{{Short description|None}} {{Redirect |Geometer |the moth family |geometer moth}} {{Redirect |Geometrician |the moth |Grammodes stolida{{!}}''Grammodes stolida''}} [[File:Oxyrhynchus papyrus with Euclid's Elements.jpg|right|thumb|250px|One of the oldest surviving fragments of Euclid's ''Elements'', found at Oxyrhynchus and dated to {{Circa|100 AD}} (P. Oxy. 29). The diagram accompanies Book II, Proposition 5.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.math.ubc.ca/~cass/Euclid/papyrus/papyrus.html |title=One of the Oldest Extant Diagrams from Euclid |author=Bill Casselman |author-link=Bill Casselman (mathematician) |publisher=University of British Columbia |access-date=2008-09-26}}</ref>]] {{General geometry}}
A '''geometer''' or '''geometrician''' is a mathematician who specializes in geometry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of GEOMETER |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/geometer |website=www.merriam-webster.com |access-date=14 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of GEOMETRICIAN |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/geometrician |website=www.merriam-webster.com |access-date=14 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
Some notable geometers and their main fields of work, chronologically listed, are:
== 1000 BCE to 1 BCE == {{Further|History of geometry}} * Baudhayana (fl. c. 800 BC) – Euclidean geometry * Manava (c. 750 BC–690 BC) – Euclidean geometry * Thales of Miletus (c. 624 BC – c. 546 BC) – Euclidean geometry * Pythagoras (c. 570 BC – c. 495 BC) – Euclidean geometry, Pythagorean theorem * Zeno of Elea (c. 490 BC – c. 430 BC) – Euclidean geometry * Hippocrates of Chios (born c. 470 – 410 BC) – first systematically organized ''Stoicheia – Elements'' (geometry textbook) * Mozi (c. 468 BC – c. 391 BC) * Plato (427–347 BC) * Theaetetus (c. 417 BC – 369 BC) * Autolycus of Pitane (360–c. 290 BC) – astronomy, spherical geometry * Euclid (fl. 300 BC) – ''Elements'', Euclidean geometry (sometimes called the "father of geometry") * Apollonius of Perga (c. 262 BC – c. 190 BC) – Euclidean geometry, conic sections * Archimedes (c. 287 BC – c. 212 BC) – Euclidean geometry * Eratosthenes (c. 276 BC – c. 195/194 BC) – Euclidean geometry * Katyayana (c. 3rd century BC) – Euclidean geometry
== 1–1300 AD == * Hero of Alexandria (c. AD 10–70) – Euclidean geometry * Pappus of Alexandria (c. AD 290–c. 350) – Euclidean geometry, projective geometry * Hypatia of Alexandria (c. AD 370–c. 415) – Euclidean geometry * Brahmagupta (597–668) – Euclidean geometry, cyclic quadrilaterals * Vergilius of Salzburg (c.700–784) – Irish bishop of Aghaboe, Ossory and later Salzburg, Austria; antipodes, and astronomy * Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī (c. 800–c. 860) * Thabit ibn Qurra (826–901) – analytic geometry, non-Euclidean geometry, conic sections * Abu'l-Wáfa (940–998) – spherical geometry, spherical triangles * Ibn al-Haytham (965–c. 1040) * Omar Khayyam (1048–1131) – algebraic geometry, conic sections * Ibn Maḍāʾ (1116–1196)
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== 1301–1800 AD == {| class=wikitable align=right |- align=center |80px<br>Leonardo da Vinci |80px<br>Johannes Kepler |80px<br>Girard Desargues |- align=center |80px<br>René Descartes |80px<br>Blaise Pascal |80px<br>Isaac Newton |- align=center |80px<br>Leonhard Euler |80px<br>Carl Gauss |80px<br>August Möbius |- align=center |80px<br>Nikolai Lobachevsky |80px<br>John Playfair |80px<br>Jakob Steiner |} * Piero della Francesca (1415–1492) * Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) – Euclidean geometry * Jyesthadeva (c. 1500 – c. 1610) – Euclidean geometry, cyclic quadrilaterals * Marin Getaldić (1568–1626) * Jacques-François Le Poivre (1652–1710) – projective geometry * Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) – (used geometric ideas in astronomical work) * Edmund Gunter (1581–1686) * Girard Desargues (1591–1661) – projective geometry; Desargues' theorem * René Descartes (1596–1650) – invented the methodology of analytic geometry, also called ''Cartesian geometry'' after him * Pierre de Fermat (1607–1665) – analytic geometry * Blaise Pascal (1623–1662) – projective geometry * Christiaan Huygens (1629–1695) – evolute * Giordano Vitale (1633–1711) * Philippe de La Hire (1640–1718) – projective geometry * Isaac Newton (1642–1727) – 3rd-degree algebraic curve * Giovanni Ceva (1647–1734) – Euclidean geometry * Johann Jacob Heber (1666–1727) – surveyor and geometer * Giovanni Gerolamo Saccheri (1667–1733) – non-Euclidean geometry * Leonhard Euler (1707–1783) * Tobias Mayer (1723–1762) * Johann Heinrich Lambert (1728–1777) – non-Euclidean geometry * Gaspard Monge (1746–1818) – descriptive geometry * John Playfair (1748–1819) – Euclidean geometry * Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot (1753–1823) – projective geometry * Joseph Diaz Gergonne (1771–1859) – projective geometry; Gergonne point * Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) – Theorema Egregium * Louis Poinsot (1777–1859) * Siméon Denis Poisson (1781–1840) * Jean-Victor Poncelet (1788–1867) – projective geometry * Augustin-Louis Cauchy (1789–1857) * August Ferdinand Möbius (1790–1868) – Euclidean geometry * Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky (1792–1856) – hyperbolic geometry, a non-Euclidean geometry * Michel Chasles (1793–1880) – projective geometry * Germinal Dandelin (1794–1847) – Dandelin spheres in conic sections * Jakob Steiner (1796–1863) – champion of synthetic geometry methodology, projective geometry, Euclidean geometry
== 1801–1900 AD == {| class=wikitable align=right |- align=center |80px<br>Julius Plücker |80px<br>Arthur Cayley |80px<br>Bernhard Riemann |- align=center |80px<br>Richard Dedekind |80px<br>Max Noether |80px<br>Felix Klein |- align=center |80px<BR>Hermann Minkowski |80px<br>Henri Poincaré |80px<BR>Evgraf Fedorov |} * Karl Wilhelm Feuerbach (1800–1834) – Euclidean geometry * Julius Plücker (1801–1868) * János Bolyai (1802–1860) – hyperbolic geometry, a non-Euclidean geometry * Christian Heinrich von Nagel (1803–1882) – Euclidean geometry * Johann Benedict Listing (1808–1882) – topology * Hermann Günther Grassmann (1809–1877) – exterior algebra * Ludwig Otto Hesse (1811–1874) – algebraic invariants and geometry * Ludwig Schlafli (1814–1895) – Regular 4-polytope * Pierre Ossian Bonnet (1819–1892) – differential geometry * Arthur Cayley (1821–1895) * Joseph Bertrand (1822–1900) * Delfino Codazzi (1824–1873) – differential geometry * Bernhard Riemann (1826–1866) – elliptic geometry (a non-Euclidean geometry) and Riemannian geometry * Julius Wilhelm Richard Dedekind (1831–1916) * Ludwig Burmester (1840–1927) – theory of linkages * Edmund Hess (1843–1903) * Albert Victor Bäcklund (1845–1922) * Max Noether (1844–1921) – algebraic geometry * Henri Brocard (1845–1922) – Brocard points * William Kingdon Clifford (1845–1879) – geometric algebra * Pieter Hendrik Schoute (1846–1923) * Felix Klein (1849–1925) * Sofia Vasilyevna Kovalevskaya (1850–1891) * Evgraf Fedorov (1853–1919) * Henri Poincaré (1854–1912) * Luigi Bianchi (1856–1928) – differential geometry * Alicia Boole Stott (1860–1940) * Hermann Minkowski (1864–1909) – non-Euclidean geometry * Henry Frederick Baker (1866–1956) – algebraic geometry * Élie Cartan (1869–1951) * Dmitri Egorov (1869–1931) – differential geometry * Veniamin Kagan (1869–1953) * Raoul Bricard (1870–1944) – descriptive geometry * Ernst Steinitz (1871–1928) – Steinitz's theorem * Marcel Grossmann (1878–1936) * Oswald Veblen (1880–1960) – projective geometry, differential geometry * Nathan Altshiller Court (1881–1968) – author of ''College Geometry'' * Emmy Noether (1882–1935) – algebraic topology * Harry Clinton Gossard (1884–1954) * Arthur Rosenthal (1887–1959) * Helmut Hasse (1898–1979) – algebraic geometry
== 1901–present == {| class=wikitable align=right |- align=center valign=top |<br>H. S. M. Coxeter |80px<br>Ernst Witt |80px<br>Benoit Mandelbrot |- align=center valign=top |80px<br>Branko Grünbaum |80px<br>Michael Atiyah |80px<br>J. H. Conway |- align=center valign=top |80px<br>William Thurston |80px<br>Mikhail Gromov |80px<br>George W. Hart |- align=center valign=top |80px<br>Shing-Tung Yau |60px<br>Károly Bezdek |80px<br>Grigori Perelman |- align=center valign=top |Auroux denis|80px<br>Denis Auroux |}
* William Vallance Douglas Hodge (1903–1975) * Patrick du Val (1903–1987) * Beniamino Segre (1903–1977) – combinatorial geometry * J. C. P. Miller (1906–1981) * André Weil (1906–1998) – Algebraic geometry * H. S. M. Coxeter (1907–2003) – theory of polytopes, non-Euclidean geometry, projective geometry * J. A. Todd (1908–1994) * Daniel Pedoe (1910–1998) * Shiing-Shen Chern (1911–2004) – differential geometry * Ernst Witt (1911–1991) * Rafael Artzy (1912–2006) * Aleksandr Danilovich Aleksandrov (1912–1999) * László Fejes Tóth (1915–2005) * Edwin Evariste Moise (1918–1998) * Aleksei Pogorelov (1919–2002) – differential geometry * Magnus Wenninger (1919–2017) – polyhedron models * Jean-Louis Koszul (1921–2018) * Isaak Yaglom (1921–1988) * Eugenio Calabi (1923–2023) * Benoit Mandelbrot (1924–2010) – fractal geometry * Katsumi Nomizu (1924–2008) – affine differential geometry * Michael S. Longuet-Higgins (1925–2016) * John Leech (1926–1992) * Alexander Grothendieck (1928–2014) – algebraic geometry * Branko Grünbaum (1929–2018) – discrete geometry * Michael Atiyah (1929–2019) * Lev Semenovich Pontryagin (1908–1988) * Geoffrey Colin Shephard (1927��2016) * Norman W. Johnson (1930–2017) * John Milnor (1931–) * Roger Penrose (1931–) * Yuri Manin (1937–2023) – algebraic geometry and diophantine geometry * Vladimir Arnold (1937–2010) – algebraic geometry * Ernest Vinberg (1937–2020) * J. H. Conway (1937–2020) – sphere packing, recreational geometry * Robin Hartshorne (1938–) – geometry, algebraic geometry * Phillip Griffiths (1938–) – algebraic geometry, differential geometry * Enrico Bombieri (1940–) – algebraic geometry * Robert Williams (1942–) * Peter McMullen (1942–) * Richard S. Hamilton (1943–2024) – differential geometry, Ricci flow, Poincaré conjecture * Mikhail Gromov (1943–) * Rudy Rucker (1946–) * William Thurston (1946–2012) * Shing-Tung Yau (1949–) *Michael Freedman (1951–) * Egon Schulte (1955–) – polytopes * George W. Hart (1955–) – sculptor * Károly Bezdek (1955–) – discrete geometry, sphere packing, Euclidean geometry, non-Euclidean geometry * Simon Donaldson (1957–) * Kenji Fukaya (1959–) – symplectic geometry * Yong-Geun Oh (1961–) * Toshiyuki Kobayashi (1962–) * Hiraku Nakajima (1962–) – representation theory and geometry * Hwang Jun-Muk (1963–) – algebraic geometry, differential geometry * Grigori Perelman (1966–) – Poincaré conjecture * Maryam Mirzakhani (1977–2017) * Denis Auroux (1977–)
== Geometers in art == {| class=wikitable width=720 |- valign=top |150px<BR>''God as architect of the world'', 1220–1230, from Bible moralisée |150px<BR>Kepler's Platonic solid model of planetary spacing in the Solar System from ''Mysterium Cosmographicum'' (1596) |150px<BR>The Ancient of Days, 1794, by William Blake, with the compass as a symbol for divine order |240px<BR>''Newton'' (1795), by William Blake; here, Newton is depicted critically as a "divine geometer".<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/copyinfo.xq?copyid=but306.1| title = Newton, object 1 (Butlin 306) "Newton"| date = September 25, 2013|publisher = William Blake Archive}}</ref> |}
== See also ==
* Mathematics and architecture
== References == {{Reflist}}
Geometers *