meeting,"] ''New York Times'', September 24, 1887.</ref> * Amos Pinchot<ref>{{cite book |last=Young |first=Arthur Nichols |title=Single tax Movement in the United States |publisher=Hardpress Ltd |location=S.l |year=1916}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Thompson |first=John |title=Reformers and war : American progressive publicists and the First World War |url=https://archive.org/details/reformerswaramer0000thom |url-access=registration |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge; New York |year=1987|isbn=9780521252898}}</ref> * Terence V. Powderly<ref>{{cite book |last1=Powderly |first1=Terence Vincent |title=Thirty Years of Labor. 1859–1889 |date=1889 |publisher=Excelsior publishing house |url=https://archive.org/details/thirtyyearslabo00powdgoog |access-date=8 December 2014}} "It would be far easier to levy a "single tax," basing it upon land values." "It is because ... a single land tax would prove to be the very essence of equity, that l advocate it.</ref> * George Lawrence Record<ref>{{cite book |last=Record |first=George |title=How to abolish poverty |publisher=The George L. Record Memorial Association |location=Jersey City, NJ |year=1936 |isbn=978-1258440251}}</ref><ref name="Robert Schalkenbach Foundation"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gaffney |first1=Mason |title=Excerpts from The Corruption of Economics |url=http://www.politicaleconomy.org/gaffney.htm |access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref> * Catherine Helen Spence<ref>{{cite book |last=Magarey |first=Susan |title=Unbridling the tongues of women : a biography of Catherine Helen Spence |publisher=Hale & Iremonger |location=Sydney, NSW |year=1985 |isbn=978-0868061498}}</ref> * Helen Taylor<ref>{{cite book |last=Wenzer |first=Kenneth |title=An Anthology of Henry George's Thought (Volume 1) |year=1997 |publisher=University Rochester Press |pages=87, 243 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YcE19ylnJ8YC |isbn=9781878822819 |via=Google Books}}</ref> * Norman Thomas<ref>Thomas, Norman. "Economic Policies for a Socialist Future". Reprinted from Land and Freedom, July-August 1928. https://cooperative-individualism.org/thomas-norman_economic-policies-for-a-socialist-future-1928-jul-aug.htm</ref><ref>Thomas, Norman. "Landed versus Produced Property". Reprinted from the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, January 7, 1953. https://cooperative-individualism.org/thomas-norman_landed-versus-produced-property-1953-jan.htm</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gaffney |first1=Mason |title=Excerpts from The Corruption of Economics |url=http://www.politicaleconomy.org/gaffney.htm |access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref> * William Simon U'Ren<ref>{{cite web |title=Oregon Biographies: William S. U'Ren |work=Oregon History Project |publisher=Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society |year=2002 |url=http://www.ohs.org/education/oregonhistory/Oregon-Biographies-William-Uren.cfm |access-date=29 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110113347/http://www.ohs.org/education/oregonhistory/Oregon-Biographies-William-Uren.cfm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=10 November 2006}}</ref><ref name="Robert Schalkenbach Foundation"/> * Ida B. Wells<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Candeloro |first1=Dominic |title=The Single Tax Movement and Progressivism, 1880–1920 |journal=American Journal of Economics and Sociology |date=April 1979 |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=113–127 |url=http://www.cooperative-individualism.org/candeloro-dominic_single-tax-movement-and-progressivism-1979.htm |access-date=16 July 2015 |doi=10.1111/j.1536-7150.1979.tb02869.x |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717015930/http://www.cooperative-individualism.org/candeloro-dominic_single-tax-movement-and-progressivism-1979.htm |archive-date=17 July 2015|url-access=subscription }}</ref> * Frances Willard<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Inquisitive Voter |journal=The Great Adventure |date=September 11, 1920 |volume=4 |issue=35 |quote=The proposition of Henry George will do more to lift humanity from the slough of poverty, crime, and misery than all else.}}</ref> {{column}}
=== Authors === * Charles Francis Adams Jr.<ref name="auto2"/> * Ernest Howard Crosby<ref name="Ludwig von Mises Institute"/> * Arthur Desmond<ref>{{Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |volume=8 |year=1981 |title=Arthur Desmond (c. 1859–1929) |id2=desmond-arthur-5963 |first=Chris |last=Cunneen |access-date=21 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title = Arthur Desmond on Huxley's Criticism of Henry George in the Nineteenth Century |last = Desmond |first = Arthur |date = May 1890 |url = https://www.ragnarredbeard.com/arthur-desmond-on-huxleys-criticism-of-henry-george |journal = New Zealand Monthly Review |volume = II |access-date = 29 February 2024}}</ref> * Charles Eisenstein<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eisenstein |first1=Charles |title=Post-Capitalism |url=http://www.thenewandancientstory.net/home/post-capitalism |access-date=5 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006085910/http://www.thenewandancientstory.net/home/post-capitalism |archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref> * Hamlin Garland<ref name="The Funeral Procession">{{cite news |title=The Funeral Procession |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1897/11/01/102544571.pdf |access-date=17 November 2013 |newspaper=New York Times |date=November 1, 1897}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Newlin |first=Keith |title=Hamlin Garland a life |url=https://archive.org/details/hamlingarlandlif00newl |url-access=limited |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |location=Lincoln |year=2008 |isbn=978-0803233478 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/hamlingarlandlif00newl/page/n116 102]–27}}</ref> * James A. Herne<ref>{{cite web |last1=Aller |first1=Pat |title=The Georgist Philosophy in Culture and History |url=http://www.henrygeorge.org/aller.htm |access-date=2 October 2014}}</ref> * Elbert Hubbard<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hubbard |first1=Elbert |title=Little Journeys to the Homes of Great Reformers |date=1907 |publisher=The Roycrofters |location=East Aurora, New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TcS_CEFos_4C |access-date=6 July 2016 |via=Google Books}}</ref> * Aldous Huxley<ref>Harrison, F. (May–June 1989). "[http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/harrison-fred_aldous-huxley-on-the-land-question-1989.html Aldous Huxley on 'the Land Question'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213223137/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/harrison-fred_aldous-huxley-on-the-land-question-1989.html |date=2014-12-13}}". ''Land & Liberty''. "Huxley redeems himself when he concedes that, if he were to rewrite the book, he would offer a third option, one which he characterised as 'the possibility of sanity.' In a few bold strokes he outlines the elements of this model: 'In this community economics would be decentralist and Henry Georgian, politics Kropotkinesque and co-operative.'"</ref> * James Howard Kunstler<ref>{{cite book |last=Kunstler |first=James Howard |title=Home from Nowhere: Remaking Our Everyday World For the 21st Century |year=1998 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |chapter=Chapter 7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZW_dvcbEqUC |isbn=9780684837376}}</ref> * Monteiro Lobato<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lobato |first=Monteiro |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HrL6WW7CQ5cC |title=O escândalo do petróleo e Georgismo e comunismo |date=13 July 2012 |publisher=Globo Livros |isbn=978-85-250-5007-6 |language=pt-BR}}</ref> * Edwin Markham<ref>[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hnpwj4&seq=306 The Single Tax Review Volume 15. New York: Publ. Off., 1915]</ref> * José Martí<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mace |first1=Elisabeth |title=The economic thinking of Jose Marti: Legacy foundation for the integration of America |url=http://www.akimoo.com/2013/the-economic-thinking-of-jose-marti-legacy-foundation-for-the-integration-of-america/ |access-date=5 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150908183320/http://www.akimoo.com/2013/the-economic-thinking-of-jose-marti-legacy-foundation-for-the-integration-of-america/ |archive-date=8 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hudson |first1=Michael |title=Speech to the Communist Party of Cuba |date=15 January 2000 |url=http://michael-hudson.com/2000/01/speech-to-the-communist-party-of-cuba/ |access-date=5 August 2015}}</ref> * William D. McCrackan<ref name="The Funeral Procession" /> * Frank McEachran<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.prosper.org.au/wp-content/uploads/Oz-History/Henry%20George%20and%20Karl%20Marx.PDF |title=Henry George and Karl Marx |last1=McEachran |first1=Frank}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/archivelandliberty/Land+%26+Liberty+Magazine/Archive/1970s/Land+and+Liberty+1974-1975+-+81st+%26+82nd+Years/Issues/November-December+1975.pdf |title=The Impotence of Men |last1=McEachran |first1=Frank}}</ref> * Kathleen Norris<ref>{{cite web |last=Norris |first=Kathleen |title=The Errors of Marxism |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/norris-kathleen_errors-of-marxism-1940.html |access-date=21 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213224036/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/norris-kathleen_errors-of-marxism-1940.html |archive-date=13 December 2014}}</ref> * George Bernard Shaw<ref>{{cite book |title=George Bernard Shaw, his life and works |year=1911 |publisher=Stewart & Kidd Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBZXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA96 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>Williams, Karl. "Geoists in History: George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)". Reprinted from PROGRESS, July-September 2012. https://cooperative-individualism.org/williams-karl_george-bernard-shaw-2012-jul-sep.pdf</ref><ref>Peter d’A. Jones. “Henry George and British Socialism.” The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. 47, no. 4, 1988, pp. 473–91. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3486564. Accessed 11 Nov. 2025.</ref> * Upton Sinclair<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sinclair |first1=Upton |title=The Consequences of Land Speculation are Tenantry and Debt on the Farms, and Slums and Luxury in the Cities |url=http://savingcommunities.org/docs/sinclair.upton/consequences.html |access-date=3 November 2014}}Sinclair was an active georgist but eventually gave up on explicitly advocating the reform because, "Our opponents, the great rich bankers and land speculators of California, persuaded the poor man that we were going to put all taxes on this poor man's lot."</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gaffney |first1=Mason |title=Excerpts from The Corruption of Economics |url=http://www.politicaleconomy.org/gaffney.htm |access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref> * Leo Tolstoy<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=9jAfAQAAMAAJ&q=%22people+do+not+argue%22&pg=PA314 ''A Great Iniquity.'']. Leo Tolstoy once said of George, "''People do not argue with the teaching of George, they simply do not know it''".</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Lebrun |first1=Victor |title=Leo Tolstoy and Henry George |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/lebrun-victor_leo-tolstoy-and-henry-george-1966.html |access-date=9 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911001701/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/lebrun-victor_leo-tolstoy-and-henry-george-1966.html |archive-date=11 September 2014}}</ref> * H. G. Wells<ref>Williams, Karl. "Geoists in History: H. G. Wells (1866-1946)". Reprinted from PROGRESS, July-August 2011. https://cooperative-individualism.org/williams-karl_h-g-wells-2011-jul-aug.pdf</ref><ref>Peter d’A. Jones. “Henry George and British Socialism.” The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. 47, no. 4, 1988, pp. 473–91. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3486564. Accessed 11 Nov. 2025.</ref> * Charles Erskine Scott Wood<ref>{{cite book |last=Starr |first=Kevin |title=The dream endures : California enters the 1940s |url=https://archive.org/details/dreamendurescali00star |url-access=registration |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |year=1997 |isbn=978-0195157970}} Wood had "strong leanings toward the single-tax theory of Henry George".</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Barnes |first1=Tim |title=C.E.S. Wood (1852–1944) |url=http://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/c_e_s_wood/ |publisher=The Oregon Encyclipedia |access-date=14 December 2014}}</ref> {{column}}
=== Journalists === * Patrick Ford<ref>{{cite news |title=Henry George in the Field |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/145220595/?terms=%22patrick%20ford%22&match=2 |access-date=15 July 2025 |work=New-York Tribune |date=6 October 1886 |location=New York}}</ref> * Timothy Thomas Fortune<ref>{{cite book |last=Perry |first=Jeffrey |title=Hubert Harrison the voice of Harlem radicalism, 1883–1918 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |year=2009 |isbn=978-0231139113}}</ref> * Harry Golden<ref>{{cite book |author=Jan Onofrio |title=North Carolina Biographical Dictionary |publisher=Somerset Publishers |location=New York |year=2000 |page=242}}</ref> * Michael Kinsley<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kinsley |first1=Michael |title=Inequality: It's Even Worse Than We Thought |url=http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2012-06-13/inequality-it-s-even-worse-than-we-thought |access-date=31 October 2014 |agency=BloombergView |publisher=Bloomberg |date=Jun 13, 2012 |archive-date=2014-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101073039/http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2012-06-13/inequality-it-s-even-worse-than-we-thought |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kinsley |first1=Michael |title=The Capital-Gains Tax: A Tragedy in Two Acts |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-12-19/the-capital-gains-tax-a-tragedy-in-two-acts.html |access-date=31 October 2014 |issue=Dec 19, 2012}}Kinsley reiterates that George is his favorite economist and that land taxes are the best source of revenue.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Land Question Quotations from Historical and Contemporary Sources |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/land-question_i-l.html |access-date=31 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101010830/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/land-question_i-l.html |archive-date=1 November 2014}} In The New Republic (February 12, 1992) Kinsley advocates removing all taxes and collecting land rent instead.</ref> * Suzanne La Follette<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chamberlain |first1=John |title=Farewell To Reform |date=1965 |publisher=Quadrangle Books |pages=47–48}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bernstein |first1=David |title=Lochner's Feminist Legacy |journal=Michigan Law Review |date=May 2003 |volume=101 |issue=6 |pages=1960–1986 |doi=10.2307/3595339 |jstor=3595339 |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1861&context=mlr|url-access=subscription }}</ref> * Dylan Matthews<ref>{{cite news |last1=Matthews |first1=Dylan |title=Five conservative reforms millennials should be fighting for |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2014/01/07/five-conservative-reforms-millennials-should-be-fighting-for/ |access-date=26 August 2014 |agency=Wonkblog |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=January 7, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |user=dylanmatt |first=Dylan |last=Matthews |number=414149160775204864 |date=20 December 2013 |title=@Bencjacobs @mattyglesias I think we've both been Georgists for a while now, though @AshokRao95 led me to revisit this stuff}} Dylan Matthews's verified account states, "I think we've both been Georgists for a while now."</ref> * George Monbiot<ref>Monbiot, George. "Why We Need Land Value Taxation". Reprinted from The Guardian, January 22, 2013. https://cooperative-individualism.org/monbiot-george_why-we-need-land-value-taxation-2013-jan.pdf</ref> * William Marion Reedy<ref>{{cite book | last = Faherty | first = William | title = The St. Louis Irish: An Unmatched Celtic Community | publisher = Missouri Historical Society Press Distributed by University of Missouri Press | location = Saint Louis | year = 2001 | isbn = 9781883982393 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/stlouisirishunma00fahe }}</ref> * Jacob Riis<ref>Riis, Jacob A. "The Unemployed: a Problem". (In Peters, John P., ''Labor and Capital'', a chapter on "Socialism and the Single Tax", pp. 425-431. New York, 1902. 12°. Questions of the day, no. 98.)</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Burrows |first=Edwin |title=Gotham : a history of New York City to 1898 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195140491 |url-access=registration |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |year=1999 |isbn=978-0195140491 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195140491/page/1183 1183]}}</ref> * Charles Edward Russell<ref>{{cite book |last=Mowry |first=George |title=The era of Theodore Roosevelt and the birth of modern America, 1900–1912 |publisher=Harper & Row |location=New York |year=1958 |quote=I conceded the voice of ultimate wisdom and saw in Henry George the apostle of a new gospel. |isbn=978-0061330223 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/eraoftheodoreroo0000mowr}}</ref> * Reihan Salam<ref>{{cite news |last1=Salam |first1=Reihan |title=On Property Taxes |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/agenda/231111/property-taxes-reihan-salam |access-date=19 March 2015 |date=July 15, 2010}}</ref> * Lincoln Steffens<ref>Candeloro, Dominic. “The Single Tax Movement and Progressivism, 1880-1920.” The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. 38, no. 2, 1979, pp. 113–27. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3486892. Accessed 10 Nov. 2025.</ref> * Thomas Phillips Thompson<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Shea |first=Christopher |title=Thompson, Thomas Phillips |url=https://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/thompson_thomas_phillips_16E.html |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=Dictionary of National Biography}}</ref> * Horace Traubel<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Traubel |first1=Horace |title=Progress and Poverty |journal=The Conservator |date=1896 |volume=7–9 |pages=252–253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JjwZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA252 |access-date=13 December 2015}}</ref> * Martin Wolf<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/8f06df9e-8ac1-11df-8e17-00144feab49a.html?siteedition=intl#axzz2gan65rob |title=Why we must halt the land cycle |newspaper=The Financial Times |author=Martin Wolf |date=8 July 2010 |access-date=2 October 2013}}</ref> * Merryn Somerset Webb<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/392c33a6-211f-11e3-8aff-00144feab7de.html#axzz2gan65rob |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210211209/https://www.ft.com/content/392c33a6-211f-11e3-8aff-00144feab7de#axzz2gan65rob |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |title=How a levy based on location values could be the perfect tax |newspaper=The Financial Times |author=Merryn Somerset Webb |date=27 September 2013 |access-date=2 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |user=iddqkfa |author=©ommons $ense 🔰 |number=468204465057566720 |date=19 May 2014 |title=Closet georgist, @MerrynSW, on an entertaining BBC program "Simon Evans Goes to Market", about investing in land #LVT}}</ref> * Tim Worstall<ref>{{cite news |last1=Worstall |first1=Tim |title=What Michael Kinsley Gets Wrong About Taxation |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2012/12/22/what-michael-kinsley-gets-wrong-about-taxation/ |access-date=23 August 2014 |agency=Forbes |date=22 December 2012}}</ref> * Matthew Yglesias<ref>{{cite journal |last=Matthew |first=Yglesias |title=My Five-Point Plan for Fixing Everything |journal=Slate |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2013/10/23/how_to_fix_everything.html |access-date=7 November 2013 |date=23 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/mattyglesias/status/313754546486796288 |title=Twitter / Mattyglesias: WSJ story on Georgism fails |quote=WSJ story on Georgism fails to note that it's clearly correct. |access-date=23 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505024740/https://twitter.com/mattyglesias/status/313754546486796288 |archive-date=5 May 2014}}</ref> {{columns-end}} {{columns-start|num=3}}
=== Artists === * David Bachrach<ref>Wineapple, Brenda. Sister Brother: Gertrude and Leo Stein. Lincoln: U of Nebraska, 2008.</ref> * John Wilson Bengough<ref name="jstor.org">Mills, Allen. "Single Tax, Socialism and the Independent Labour Party of Manitoba: The Political Ideas of F.J. Dixon and S.J. Farmer." Labour / Le Travail 5 (1980): 33–56. JSTOR. Weborn 04 Dec. 2014. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/25139947?ref=no-x-route:ace15c2e1d6b230b7bafc46e82f39f89</ref> * Daniel Carter Beard<ref name="Smith 2008 359">{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Carl |title=Urban Disorder and the Shape of Belief: The Great Chicago Fire, the Haymarket Bomb, and the Model Town of Pullman, Second Edition |year=2008 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |page=359 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3GyutjS7elsC |isbn=9780226764252 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://publicdomainreview.org/essay/moonblight-and-six-feet-of-romance-dan-carter-beards-foray-into-fiction/ |title=Moonblight and Six Feet of Romance: Dan Carter Beard's Foray into Fiction |first=Abigail |last=Walthausen |website=The Public Domain Review}}</ref><ref>J. R. LeMaster, James Darrell Wilson, C. G. H. (1903). The Mark Twain Encyclopedia.</ref> * Matthew Bellamy<ref>[https://archive.today/20110516052501/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article6802083.ece Muse return with new album The Resistance] "''Sure, he has already launched into a passionate soliloquy about Geoism (the land-tax movement inspired by the 19th-century political economist Henry George)''".</ref> * George de Forest Brush<ref>{{cite book |last=Caldwell |first=John |title=American paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art |publisher=The Museum in association with Princeton University Press |location=New York |year=1994 |isbn=978-0691037950}}</ref> * Henry Churchill de Mille<ref>{{cite book |last=Eyman |first=Scott |title=Empire of Dreams: The Epic Life of Cecil B. DeMille |year=2010 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |pages=29, 47 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jwjXltLIqRoC |isbn=9781439180419 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Easton |first=Carol |title=No Intermissions The Life of Agnes de Mille |year=1996 |publisher=Da Capo Press |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/no_inter.htm}}</ref> * William C. deMille<ref>{{cite book |last=Louvish |first=Simon |title=Cecil B. DeMille: A Life in Art |year=2008 |publisher=Macmillan |pages=40, 249 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rgWPLXuXhesC |isbn=9780312377335 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Eyman |first=Scott |title=Empire of Dreams: The Epic Life of Cecil B. DeMille |year=2010 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |page=314 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jwjXltLIqRoC |isbn=9781439180419 |via=Google Books}}</ref> * Walter Burley Griffin<ref>Co-founder of the [https://archive.today/20120525163651/http://www.hgclub.com.au/history.htm Henry George Club], Australia.</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Williams |first=Karl |title=Walter Burley Griffin |url=http://www.prosper.org.au/about/geoists-in-history/walter-burley-griffin/ |access-date=1 October 2013}}</ref> * John Hutchinson<ref name="The Funeral Procession" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Henry George, our hero in the battle for the right (Songs of the Hutchinsons) |url=http://www.oocities.org/unclesamsfarm/songs/henrygeorge.htm |access-date=17 November 2013}}</ref> * George Inness<ref>{{cite web |title=George Inness (1825–1894) |date=December 2012 |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/inne/hd_inne.htm |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |access-date=27 August 2014}}</ref> * Emma Lazarus<ref>{{cite book |last=Schor |first=Esther |title=Emma Lazarus |publisher=Random House |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wIgji4llu_wC&q=emma%20lazarus%20progress%20and%20poverty&pg=PA116 |isbn=9780805242751 |via=Google Books}} Author of "The New Colossus", on the Statue of Liberty, and the poem "Progress and Poverty", named after George's book, of which she said, "The life and thought of no one capable of understanding it can be quite the same after reading it."</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Peseroff |first1=Joyce |title=Emma Lazarus |journal=Tikkun |date=March–April 2007 |volume=22 |issue=2 |url=https://www.questia.com/magazine/1P3-1341275061/emma-lazarus |access-date=20 December 2014}} Lazarus "supported Henry George's single tax".</ref> * Agnes de Mille<ref>{{cite web |last=Schwartzman |first=Jack |title=A Remembrance of Anna George de Mille and Agnes de Mille |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/schwartzman-jack_a-remembrance-of-anna-george-de-mille-and-agnes-de-mille-1993.html |access-date=17 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224085337/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/schwartzman-jack_a-remembrance-of-anna-george-de-mille-and-agnes-de-mille-1993.html |archive-date=24 December 2013}}</ref> * Eddie Palmieri<ref>{{cite web |last1=Johnson |first1=Catalina Maria |title=Happy Birthday, Eddie Palmieri! Alt.Latino Helps El Maestro Blow Out 81 Candles |url=http://wmot.org/post/happy-birthday-eddie-palmieri-altlatino-helps-el-maestro-blow-out-81-candles |publisher=WMOT |access-date=12 January 2018}}</ref> * Banjo Paterson<ref>McQueen, Humphrey. A New Britannia. St. Lucia, Qld.: U of Queensland, 2004.</ref> * Louis Prang<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mills |first1=Benjamin Fay |title=Louis Prang, Popularizer of Art |journal=Vocations, Vocational Guidance, Hall & Locke Company |date=1911 |volume=10 |page=254 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1xw8AQAAMAAJ |access-date=13 December 2015}}</ref> * William Lightfoot Price<ref>{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Mark |title=Arden |year=2010 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9KxJTJw2GE4C |isbn=9780738585598 |via=Google Books}}</ref> * Frank Stephens<ref name=Shields>{{cite web |title=Forgotten Writings of Arden's Frank Stephens |author=Shields, Jerry |publisher=Collecting Delaware Books |url=http://jnjreid.com/cdb/stephens.html#forgot |access-date=2014-01-25 |archive-date=2014-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203150150/http://jnjreid.com/cdb/stephens.html#forgot |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Frank Lloyd Wright<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wealthandwant.com/docs/Wright_HG%27s_Remedy.html |title=Frank Lloyd Wright on Henry George's Remedy |publisher=Wealthandwant.com |access-date=5 June 2023}}</ref> {{column}}
=== Scientists === * Albert Einstein<ref>[http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/einstein-albert_letters-to-anna-george-demille-1934.html Two letters written in 1934 to Henry George's daughter, Anna George De Mille] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412105846/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/einstein-albert_letters-to-anna-george-demille-1934.html |date=12 April 2011}}. In one letter Einstein writes, "The spreading of these works is a really deserving cause, for our generation especially has many and important things to learn from Henry George."</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Elazar |first1=Daniel |title=Earth Is the Lord's |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/49968352/ |access-date=23 November 2014 |agency=The Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=February 4, 1955}}</ref> * Jakob Emanuel Lange<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Qk9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA164|title=Single Tax Year Book (quinquennial): The History, Principles and Application of the Single Tax Philosophy|date=1917-01-01|publisher=Single Tax Review Publishing Company|language=en}}</ref> * Donald Murray<ref>{{cite web |last1=Doran |first1=Bob |title=Donald Murray – Printing Telegraphy Pioneer |url=https://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/historydisplays/FifthFloor/Murray/MurraySpielLR.pdf |website=cs.auckland.ac.nz |publisher=University of Auckland |access-date=3 December 2025 |date=November 2015}}</ref> * Silvanus P. Thompson<ref name="jstor.org" /> * Alfred Russel Wallace<ref>{{cite book |last=Stanley |first=Buder |title=Visionaries and Planners: The Garden City Movement and the Modern Community |year=1990 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=evBdKUyXY7UC |isbn=9780195362886 |via=Google Books}} Wallace described Progress and Poverty as "Undoubtedly the most remarkable and important book of the present century."</ref> {{column}}
=== Businesspeople === * Sam Altman<ref>{{Cite web |last=Altman |first=Sam |date=25 April 2024 |title=Moore's Law for Everything |url=https://moores.samaltman.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425042625/https://moores.samaltman.com/ |archive-date=25 April 2024 |access-date=25 April 2024 |website=Moore's law for everything |quote="The concept is widely supported by economists. The value of land appreciates because of the work society does around it: the network effects of the companies operating around a piece of land, the public transportation that makes it accessible, and the nearby restaurants, coffeeshops, and access to nature that makes it desirable. Because the landowner didn’t do all that work, it’s fair for that value to be shared with the larger society that did."}}</ref> * Vitalik Buterin<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DqnnXhoj0AA | title=Vitalik Buterin on Georgism | website=YouTube | date=27 June 2022 }}</ref> * Joseph Fels<ref>{{cite book |last=Dudden |first=Arthur |title=Joseph Fels and the single tax movement |url=https://archive.org/details/josephfelssingle00dudd |url-access=registration |year=1971 |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=9780877220107}}</ref><ref name="Robert Schalkenbach Foundation"/> * Henry Ford<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wilhelm |first1=Donald |title=Henry Ford Talks About War and Your Future |url=http://wealthandwant.com/docs/unindexed/FordH_1942.htm |access-date=23 November 2014 |agency=Liberty Magazine |date=September 5, 1942 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324142749/http://wealthandwant.com/docs/unindexed/FordH_1942.htm |url-status=dead }} Henry Ford says that "every American family can have a piece of land. We ought to tax all idle land the way Henry George said—tax it heavily, so that its owners would have to make it productive."</ref> * John C. Lincoln<ref>{{cite web |last=Lincoln |first=John |title=Fighting For Fundamentals |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/lincoln-john_fighting-for-fundamentals-1928.html |access-date=5 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224111525/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/lincoln-john_fighting-for-fundamentals-1928.html |archive-date=24 December 2013}}</ref> * George Foster Peabody<ref name="books.google.com"/><ref name="dlg.galileo.usg.edu"/> * Rory Sutherland<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Has Advertising Become Political? - Rory Sutherland (2025) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x6VyvxqjPXA |access-date=9 April 2025 |website=www.youtube.com| date=12 March 2025 }}</ref> * Fiske Warren<ref>{{cite news |title=American Single Taxers Invade Tiny Andorra; Fiske Warren Carries Their Gospel to the Republic Hidden for Twelve Centuries in the Pyrenees Between France and Spain |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B10FF385512738FDDAF0994DC405B868DF1D3 |access-date=9 December 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=April 16, 1916}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sinclair |first1=Upton |title=The Consequences of Land Speculation are Tenantry and Debt on the Farms, and Slums and Luxury in the Cities |url=http://savingcommunities.org/docs/sinclair.upton/consequences.html |access-date=29 July 2014}}</ref> * Vivienne Westwood<ref>{{cite web | url=https://daily.fattail.com.au/vivienne-westwood-and-her-cure-for-the-boom-bust-cycle/20230103/ | title=Vivienne Westwood and Her Cure for the Boom/Bust Cycle | date=3 January 2023 }}</ref> {{column}}
=== Military === * William C. Gorgas<ref>Monroe, John Lawrence "Footnote to Fame". Reprinted from The Henry George News, June, 1951. https://cooperative-individualism.org/monroe-john-lawrence_a-remembrance-of-william-gorgas-1951-jun.pdf</ref> * Buckey O'Neill<ref>{{cite news |title=Offers $250,000 For a Single Tax Campaign: Joseph Fels Pledges That Sum for Five Years Here and in England. If There Is An Equal Fund Commission of Single Taxers Formed to Raise the Fund – Roosevelt, Taft, and Hughes Said to be Friendly. | work=The New York Times |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9904E3D71738E033A2575BC0A9639C946897D6CF |access-date=30 October 2014 |agency=New York Times |date=May 8, 1909}}</ref> * Raymond A. Spruance<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Quiet Warrior |first=Thomas B. |last=Buell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O09FRikxjhMC |publisher=Little, Brown |location=Boston |year=1974 |isbn=9780870215629 |via=Google Books}}</ref> {{column}}
=== Philosophers === * Salem Bland<ref name="Goldsborough 2016">{{cite web |last=Goldsborough |first=Gordon |year=2016 |title=Salem Goldworth Bland (1859–1950) |url=http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/people/bland_s.shtml |work=Memorable Manitobans |location=Winnipeg, Manitoba |publisher=Manitoba Historical Society |access-date=9 May 2019}}</ref> * Ralph Borsodi<ref>{{cite book |last=Carlson |first=Allan |title=The New Agrarian Mind: The Movement Toward Decentralist Thought in Twentieth-Century America |publisher=Transaction Publishers |date=2004 |page=51}}</ref> * Ludwig Büchner<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Silagi |first1=M. |last2=Faulkner |first2=S. |year=1993 |title=Henry George and Europe: Early Efforts to Organize Germany's Land Reformers Failed, but the Pioneers Won a National Demonstration |journal=The American Journal of Economics and Sociology |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=119–127 |quote=The meeting was chaired by the materialist philosopher Ludwig Biichner. He was an admirer of Henry George and had been won over to the [land reform] movement by Fliirscheim. |doi=10.1111/j.1536-7150.1993.tb02753.x |jstor=3487644}}</ref> * Nicholas Murray Butler<ref>{{cite journal |last=Buttenheim |first=Harold S. |title=The Relation of Housing to Taxation |journal=Law and Contemporary Problems |date=March 1934 |volume=1, No. 2 |issue=Low-Cost Housing and Slum Clearance: A Symposium |pages=198–205 |doi=10.2307/1189565 |jstor=1189565 |url=https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1706&context=lcp|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Butler |first=Nicholas |title=Progress and Poverty |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/butler-nicholas-murray_progress-and-poverty-1931-01.pdf |work=Commencement Speech, Columbia University (1931) |access-date=23 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213224031/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/butler-nicholas-murray_progress-and-poverty-1931-01.pdf |archive-date=13 December 2014}}</ref> * Frank Chodorov<ref>{{cite web |title=Frank Chodorov |url=http://www.wealthandwant.com/themes/Chodorov.html |access-date=30 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Frank Chodorov |url=https://mises.org/daily/author/112 |access-date=30 November 2013}}</ref> * John B. Cobb<ref name="Daly 1994 258–259, 328–329">{{cite book |last=Daly |first=Herman |title=For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy Toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future |year=1994 |publisher=Beacon Press |pages=258–259, 328–329 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TZAIU1yqyRkC |isbn=9780807047057 |via=Google Books}}</ref> * John Dewey<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wealthandwant.com/HG/PP/Dewey_Appreciation_HG.html |title=John Dewey: An Appreciation of Henry George |website=www.wealthandwant.com |access-date=9 October 2017}}</ref><ref>Williams, Karl. "Geoists in History: John Dewey (1859-1952)". Reprinted from PROGRESS, September-November 2011. https://cooperative-individualism.org/williams-karl_john-dewey-2011-sep-nov.pdf</ref> * Spencer Heath<ref>{{cite journal |last1=MacCallum |first1=Spencer H. |title=The Alternative Georgist Tradition |journal=Fragments |date=Summer–Fall 1997 |volume=35 |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/maccallum-spencer_alternative-georgist-tradition-1997-02.pdf |access-date=30 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030071512/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/maccallum-spencer_alternative-georgist-tradition-1997-02.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Foldvary |first1=Fred E. |title=Heath: Estranged Georgist |journal=American Journal of Economics and Sociology |date=April 2004 |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=411–431 |doi=10.1111/j.0002-9246.2004.00295.x}}</ref> * Leon MacLaren<ref>{{cite web |title=The Life of Leon MacLaren |url=http://www.maclarenfoundation.net/life1.htm |access-date=25 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131223055828/http://maclarenfoundation.net/life1.htm |archive-date=23 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The School of Economic Science |url=http://www.henrygeorgefoundation.org/cej/the-school-of-economic-science.html |access-date=25 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006175720/http://www.henrygeorgefoundation.org/cej/the-school-of-economic-science.html |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="Stewart, John, 1931–2001"/> * Franz Oppenheimer<ref name="Henry George and Zionism" /><ref>Williams, Karl. "Geoist in History: Franz Oppenheimer (1864-1943)". Reprinted from PROGRESS, Summer 2020. https://cooperative-individualism.org/williams-karl_franz-oppenheimer-2020-summer.pdf</ref> * Walter Rauschenbusch * Bertrand Russell<ref>{{cite book |title=The Basic Writings of Bertrand Russell, 1903–1959 |first=Bertrand |last=Russel |author-link=Bertrand Russell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gO1IP81kuQIC&pg=PA492 |publisher=Psychology Press |year=1992 |page=492 |isbn=9780415083010 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Freedom versus Organization |first=Bertrand |last=Russel |author-link=Bertrand Russell |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/russell-bertrand_power-of-money.html |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=1962}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/russell-bertrand_admiration-for-henry-george-1960.jpg |title=from: The Earl Russel, O.M., F.R.S. |access-date=19 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004212820/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/russell-bertrand_admiration-for-henry-george-1960.jpg |archive-date=4 October 2013}} Letter addressed to a Mr. Krumreig</ref> * Hillel Steiner<ref>Vallentyne, Peter. ''Left-libertarianism: A Primer''. In Vallentyne, Peter; Steiner, Hillel (2000). "[http://klinechair.missouri.edu/docs/ll_primer.pdf Left-libertarianism and Its Critics: The Contemporary Debate]". Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Publishers Ltd. "''Georgist libertarians''—such as eponymous George (1879, 1892), Steiner (1977, 1980, 1981, 1992, 1994), and Tideman (1991, 1997, 1998)—hold that agents may appropriate unappropriated natural resources as long as they pay for the competitive value of the rights they claim."</ref> * Philippe Van Parijs<ref>{{cite book |last=Van Parijs |first=Philippe |title=Introduction to Arguing for Basic Income |year=1992 |publisher=Verso |location=London |pages=3–43 |url=http://www.uclouvain.be/cps/ucl/doc/etes/documents/1992.Verso_-_Intro__Competing_.final.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Sterba |first=James P. |title=From Rationality to Equality |year=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=193 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sob86PqcrbYC |isbn=9780199580767 |via=Google Books}}</ref> * Curtis Yarvin<ref>Yarvin, Curtis, [https://www.unqualified-reservations.org/2007/05/good-government-as-good-customer Good government as good customer service]</ref><ref>Yarvin, Curtis, [https://www.unqualified-reservations.org/2007/08/against-political-freedom Against political freedom]</ref> {{columns-end}}
== See also == {{cols|colwidth=21em}} * ''Agrarian Justice'' * Agrarian socialism * ATCOR * Causes of poverty * Classical economics * Classical liberalism * Diggers * Excess burden of taxation * Externality * Feudalism * Free-market environmentalism * Freiwirtschaft * Green economy * Labor economics * ''Laissez-faire'' * Landed property * Land law * Land registration * Land tenure * Law of rent * Lockean proviso * Manorialism * Natural and legal rights * Neoclassical liberalism * Physiocracy * Poverty reduction * Radical centrism * Tax shift * Three Principles of the People * Tragedy of the anticommons * Wealth concentration * YIMBY {{colend}}
== References == {{reflist}}
== External links == *{{Wikiquote-inline}} {{property navbox}} {{schools of economic thought}}
Category:Georgism Category:Agrarianism Category:Economic ideologies Category:Eponymous economic ideologies Category:Eponymous political ideologies Category:Land value taxation Category:Left-libertarianism Category:History of liberalism Category:Property taxes Category:Schools of economic thought Category:Tax reform Category:Tax reform in the United States