List of genocides

{{Short description|None}} {{protection padlock|small=yes}} {{Use Oxford spelling|date=April 2025}} {{Genocide sidebar}}  This list includes all events which have been classified as genocide by significant scholarship. As there are varying definitions of genocide, this list includes events around which there is ongoing scholarly debate over their classification as ''genocide'' and is not a list of only events which have a scholarly consensus to recognize them as genocide. This list excludes mass killings which have not been explicitly defined as genocidal.{{efn|eg. Thirty Years' War (4.5 to 8 million deaths), Japanese war crimes (30 million deaths), the Red Terror (50,000 to 200,000 deaths), the Great Purge (0.7 to 1.2 million deaths), the Great Leap Forward and the famine which followed it (15 to 55 million deaths).<ref>{{cite book |last1=McKenna |first1=Erin |first2=Scott L. |last2=Pratt |author2-link=Scott L. Pratt |date=2015 |title=American Philosophy: From Wounded Knee to the Present |publisher=Bloomsbury |page=375}}</ref>}} According to the Genocide Convention, genocides have happened in all historical periods.<ref>{{cite web |year=1948 |title=Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide |url=https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.1_Convention%20on%20the%20Prevention%20and%20Punishment%20of%20the%20Crime%20of%20Genocide.pdf |website=The UN |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref>

== Concept of genocide == {{see also|Genocide definitions}} Polish–Jewish lawyer Raphael Lemkin coined the term "genocide" in response to world events such as the Armenian genocide and World War II.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Coining a Word and Championing a Cause: The Story of Raphael Lemkin |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/coining-a-word-and-championing-a-cause-the-story-of-raphael-lemkin |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623112630/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/coining-a-word-and-championing-a-cause-the-story-of-raphael-lemkin |archive-date=23 June 2023 |access-date=23 September 2021 |website=Holocaust Encyclopedia |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum}}</ref> His initial definition was "the destruction of a nation or of an ethnic group" in which its members were not targeted as individuals, but rather as members of the group. The objectives of genocide "would be the disintegration of the political and social institutions, of culture, language, national feelings, religion, and the economic existence of national groups".{{sfn|Bachman|2022|p=48}} Lemkin brought his proposal to criminalize genocide to the newly established United Nations in 1946.{{sfn |Irvin-Erickson |2023|p=20}} Opposition to the convention was greater than Lemkin expected due to states' concerns that it would lead their own policies—including treatment of indigenous peoples, European colonialism, racial segregation in the United States, and Soviet nationalities policy—to be labeled genocide. Before the convention was passed, powerful countries (both Western powers and the Soviet Union) secured changes in an attempt to make the convention unenforceable and applicable to their geopolitical rivals' actions but not their own.{{sfn|Irvin-Erickson|2023|pp=20–21}} Few formerly colonized countries were represented and "most states had no interest in empowering their victims– past, present, and future".{{sfn|Bachman|2021b|p=1021}}

The 1948 Genocide Convention defines genocide as:

{{blockquote|... any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:{{plainlist| * (a) Killing members of the group; * (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; * (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; * (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; * (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.{{sfn|Kiernan|2023|p=6}}}}|sign=|source=}}

The result severely diluted Lemkin's original concept;{{sfn|Curthoys|Docker|2008|pp=13–14}} he privately considered it a failure.{{sfn|Irvin-Erickson|2023|pp=20–21}} Lemkin's anti-colonial conception of genocide was transformed into one that favored colonial powers.{{sfn|Irvin-Erickson|2023|p=22}}{{sfn|Bachman|2021b|p=1020}} Among the violence freed from the stigma of genocide was the destruction of political groups, which the Soviet Union is particularly blamed for blocking.{{sfn|Weiss-Wendt|2017|p=4}}{{sfn|Bachman|2022|p=53}}{{sfn|Curthoys|Docker|2008|pp=13–14}} Although Lemkin credited women's NGOs with securing the passage of the convention, the gendered violence of forced pregnancy, marriage, and divorce was left out.{{sfn|Irvin-Erickson|2023|p=8}} Additionally omitted was the forced migration of populations—which had been carried out by the Soviet Union and its satellites, condoned by the Western Allies, against millions of Germans from central and Eastern Europe.{{sfn|Weiss-Wendt|2017|pp=267–268, 283}}

Many countries have incorporated genocide into their municipal law, varying to a lesser or greater extent from the convention.{{sfn|Schabas|2010|p=123}} The convention's definition of genocide was adopted verbatim by the ''ad hoc'' international criminal tribunals and by the Rome Statute that established the International Criminal Court (ICC).{{sfn|Ozoráková|2022|p=281}} The crime of genocide also exists in customary international law and is therefore prohibited for non-signatories.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2021 |title=Genocide: The legal basis for universal jurisdiction |url=https://www.amnesty.org/es/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/ior530102001en.pdf |website=Amnesty International |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231035342/https://www.amnesty.org/es/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/ior530102001en.pdf |archive-date=31 December 2024}}</ref> Scholarship varies on the definition of genocide employed when analysing whether events are genocidal in nature.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moses |first=A. Dirk |author-link=A. Dirk Moses |date=2021 |title=The Problems of Genocide: Permanent Security and the Language of Transgression |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-316-21730-6 |pages=1–16}}</ref> The Convention and other definitions are generally regarded by the majority of genocide scholars to have an "intent to destroy" as a requirement for any act to be labelled genocide; there is also growing agreement on the inclusion of the physical destruction criterion.<ref name="AdamJones2024">{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Adams |author-link=Adam Jones (Canadian scholar) |title=Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction |publisher=Routledge |year=2024 |isbn=978-1-032-02810-1 |edition=4th |pages=24–29 |quote=There is something of a consensus that group 'destruction' must involve physical liquidation.}}</ref> According to Ernesto Verdeja, associate professor of political science and peace studies at the University of Notre Dame, there are three ways to conceptualize genocide other than the legal definition: in academic social science, in international politics and policy, and in colloquial public usage. Many social scientists do not require that intent be proved beyond a reasonable doubt and may include other groups of people in addition to the legally protected ones, such as political groups<ref name="Samuel 2023">{{Cite web |last1=Narea |first1=Nicole |last2=Samuel |first2=Sigal |date=13 November 2023 |title=How to think through allegations of genocide in Gaza |url=https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/11/13/23954731/genocide-israel-gaza-palestine |access-date=2 July 2024 |website=Vox |location=New York, NY |language=en-US |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709145636/https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/11/13/23954731/genocide-israel-gaza-palestine |archive-date=9 July 2024}}</ref>{{sfn|Burga|2023}} (which can also be termed politicide). The international politics and policy definition centres around prevention policy and intervention and may actually mean "large-scale violence against civilians" when used by governments and international organizations.<ref name="Samuel 2023"/> Lastly, Verdeja says the way the general public colloquially uses "genocide" is usually "as a stand-in term for the greatest evils".<ref name="Samuel 2023"/>

== List ==  The term genocide is contentious and as a result its definition varies. This list only considers acts which are recognized in significant scholarship as genocides.

{{Table alignment}} {|class="sortable wikitable col1left col2left col7left" style="text-align:center" |+List of genocides in reverse chronological order |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" width="35%" | Event ! scope="col" rowspan="2" width="35%" | Location ! scope="col" colspan="2" width="15%" | Period ! scope="col" colspan="2" width="15%" | Estimated killings |- ! From ! To ! Lowest ! Highest |- ! scope="col" colspan="2" class="unsortable" | Description ! scope="col" colspan="4" class="unsortable" | Proportion of group killed

|- | Gaza genocide | data-sort-value="Palestine"| Israeli-occupied Gaza Strip, Palestine | 2023 | Present | {{nts|70369}}{{efn|name=gazamoh|Per the Gaza Health Ministry and Government Information Office,<ref name="snapshot">{{#invoke:cite|web|date=10 December 2025 |title=Reported impact snapshot – Gaza Strip (10 December 2025) |url=https://www.ochaopt.org/content/reported-impact-snapshot-gaza-strip-10-december-2025 |work=Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs}}</ref> which has previously been deemed reliable by prominent and independent organizations.<ref>{{cite news |last=Prothero |first=Mitchell |date=25 January 2024 |title=Israeli Intelligence Has Deemed Hamas-Run Health Ministry's Death Toll Figures Generally Accurate |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/israeli-intelligence-health-ministry-death-toll/ |work=Vice News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303132219/https://www.vice.com/en/article/y3w4w7/israeli-intelligence-health-ministry-death-toll |archive-date=3 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Huynh |first1=Benjamin Q. |last2=Chin |first2=Elizabeth T. |last3=Spiegel |first3=Paul B. |date=6 December 2023 |title=No evidence of inflated mortality reporting from the Gaza Ministry of Health |journal=The Lancet |volume=403 |number=10421 |pages=23–24 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02713-7 |pmid=38070526}}</ref> In the same period at least 700 Palestinians have been killed in the West Bank.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Siddiqui |first1=Usaid |last2=Najjar |first2=Farah |date=20 September 2024 |title=Israel's war on Gaza updates: 'Netanyahu knows Americans can't stop him' – Here's what happened today |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/9/20/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israeli-attacks-kill-dozens-in-gaza-west-bank-2?update=3192255 |publisher=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921134541/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/9/20/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israeli-attacks-kill-dozens-in-gaza-west-bank-2?update=3192255 |archive-date=21 September 2024}}</ref>}} | {{nts|335,500}}{{efn|Using methods described in ''The Lancet'',<ref name="Lancet 2024">{{cite journal |last1=Khatib |first1=Rasha |last2=McKee |first2=Martin |author2-link=Martin McKee |last3=Yusuf |first3=Salim |author3-link=Salim Yusuf |date=5 July 2024 |title=Counting the dead in Gaza: difficult but essential |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01169-3/fulltext |journal=The Lancet |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=404 |issue=10449 |pages=237–238 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01169-3 |issn=0140-6736 |pmid=38976995 |quote=Applying a conservative estimate of four indirect deaths per one direct death to the 37 396 deaths reported, it is not implausible to estimate that up to 186 000 or even more deaths could be attributable to the current conflict in Gaza. Using the 2022 Gaza Strip population estimate of 2 375 259, this would translate to 7.9% of the total population in the Gaza Strip.}}</ref> Devi Sridhar, the chair of global health at the University of Edinburgh, wrote in a September 2024 editorial that "the total deaths since the conflict began would be estimated at about 335,500 in total [by the end of 2024]".<ref name="Sridhar 2024">{{cite news |last1=Sridhar |first1=Devi |date=5 September 2024 |title=Scientists are closing in on the true, horrifying scale of death and disease in Gaza |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/article/2024/sep/05/scientists-death-disease-gaza-polio-vaccinations-israel |work=The Guardian |access-date=13 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130100120/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/article/2024/sep/05/scientists-death-disease-gaza-polio-vaccinations-israel |archive-date=30 January 2025}}</ref>}} |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" | The Gaza genocide is the ongoing systematic destruction of the Palestinian people in the Gaza Strip by Israel during the Gaza war, carried out with the intent to destroy Gaza's population in whole or in part through extermination,<ref name="extermination">{{#invoke:list|bulleted|{{harvnb|Murphy|2025}}: "U.N. experts said in a report on Tuesday that Israel committed the crime against humanity of 'extermination' by killing civilians sheltering in schools and religious sites in Gaza, part of a 'concerted campaign to obliterate Palestinian life.{{'"}}|{{#invoke:Cite|web |date=19 December 2024 |title=Israel's Crime of Extermination, Acts of Genocide in Gaza |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/12/19/israels-crime-extermination-acts-genocide-gaza |access-date=16 September 2025 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918070734/https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/12/19/israels-crime-extermination-acts-genocide-gaza |archive-date=18 September 2025}}|{{harvnb|Condon|Condon|2024}}|{{harvnb|Bayoumi|2025}}: "...today it is Israel's acts of extermination and genocide of Palestinians in Gaza, funded and enabled at every turn by a complicit west..."|{{harvnb|Nashed|2025}}: {{"'}}The fact that the claims made by the RSF in Sudan resemble the claims Israel is making in Gaza … reveals the emergence of a template to commit mass extermination and even genocide,' said Luigi Daniele, a senior lecturer on IHL at Nottingham Law School."}}</ref> starvation, bombing, blockade, and invasion. Other genocidal acts include destroying civilian infrastructure, killing healthcare workers and aid-seekers, using mass forced displacement, committing sexual violence, and restricting birth.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=2025-09-16|title=Israel has committed genocide in the Gaza Strip, UN Commission finds|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/09/israel-has-committed-genocide-gaza-strip-un-commission-finds|access-date=2025-09-21|website=OHCHR|language=en}}</ref> The genocide has been recognized by {{Gaza genocide consensus sentence|short=y}} | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" | * More than 10,000 presumed dead under rubble<ref name="10,000">{{cite web |date=3 May 2024 |title=10,000 people feared buried under the rubble in Gaza |url=https://palestine.un.org/en/267691-10000-people-feared-buried-under-rubble-gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505021224/https://palestine.un.org/en/267691-10000-people-feared-buried-under-rubble-gaza |archive-date=5 May 2024 |access-date=5 May 2024 |website=United Nations in Palestine}}</ref> |- | Blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh and expulsion of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians | data-sort-value="Karabakh" | Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan | 2022 | 2023 | | |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |Azerbaijan's blockade and ethnic cleansing of Armenian people through repeated military offensives in Nagorno-Karabakh has been characterized as a genocide in multiple sources.<ref name="u631">{{cite journal |last=Semerdjian |first=Elyse |title=Gazafication and Genocide by Attrition in Artsakh/Nagorno Karabakh and the Occupied Palestinian Territories |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |date=2024-07-17 |issn=1462-3528 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2377871 |pages=1–22 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14623528.2024.2377871 |access-date=2025-11-09}}</ref><ref name="o848">{{cite journal |last=Marsoobian |first=Armen T. |title=Genocide by Other Means: Heritage Destruction, National Narratives, and the Azeri Assault on the Indigenous Armenians of Karabakh |journal=Genocide Studies International |volume=15 |issue=1 |date=2023-08-01 |issn=2291-1847 |doi=10.3138/GSI-2023-0009 |pages=21–33 |url=https://utppublishing.com/doi/10.3138/GSI-2023-0009 |access-date=2025-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eigenman |first1=Hunter L. |title=International Silence on Genocide: Nagorno-Karabakh, a Case Study |journal=Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems |date=2024–2025 |volume=34 |page=272 |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/tlcp34&div=14&id=&page=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mkrtichyan Minasyan |first1=Artak |title=The Failure of the International Community and of the Existing Mechanisms for the Prevention of Genocide in Nagorno-Karabakh |journal=Anuario Espanol de Derecho Internacional |date=2025 |volume=41 |page=421 |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/aedi41&div=14&id=&page=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ocampo |first1=Luis Moreno |title=Genocide Against Armenians in 2023 |journal=Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law |date=2024 |volume=57 |page=1595 |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/vantl57&div=41&id=&page=}}</ref> | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |99.99% of Armenians were expelled from Nagorno-Karabakh to Armenia,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-05 |title=Guarantee Right to Return to Nagorno Karabakh {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/05/guarantee-right-return-nagorno-karabakh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005135532/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/05/guarantee-right-return-nagorno-karabakh |archive-date=5 October 2023 |access-date=2023-10-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite news |last=Ռ/Կ |first=«Ազատություն» |date=2023-11-15 |title=U.S. Says Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians Entitled To Return Home |url=https://www.azatutyun.am/a/32685339.html |access-date=2024-02-10 |work=«Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան |language=hy}}</ref> fleeing through the military checkpoint on the Lachin corridor. |- | Rohingya genocide | data-sort-value="Myanmar"| Rakhine State, Myanmar | 2016 | Present | {{nts|9,000}}–{{nts|13,700}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-14/rohingya-death-toll-in-the-thousands-says-msf/9260552 |title=Rohingya death toll likely above 10,000, MSF says amid exodus |first=James |last=Bennett |date=14 December 2017 |publisher=ABC |access-date=25 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404143330/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-14/rohingya-death-toll-in-the-thousands-says-msf/9260552 |archive-date=4 April 2023}}</ref> | {{nts|43,000}}<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/5187292/rohingya-crisis-missing-parents-refugees-bangladesh/ |title=More Than 43,000 Rohingya Parents May Be Missing. Experts Fear They Are Dead |first=Laignee |last=Barron |date=8 March 2018 |magazine=Time |access-date=25 August 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213100432/https://time.com/5187292/rohingya-crisis-missing-parents-refugees-bangladesh/ |archive-date=13 February 2023}}</ref> |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" | The Rohingya genocide<ref>{{bulleted list| |{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/open-future/2018/05/23/the-rohingya-crisis-bears-all-the-hallmarks-of-a-genocide |title=The Rohingya crisis bears all the hallmarks of a genocide |newspaper=The Economist |author=R. C. |date=23 May 2018 |access-date=25 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726042531/https://www.economist.com/open-future/2018/05/23/the-rohingya-crisis-bears-all-the-hallmarks-of-a-genocide |archive-date=26 July 2023}} |{{cite web |url=https://www.cfr.org/interview/rohingya-crisis-and-meaning-genocide |title=The Rohingya Crisis and the Meaning of Genocide |first=Camilla |last=Siazon |date=8 May 2018 |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |access-date=25 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405110008/https://www.cfr.org/interview/rohingya-crisis-and-meaning-genocide |archive-date=5 April 2023}} |{{cite news |url=https://www.apnews.com/187143b5b0f94011b886bc6f8979afc0/UN-official-says-Rohingya-crisis-has-%27hallmarks-of-genocide%27 |title=UN official says Rohingya crisis has 'hallmarks of genocide' |date=1 February 2018 |work=Associated Press News |access-date=25 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405110009/https://apnews.com/187143b5b0f94011b886bc6f8979afc0/UN-official-says-Rohingya-crisis-has-%27hallmarks-of-genocide%27 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |url-status=dead}} |{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/10/23/opinions/myanmar-rohingya-genocide/index.html |title=There's only one conclusion on the Rohingya in Myanmar: It's genocide |first=Azeem |last=Ibrahim |date=23 October 2017 |work=CNN |access-date=25 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604112756/https://www.cnn.com/2017/10/23/opinions/myanmar-rohingya-genocide/index.html |archive-date=4 June 2023}} }}</ref> is a series of ongoing persecutions and killings of the Muslim Rohingya people by the military of Myanmar. The genocide has consisted of two phases to date: the first was a military crackdown that occurred from October 2016 to January 2017, and the second has been occurring since August 2017.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hunt |first=Katie |title=Rohingya crisis: How we got here |url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/11/12/asia/rohingya-crisis-timeline/index.html |access-date=3 February 2021 |publisher=CNN |date=13 November 2017 |archive-date=13 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113042510/https://www.cnn.com/2017/11/12/asia/rohingya-crisis-timeline/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The crisis forced over a million Rohingya to flee to other countries. Most fled to Bangladesh, resulting in the creation of the world's largest refugee camp,<ref name="the_biggest_refugee_camp_2018_03_14_nytimes_com">{{cite news |last1=Sengupta |first1=Somini |first2=Henry |last2=Fountain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/14/climate/bangladesh-rohingya-refugee-camp.html |title=The Biggest Refugee Camp Braces for Rain: 'This Is Going to Be a Catastrophe'; More than half a million Rohingya refugees face looming disaster from floods and landslides... |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224135847/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/14/climate/bangladesh-rohingya-refugee-camp.html |archive-date=24 February 2021 |date=14 March 2018 |work=The New York Times |access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> while others escaped to India, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, and other parts of South and Southeast Asia, where they continue to face persecution. The Rohingya are denied citizenship under the 1982 Myanmar nationality law, and are regarded as Bengali immigrants by the Myanmar government, to the extent it refuses to acknowledge the Rohingya's existence as a valid ethnic group.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41566561 |title=Myanmar Rohingya: What you need to know about the crisis |date=24 April 2018 |publisher=BBC |access-date=25 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022074920/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41566561 |archive-date=22 October 2023}}</ref> | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" | Before the 2015 refugee crisis, the Rohingya population in Myanmar was around 1.0 to 1.3 million. Since 2015, over 900,000 Rohingya refugees have fled to southeastern Bangladesh alone, and more to other surrounding countries. More than 100,000 Rohingyas in Myanmar are confined in camps for internally displaced persons. |- | Persecution of Uyghurs in China |date-sort-value="China"|Xinjiang, China | 2016 | Present | | |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |Widespread human rights violations by the Chinese Communist Party against the Uyghur people (a Turkic ethnic group) and other Muslim minorities have often been characterized as genocide.<ref>{{bulleted list| |{{cite journal |last=Finley |first=Joanne |year=2020 |title=Why Scholars and Activists Increasingly Fear a Uyghur Genocide in Xinjiang |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |publication-place=Newcastle University |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=348–370 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2020.1848109 |s2cid=236962241 |issn=1462-3528}} |{{Cite journal |last=Fiskejö |first=Magnus |year=2020 |title=Forced Confessions as Identity Conversion in China's Concentration Camps |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-monde-chinois-2020-2-page-28.htm |journal={{ill|Monde Chinois|fr|Monde chinois (revue)}} |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=28–43 |via=Cairn.info}} |{{cite report |first=Azeem |last=Ibrahim |others=et al. |date=March 2021 |title=The Uyghur Genocide: An Examination of China's Breaches of the 1948 Genocide Convention |publisher=Newlines Institute|url=https://newlinesinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/Chinas-Breaches-of-the-GC3-2.pdf}} |{{cite report |last=Macdonald |first=Alison |others=et al |publisher=Essex Court Chambers |title=International Criminal Responsibility For Crimes Against Humanity And Genocide Against The Uyghur Population In The Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region |url=https://14ee1ae3-14ee-4012-91cf-a6a3b7dc3d8b.usrfiles.com/ugd/14ee1a_3f31c56ca64a461592ffc2690c9bb737.pdf |date=February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250106020333/https://14ee1ae3-14ee-4012-91cf-a6a3b7dc3d8b.usrfiles.com/ugd/14ee1a_3f31c56ca64a461592ffc2690c9bb737.pdf |archive-date=6 January 2025}} |{{Cite journal |title=Is the International Criminal Court a Dead-end for the Uyghurs' Case? The Implications of the OTP's Refusal to Open an Investigation into the Situations in Tajikistan/China and Cambodia/China |first=Kenza |last=Mena |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3927792 |date=1 July 2021 |ssrn=3927792 |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3927792 |url-access=subscription}} |{{Cite web |last1=Piotrowicz |first1=Ryszard |date=14 July 2020 |title=Legal expert: forced birth control of Uighur women is genocide – can China be put on trial? |url=https://theconversation.com/legal-expert-forced-birth-control-of-uighur-women-is-genocide-can-china-be-put-on-trial-142414 |website=The Conversation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217023810/https://theconversation.com/legal-expert-forced-birth-control-of-uighur-women-is-genocide-can-china-be-put-on-trial-142414 |archive-date=17 December 2023}} |{{cite journal |title=Genocidal processes: social death in Xinjiang |first=David |last=Tobin |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |date=22 November 2021 |volume=45 |issue=16 |pages=93–121 |doi=10.1080/01419870.2021.2001556}} |{{cite web |year=2021 |title=Chinese Persecution of the Uyghurs |url=https://www.ushmm.org/genocide-prevention/countries/china/case-study/current-risks/chinese-persecution-of-the-uyghurs |website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217161306/https://www.ushmm.org/genocide-prevention/countries/china/case-study/current-risks/chinese-persecution-of-the-uyghurs |archive-date=17 December 2024}} |{{Cite web |date=28 June 2021 |title=CASCA Statement on Xinjiang |url=https://www.cas-sca.ca/images/CASCA_Statement_on_Xinjiang.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701124701/https://www.cas-sca.ca/images/CASCA_Statement_on_Xinjiang.pdf |archive-date=1 July 2021 |access-date=4 July 2021 |website=Canadian Anthropology Society}} |{{cite news |date=4 July 2020 |title=China Suppression Of Uighur Minorities Meets U.N. Definition Of Genocide, Report Says |publisher=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/07/04/887239225/china-suppression-of-uighur-minorities-meets-u-n-definition-of-genocide-report-s |url-status=live |access-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019141640/https://www.npr.org/2020/07/04/887239225/china-suppression-of-uighur-minorities-meets-u-n-definition-of-genocide-report-s |archive-date=19 October 2020}} }}</ref> There have been reports of mass arbitrary arrests and detention, torture, mass surveillance, cultural and religious persecution, family separation, forced labour, sexual violence, and violations of reproductive rights, including forced abortion and compulsory sterilization.<ref name="Finley-2020">{{cite journal |last=Finley|first=Joanne|year=2020|title=Why Scholars and Activists Increasingly Fear a Uyghur Genocide in Xinjiang|journal=Journal of Genocide Research|publication-place=Newcastle University|volume=23|issue=3|pages=348–370|doi=10.1080/14623528.2020.1848109|s2cid=236962241|issn=1462-3528}}</ref><ref name="HRW202104">{{cite report |date=19 April 2021 |title=Break Their Lineage, Break Their Roots |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/04/19/break-their-lineage-break-their-roots/chinas-crimes-against-humanity-targeting |access-date=19 April 2021 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250106020345/https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/04/19/break-their-lineage-break-their-roots/chinas-crimes-against-humanity-targeting |archive-date=6 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Congressional Research Service |date=18 June 2019 |title=Uyghurs in China |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/IF10281.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Congressional Research Service |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218075723/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/IF10281.pdf |archive-date=18 December 2020 |access-date=2 December 2019}}</ref> The Uyghur Tribunal concluded that there was "no evidence of mass killings" but that "alleged efforts to prevent births amounted to genocidal intent."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-59595952 |title=China committed genocide against Uyghurs, independent tribunal rules |date=9 December 2021 |last=Gunter |first=Joel |work=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307050644/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-59595952 |archive-date=7 March 2025}}</ref> Human Rights Watch stated in its 2021 report that the organization "has not documented the existence of the necessary genocidal intent at this time."<ref name="HRW202104"/> | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" | *Birth rates among Uyghurs had fallen by 24% as of 2020 due to Chinese policies.<ref>{{cite news |title=China cuts Uighur births with IUDs, abortion, sterilization |work=Associated Press News |date=28 June 2020 |access-date=18 December 2020 |url=https://apnews.com/article/269b3de1af34e17c1941a514f78d764c |archive-date=16 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216200613/https://apnews.com/article/269b3de1af34e17c1941a514f78d764c |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | Ukrainian genocide |data-sort-value="Ukraine"| Ukraine (including Russian-occupied Ukraine) | 2014 | Present | {{nts|18,000}}{{refn|name=Ukr|group=N|3,404 killed between 2014–2022,<ref name="OHCHR">{{Cite web |date=27 January 2022 |title=Conflict-related civilian casualties in Ukraine |url=https://ukraine.un.org/sites/default/files/2022-02/Conflict-related%20civilian%20casualties%20as%20of%2031%20December%202021%20%28rev%2027%20January%202022%29%20corr%20EN_0.pdf |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601112636/https://ukraine.un.org/sites/default/files/2022-02/Conflict-related%20civilian%20casualties%20as%20of%2031%20December%202021%20%28rev%2027%20January%202022%29%20corr%20EN_0.pdf |archive-date=1 June 2023 |page=3}}</ref> and 14,755 killed since the February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine<ref>{{cite news |title=Ukraine faces freezing winter under fire as UN warns of rising civilian toll |work=UN News |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/12/1166545 |date=9 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251224215739/https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/12/1166545 |archive-date=24 December 2025}}</ref>}} | {{nts|50,000}}<ref>{{cite news |publisher=Radio France Internationale |agency=Agence France-Presse |title=Toll of Ukraine war high but exact figures shrouded in secrecy |date=21 February 2024 |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/international-news/20240221-toll-of-ukraine-war-high-but-exact-figures-shrouded-in-secrecy |access-date=6 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912083507/https://www.rfi.fr/en/international-news/20240221-toll-of-ukraine-war-high-but-exact-figures-shrouded-in-secrecy |archive-date=12 September 2024}}</ref> |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" | Several genocide scholars,<ref>{{bulleted list| |{{cite news |last=Buncombe |first=Andrew |title=Killings in Ukraine amount to genocide, Holocaust expert says |date=5 April 2022 |newspaper=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/ukraine-bucha-war-crimes-genocide-b2050897.html |access-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409165511/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/ukraine-bucha-war-crimes-genocide-b2050897.html |archive-date=9 April 2022 |url-status=live}} |{{cite news |last=Finkel |first=Eugene |author-link=Evgeny Finkel |title=Opinion: What's happening in Ukraine is genocide. Period. |date=5 April 2022 |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/04/05/russia-is-committing-genocide-in-ukraine |access-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220412180205/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/04/05/russia-is-committing-genocide-in-ukraine/ |archive-date=12 April 2022 |url-status=live}} |{{cite news |last=Snyder |first=Timothy D. |author-link=Timothy D. Snyder |date=8 April 2022 |title=Russia's genocide handbook |website=Substack |url=https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook |access-date=9 April 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408194801/https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook |archive-date=8 April 2022}} |{{cite journal |last=Shaw |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Shaw (sociologist) |date=8 March 2023 |title=Russia's Genocidal War in Ukraine: Radicalization and Social Destruction |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=25 |number=3–4 |pages=352–370 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2023.2185372 |hdl=10230/60137 |hdl-access=free}} |{{cite journal |last=Etkind |first=Alexander |date=11 May 2022 |title=Ukraine, Russia, and Genocide of Minor Differences |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=25 |number=3–4 |pages=384–402 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2022.2082911}} |{{cite journal |last=Mälksoo |first=Maria |date=7 June 2022 |title=The Postcolonial Moment in Russia's War Against Ukraine |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=25 |number=3–4 |pages=471–481 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2022.2074947 |url=https://researchprofiles.ku.dk/da/publications/a0bab767-e577-412e-a1c6-a24a212ab27d }} }}</ref> commentators, legal experts, human rights organizations and the national parliaments of several countries have declared that Russian war crimes and crimes against humanity committed against Ukrainian civilians during the Russo-Ukrainian war, including mass killings, deliberate attacks on shelters, evacuation routes, and humanitarian corridors, indiscriminate bombardment of residential areas, deliberate and systematic infliction of life-threatening conditions by military sieges, rape and sexual violence amount to genocide and incitement to genocide with intent to destroy the Ukrainian national group.<ref name="BBC_Stanton_RU_genocidal_intent">{{cite news |last1=Wright |first1=George |title=Ukraine war: Is Russia committing genocide? |date=13 April 2022 |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61017352 |access-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422194536/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61017352 |archive-date=22 April 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2022 |title=An Independent Legal Analysis of the Russian Federations Breaches of the Genocide Convention in Ukraine and the Duty to Prevent |url=https://newlinesinstitute.org/russia/an-independent-legal-analysis-of-the-russian-federations-breaches-of-the-genocide-convention-in-ukraine-and-the-duty-to-prevent/ |access-date=27 May 2022 |website=New Lines Institute |language=en |archive-date=16 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616060728/https://newlinesinstitute.org/russia/an-independent-legal-analysis-of-the-russian-federations-breaches-of-the-genocide-convention-in-ukraine-and-the-duty-to-prevent/ |url-status=live}}</ref> This further escalated following the 2022 invasion of Ukraine by Russia, including through Russia's kidnapping of Ukrainian children from occupied territory, which prompted ICC arrest warrants against Vladimir Putin and other Russian officials. | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" | * Also includes the unlawful deportation and transfer of over 307,000 Ukrainian children into Russia.<ref name="ICCPressRelease">{{Cite web |url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/situation-ukraine-icc-judges-issue-arrest-warrants-against-vladimir-vladimirovich-putin-and |title=Situation in Ukraine: ICC judges issue arrest warrants against Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin and Maria Alekseyevna Lvova-Belova |website=International Criminal Court |access-date=18 March 2023 |language=en |date=17 March 2023 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317151628/https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/situation-ukraine-icc-judges-issue-arrest-warrants-against-vladimir-vladimirovich-putin-and |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Deporting Ukrainian children and "Russifying" them is jeopardizing the future of Ukraine |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/opinion/article/2022/08/05/deporting-ukrainian-children-and-russifying-them-is-jeopardizing-the-future-of-ukraine_5992568_23.html |work=Le Monde |date=5 August 2022 |access-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230913012540/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/opinion/article/2022/08/05/deporting-ukrainian-children-and-russifying-them-is-jeopardizing-the-future-of-ukraine_5992568_23.html |archive-date=13 September 2023}}</ref> |- | Yazidi genocide | data-sort-value="Iraq"| Iraq and Syria (within Islamic State territory) | 2014 | 2017 | {{nts|2,100}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11160906/Isil-carried-out-massacres-and-mass-sexual-enslavement-of-Yazidis-UN-confirms.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11160906/Isil-carried-out-massacres-and-mass-sexual-enslavement-of-Yazidis-UN-confirms.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Isil carried out massacres and mass sexual enslavement of Yazidis, UN confirms |work=The Daily Telegraph |last=Spencer |first=Richard |date=14 October 2014 |access-date=13 October 2019 |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref> | {{nts|5,000}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-yazidis-idUSKBN18527I/ |title=Nearly 10,000 Yazidis killed, kidnapped by Islamic State in 2014, study finds |publisher=Reuters |date=9 May 2017 |language=en-us |access-date=3 May 2021 |last1=Taylor |first1=Lin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530060724/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-yazidis-idUSKBN18527I |archive-date=30 May 2023}}</ref> |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" | The Yazidi genocide was perpetrated by the Islamic State throughout Iraq and Syria between 2014 and 2017.<ref name="US recognition">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/03/17/politics/us-iraq-syria-genocide/index.html |title=John Kerry: ISIS responsible for genocide |publisher=CNN |date=17 March 2016 |access-date=17 March 2016 |first1=Elise |last1=Labott |first2=Tal |last2=Kopan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317121954/http://www.cnn.com/2016/03/17/politics/us-iraq-syria-genocide/index.html |archive-date=17 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBCRussian">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/russian/rolling_news/2015/03/150319_rn_yazidis_un_is_genocide |language=ru |title=UN accuses the 'Islamic State' in the genocide of the Yazidis |date=19 March 2015 |work=BBC Russian Service/BBC |access-date=16 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.svoboda.org/content/article/26909669.html |title=The UN has blamed 'Islamic State' in the genocide of the Yazidis |newspaper=Радио Свобода |date=19 March 2015 |publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |access-date=16 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710232852/http://www.svoboda.org/content/article/26909669.html |archive-date=10 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was characterized by massacres, genocidal rape, and forced conversions to Islam. Over a period of three years, Islamic State militants trafficked thousands of Yazidi women and girls and killed thousands of Yazidi men.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/16/world/middleeast/turkish-airstrike-in-iraqi-territory-kills-a-kurdish-militant-leader.html |title=Turkish Airstrike in Iraqi Territory Kills a Kurdish Militant Leader |last=Callimachi |first=Rukmini |date=16 August 2018 |work=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021073815/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/16/world/middleeast/turkish-airstrike-in-iraqi-territory-kills-a-kurdish-militant-leader.html |archive-date=21 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The United Nations' Commission of Inquiry on Syria officially declared in its report that ISIS was committing genocide against the Yazidis population.{{r|UNnews0616}} It is difficult to assess a precise figure for the killings{{r|HRC15616}} but it is known that some thousand of Yazidis men and boys were still unaccounted for and ISIS genocidal actions against Yazidis people were still ongoing, as stated by the International Commission in June 2016.{{pb}}{{see also|2007 Yazidi communities bombings}} | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" | A study found 3,100 killed and 6,800 were kidnapped, amounting to 2.5% of Yazidis being either killed or kidnapped.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cetorelli |first1=Valeria |last2=Sasson |first2=Isaac |last3=Shabila |first3=Nazar |last4=Burnham |first4=Gilbert |date=2017 |title=Mortality and kidnapping estimates for the Yazidi population in the area of Mount Sinjar, Iraq, in August 2014: A retrospective household survey |journal=PLOS Medicine |volume=14 |issue=5 |article-number=e1002297 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002297 |doi-access=free |issn=1549-1676 |pmc=5423550 |pmid=28486492}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Study: Nearly 10,000 Yazidis Killed, Kidnapped by Islamic State in 2014 |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/study-finds-nearly-ten-thousand-yazidis-killed-kidnapped-by-islamic-state-in-2014-/3845188.html |publisher=Voice of America |agency=Reuters |date=9 May 2017 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808143616/https://www.voanews.com/a/study-finds-nearly-ten-thousand-yazidis-killed-kidnapped-by-islamic-state-in-2014-/3845188.html |archive-date=8 August 2024}}</ref> By 2015, upwards of 71% of the global Yazidi population was displaced by the genocide, with most Yazidi refugees having fled to Iraq's Kurdistan Region and Syria's Rojava.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 November 2015 |title=ISIS Terror: One Yazidi's Battle to Chronicle the Death of a People |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-uncovered/isis-terror-one-yazidis-battle-chronicle-death-people-n461566 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316115552/http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-uncovered/isis-terror-one-yazidis-battle-chronicle-death-people-n461566 |archive-date=16 March 2016 |access-date=17 March 2016 |publisher=NBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tagay |first1=Sefik |last2=Ayhan |first2=Dogan |last3=Catani |first3=Claudia |last4=Schnyder |first4=Ulrich |last5=Teufel |first5=Martin |year=2017 |title=The 2014 Yazidi genocide and its effect on Yazidi diaspora |journal=The Lancet |volume=390 |issue=10106 |page=1946 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32701-0 |pmid=29115224 |s2cid=40913754 |doi-access= |issn=0140-6736}}</ref> |- | Darfur genocide (2003–2005) | data-sort-value="Sudan"| Darfur, Sudan | 2003 | 2005 | {{nts|98,000}}<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://dial.uclouvain.be/pr/boreal/object/boreal:179717 |title=Darfur: counting the deaths (2). What are the trends? |year=2005 |last1=Guha-Sapir |first1=Debarati |last2=Degomme |first2=Olivier |journal=Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters |hdl=2078.1/179717 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> | {{nts|500,000}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Reeves |first=Eric |date=28 April 2006 |title=Quantifying Genocide in Darfur |website=Sudan – Research, Analysis, and Advocacy |url=https://sudanreeves.org/2017/01/05/quantifying-genocide-darfur-mortality-update-august-6-2010/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112164853/https://sudanreeves.org/2017/01/05/quantifying-genocide-darfur-mortality-update-august-6-2010/ |archive-date=12 January 2024 |quote=If in fact 304,250 Darfuris have died violently, and more than 240,000 have died from causes other than violent killing (see mortality study from The Lancet, January 2010, below), then total mortality in Darfur and eastern Chad now exceeds 500,000.}}</ref> |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |The Darfur genocide is the systematic killing of ethnic Darfuri people which has occurred during the war in Darfur.{{sfn|Williams|2012|p=192}} The genocide, which is being carried out against the Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa ethnic groups, has led the International Criminal Court to indict several people for crimes against humanity, rape, forced transfer and torture. This includes Sudan's president Omar al-Bashir for his role in the genocide.{{sfn|Elhag|2014|p=210}} An estimated 200,000 people were killed between 2003 and 2005.<ref>{{cite web |title=Darfur |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/darfur |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref> These atrocities have been called the first genocide of the 21st century.{{sfn|Williams|2012|p=192}}

| colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" | |- | ''Effacer le tableau'' | data-sort-value="Congo, Democratic Republic of the" | North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo | 2002 | 2003 | {{nts|60,000}}<ref name="SeshadriICE1">{{cite web |url=http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/pygmy.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025741/http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/pygmy.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |title=Pygmies in the Congo Basin and Conflict |first=Raja |last=Seshadri |date=7 November 2005 |work=Case Study 163 |publisher=The Inventory of Conflict & Environment, American University |access-date=21 July 2012 |quote=During their offensive against the civilian population of the Ituri region, the rebel groups left more than 60,000 dead and over 100,000 displaced. […] Fatality Level of Dispute (military and civilian fatalities): 70,000 estimated}}</ref><ref name="Penketh"/> | {{nts|70,000}}<ref name="SeshadriICE1"/> |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |{{lang|fr|Effacer le tableau}} ("erasing the board") was the operational name given to the systematic extermination of the Bambuti pygmies by rebel forces in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The primary objective of ''Effacer le tableau'' was the territorial conquest of the North Kivu province of the DRC and ethnic cleansing of Pygmies from the Congo's eastern region.<ref name="Penketh">{{cite news |last1=Penketh |first1=Anne |title=Extermination of the pygmies |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/extermination-of-the-pygmies-552332.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221123504/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/extermination-of-the-pygmies-552332.html |archive-date=21 December 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018 |work=The Independent |date=7 July 2004}}</ref> | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |{{ntsh|40}}40% of the Eastern Congo's Pygmy population killed{{refn|name=Pygm|group=N|Eastern Pygmy population was reduced to 90,000 after a campaign that killed 60,000<ref name="SeshadriICE1"/> implying a 40% decline}} |- | Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War | data-sort-value="Democratic Republic of the Congo" | Kivu, Zaire | 1996 | 1997 | {{nts|200,000}}<ref name="Lemarchand2011">{{cite book |last1=Lemarchand |first1=René |author-link=René Lemarchand |title=Forgotten Genocides: Oblivion, Denial, and Memory |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-8122-4335-2 |page=21 |language=en}}</ref> | {{nts|233,000}}<ref name="Lemarchand2011"/> |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" | During the First Congo War, troops of the Rwanda-backed {{lang|fr| Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo-Zaïre}} (AFDL) conducted mass killings of Rwandan, Congolese, and Burundian Hutu men, women, and children in villages and refugee camps in eastern Zaire (now named the Democratic Republic of the Congo).<ref name="OHCHR-Hutu">{{cite report |url=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/CD/DRC_MAPPING_REPORT_FINAL_EN.pdf |title=Report of the Mapping Exercise Documenting the Most Serious Violations of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law Committed Within the Territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Between March 1993 and June 2003 |date=August 2010 |publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217203926/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Countries/CD/DRC_MAPPING_REPORT_FINAL_EN.pdf |archive-date=17 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Leaning |first1=Jennifer |last2=Sollom |first2=Richard |last3=Austin |first3=Kathi |title=Investigations in Eastern Congo and Western Rwanda |journal=Physicians for Human Rights |year=1996}}</ref> Elements of the AFDL and the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA) systematically shelled numerous camps and committed massacres with light weapons. These early attacks killed 6,800–8,000 refugees and forced the repatriation of 500,000 – 700,000 refugees back to Rwanda.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ezimet |first1=Kisangani |title=The Massacre of Refugees in Congo: A Case of UN Peacekeeping Failure and International Law |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |year=2000 |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=163–202 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |jstor=161648 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X0000330X |s2cid=154818651}}</ref>{{pb}}As survivors fled westward, the AFDL units hunted them down killing thousands more.<ref name="OHCHR-Hutu"/> | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" | |- | {{nowrap|Rwandan genocide}} | data-sort-value="Rwanda" | Rwanda | colspan="2" | 1994 | {{nts|491,000}}<ref name="McDoom">{{cite journal |last1=McDoom |first1=Omar Shahabudin |title=Contested Counting: Toward a Rigorous Estimate of the Death Toll in the Rwandan Genocide |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |year=2020 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=83–93 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2019.1703252 |s2cid=214032255 |url=https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/103205/ |quote=I have estimated between 491,000 and 522,000 Tutsi, nearly two thirds of Rwanda's pre-genocide Tutsi population, were killed between 6 April and 19 July 1994. I calculated this death toll by subtracting my estimate of between 278,000 and 309,000 Tutsi survivors from my estimate of a baseline Tutsi population of almost exactly 800,000, or 10.8% of the overall population, on the eve of the genocide.}}</ref> | {{nts|800,000}}<ref name="Guichaoua"/> |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |The Rwandan genocide, also known as the genocide against the Tutsi, occurred between 7 April and 19 July 1994 during the Rwandan Civil War.<ref>{{cite web |title=Commemoration of International Day of Reflection on the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda – Message of the UNOV/ UNODC Director-General/ Executive Director |url=https://www.unodc.org/unodc/press/releases/2020/April/commemoration-of-international-day-of-reflection-on-the-1994-genocide-against-the-tutsi-in-rwanda.html |access-date=18 January 2021 |website=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime |language=en |archive-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707004810/https://www.unodc.org/unodc/press/releases/2020/April/commemoration-of-international-day-of-reflection-on-the-1994-genocide-against-the-tutsi-in-rwanda.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="McDoom"/><ref name="Meierhenrich"/> During this period of around 100 days, members of the Tutsi minority ethnic group, as well as some moderate Hutu and Twa, were killed by armed Hutu militias. Although the Constitution of Rwanda states that more than 1 million people perished in the genocide, the actual number of fatalities is unclear, and some estimates suggest that the real number killed was likely lower.<ref name="Meierhenrich">{{cite journal |last1=Meierhenrich |first1=Jens |author-link=Jens Meierhenrich |year=2020 |title=How Many Victims Were There in the Rwandan Genocide? A Statistical Debate |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2019.1709611 |quote=Despite the various methodological disagreements among them, none of the scholars who participated in this forum gives credence to the official figure of 1,074,107 victims... Given the rigour of the various quantitative methodologies involved, this forum's overarching finding that the death toll of 1994 is nowhere near the one-million-mark is – scientifically speaking – incontrovertible.|s2cid=213046710}}</ref><ref name="Reydams">{{cite journal |last1=Reydams |first1=Luc |author-link=Luc Reydams |year=2020 |title='More than a million': the politics of accounting for the dead of the Rwandan genocide |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=48 |issue=168 |pages=235–256 |doi=10.1080/03056244.2020.1796320 |s2cid=225356374 |quote=The government eventually settled on 'more than a million', a claim which few outside Rwanda have taken seriously. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=McDoom |first=Omar |year=2020 |title=Contested Counting: Toward a Rigorous Estimate of the Death Toll in the Rwandan Genocide |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14623528.2019.1703252?journalCode=cjgr20 |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=83–93 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2019.1703252 |quote=In comparison with estimates at the higher and lower ends, my estimate is significantly lower than the Government of Rwanda's genocide census figure of 1,006,031 Tutsi killed. I believe this number is not credible. |s2cid=214032255 |access-date=31 March 2022 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331225048/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14623528.2019.1703252?journalCode=cjgr20 |url-status=live}}</ref> The most widely accepted scholarly estimates are around 500,000 to 800,000 Tutsi deaths.<ref name="Guichaoua">{{cite journal |last=Guichaoua |first=André |date=2 January 2020 |title=Counting the Rwandan Victims of War and Genocide: Concluding Reflections |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=125–141 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2019.1703329 |s2cid=213471539 |issn=1462-3528}}</ref> | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |{{ntsh|40}}60–70% of Tutsis in Rwanda killed<ref name="McDoom"/> 7% of Rwanda's total population killed<ref name="McDoom"/> |- | Bosnian genocide | data-sort-value="Bosnia and Herzegovina" | Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1992 | 1995 | {{nts|31,107}}<ref name="Calic">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IDMhDgCJCe0C&pg=PA140 |title=Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: A Scholars' Initiative |chapter=Ethnic Cleansing and War Crimes, 1991–1995 |first=Marie–Janine |last=Calic |publisher=Purdue University Press |location=West Lafayette, IN |year=2012 |editor1-first=Charles W. |editor1-last=Ingrao |editor2-first=Thomas A. |editor2-last=Emmert |pages=139–40 |isbn=978-1-55753-617-4 |via=Google Books}} ''Footnotes in source identify numbers as June 2012''.</ref> | {{nts|62,013}}<ref name="Calic"/> |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |The Bosnian genocide comprised localized massacres, including those in Srebrenica{{sfn|Irwin|2012}} and Žepa, committed by Bosnian Serb forces in 1995, as well as the scattered ethnic cleansing campaign throughout areas controlled by the Army of Republika Srpska{{sfn|Gutman|1993}} during the 1992–1995 Bosnian War.{{sfn|Thackrah|2008|pp=81–82}} On 31 March 2010, the Serbian Parliament passed a resolution condemning the Srebrenica massacre and apologizing to the families of Srebrenica for the deaths of Bosniaks ("Bosnian Muslims").{{r|BBC310310}} | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |{{ntsh|3}}More than 3% of the Bosniak population of Bosnia and Herzegovina died during the Bosnian War.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.icty.org/x/file/About/OTP/War_Demographics/en/bih_casualty_undercount_conf_paper_100201.pdf |title=The 1992–95 War in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Census-Based Multiple System Estimation of Casualties' Undercount |first1=Jan |last1=Zwierzchowski |first2=Ewa |last2=Tabeau |date=1 February 2010 |journal=Conference Paper for the International Research Workshop on 'The Global Costs of Conflict' |publisher=The Households in Conflict Network (HiCN) and The German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin) 1–2 February 2010, Berlin |page=15}}</ref> |- | Isaaq genocide | data-sort-value="Somalia" | Republic of Somaliland, Somali Democratic Republic | 1987 | 1989 | {{nts|50000}}<ref>{{bulleted list| |{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mKWiBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT149 |title=Making and Unmaking Nations: The Origins and Dynamics of Genocide in Contemporary Africa |last=Straus |first=Scott |date=24 March 2015 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-5567-4 |language=en |via=Google Books}} |{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tOgOwSXB164C&pg=PA23 |title=Stopping Mass Killings in Africa: Genocide, Airpower, and Intervention |last=Peifer |first=Douglas C. |date=1 May 2009 |publisher=DIANE Publishing |isbn=978-1-4379-1281-4 |via=Google Books}} |{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mKWiBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT149 |title=Making and Unmaking Nations: The Origins and Dynamics of Genocide in Contemporary Africa |last=Straus |first=Scott |date=24 March 2015 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-5567-4 |via=Google Books}} }}</ref><ref name="Jones">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZybbAAAAMAAJ |title=Genocide, war crimes and the West: history and complicity |last=Jones |first=Adam |author-link=Adam Jones (Canadian scholar) |date=22 January 2017 |publisher=Zed Books |isbn=978-1-84277-191-4 |via=Google Books}}</ref> | {{nts|200000}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/02/investigating-genocide-somaliland-20142310820367509.html |title=Investigating genocide in Somaliland |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613090102/http://www.aljazeera.com/features/2014/2/6/investigating-genocide-in-somaliland |archive-date=13 June 2023}}</ref> |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |The Genocide of Isaaqs was the systematic, state-sponsored massacre of Isaaq civilians between 1988 and 1991 by the Somali Democratic Republic under the dictatorship of Siad Barre.<ref name="Mburu">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7w8VAQAAIAAJ |title=Past human rights abuses in Somalia: report of a preliminary study conducted for the United Nations (OHCHR/UNDP-Somalia) |last1=Mburu |first1=Chris |author2=United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights |author3=United Nations Development Programme Somalia Country Office |date=1 January 2002 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Ingiriis |first=Mohamed Haji |date=2 July 2016 |title="We Swallowed the State as the State Swallowed Us": The Genesis, Genealogies, and Geographies of Genocides in Somalia |journal=African Security |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=237–58 |doi=10.1080/19392206.2016.1208475 |s2cid=148145948 |issn=1939-2206}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dd5ngjjVZb8C&pg=PA504 |title=A View From The Foothills: The Diaries of Chris Mullin |last=Mullin |first=Chris |date=1 October 2010 |publisher=Profile Books |isbn=978-1-84765-186-0 |page=504 |via=Google Books}}</ref> This included the levelling and complete destruction of the second- and third-largest cities in Somalia, Hargeisa (90 per cent destroyed)<ref>{{cite book |title=Somaliland: Time for African Union Leadership |publisher=International Crisis Group |year=2006 |url=https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/somaliland-time-for-african-union-leadership.pdf |page=5 |access-date=21 June 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202071223/https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/somaliland-time-for-african-union-leadership.pdf}}</ref> and Burao (70 per cent destroyed) respectively,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xbQTEF0rd7wC&pg=PA152 |title=Eritrea and Ethiopia: From Conflict to Cooperation |last=Tekle |first=Amare |date=1 January 1994 |publisher=The Red Sea Press |isbn=978-0-932415-97-4 |page=152 |via=Google Books}}</ref> and had caused 400,000<ref name="world_bank_2005">{{cite web |title=Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics |publisher=World Bank |url=https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOMALIA/Resources/conflictinsomalia.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050316193327/https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOMALIA/Resources/conflictinsomalia.pdf |archive-date=16 March 2005 |page=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-s0VcsSW2rAC&pg=PA154 |title=The New Africa: Dispatches from a Changing Continent |last=Press |first=Robert M. |date=1 January 1999 |publisher=University Press of Florida |isbn=978-0-8130-1704-4 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Somalis (primarily of the Isaaq clan) to flee their land and cross the border to Hartasheikh in Ethiopia as refugees,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WV0TAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 |title=The Early Morning Phonecall: Somali Refugees' Remittances |last=Lindley |first=Anna |date=15 January 2013 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-78238-328-4 |language=en |via=Google Books}}</ref> with another 400,000 being internally displaced.<ref name="world_bank_2005"/><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=52m9OsGODRUC&pg=PA227 |title=Racism and Ethnicity: Global Debates, Dilemmas, Directions |last=Law |first=Ian |date=1 January 2010 |publisher=Longman |isbn=978-1-4058-5912-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref>{{pb}}In 2001, the United Nations commissioned an investigation on past human rights violations in Somalia,<ref name="Mburu"/> specifically to find out if "crimes of international jurisdiction (i.e. war crimes, crimes against humanity or genocide) had been perpetrated during the country's civil war". The investigation was commissioned jointly by the United Nations Co-ordination Unit (UNCU) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. The investigation concluded with a report confirming the crime of genocide to have taken place against the Isaaqs in Somalia.<ref name="Mburu"/> | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |{{ntsh|4}} |- | Anfal campaign | data-sort-value="Iraq" |Kurdistan, Iraqi Republic | 1986 | 1989 | {{nts|50,000}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hrw.org/reports/1993/iraqanfal/ |title=Genocide in Iraq |publisher=Human Rights Watch |year=1993 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251125000803/https://www.hrw.org/reports/1993/iraqanfal/ |archive-date=25 November 2025}}</ref> | {{nts|182,000}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/iraq501/events_anfal.html |title=The Crimes of Saddam Hussein – 1988 The Anfal Campaign |work=PBS Frontline |publisher=PBS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251114102355/https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/iraq501/events_anfal.html |archive-date=14 November 2025}}</ref> |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |The Anfal campaign was a counterinsurgency operation which was carried out by Ba'athist Iraq from February to September 1988 during the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict at the end of the Iran–Iraq War. The campaign targeted rural Kurds{{sfn|Hiltermann|2008|loc=Victims}} because its purpose was to eliminate Kurdish rebel groups and Arabize strategic parts of the Kirkuk Governorate.{{sfn|Kirmanj|Rafaat|2021|p=163}} The Iraqis committed atrocities on the local Kurdish population, mostly civilians.<ref>{{cite news |last=Beeston |first=Richard |date=18 January 2010 |title=Halabja, the massacre the West tried to ignore |work=The Times |url=https://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/iraq/article6991512.ece |access-date=28 August 2013}}{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> A variety of national governments have passed resolutions recognising the Anfal campaign as a genocide.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pravdareport.com/world/123118-swedish_neutrality/ |title=Is Swedish neutrality over? |date=11 December 2012 |work=Pravda.ru |access-date=24 April 2019 |archive-date=18 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218064533/https://www.pravdareport.com/world/123118-swedish_neutrality/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/gary-kent/parliamentary-recognition-of-the-kurdish-genocide_b_2789300.html |title=Historic Debate Secures Parliamentary Recognition of the Kurdish Genocide |date=March 2013 |work=HuffPost |access-date=31 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=South Korea recognizes Kurdish genocide |url=https://www.peyamner.com/english/PNAnews.aspx?ID=314434 |access-date=26 April 2015 |date=13 June 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150426233519/http://www.peyamner.com/english/PNAnews.aspx?ID=314434 |archive-date=26 April 2015}}</ref> | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" | |- | {{nowrap|Sabra and Shatila massacre}} | data-sort-value="Lebanon" | Beirut, Lebanon | colspan=2 | 1982 | {{nts|460}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Denton |first1=Herbert H. |title=Lebanese Inquiry Said to Blame Israel for Massacre in Camps |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1983/06/21/lebanese-inquiry-said-to-blame-israel-for-massacre-in-camps/f4646645-80a8-4fc5-a0ab-efbcd8c6c6ac/ |access-date=February 4, 2025 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=June 21, 1983 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828093041/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1983/06/21/lebanese-inquiry-said-to-blame-israel-for-massacre-in-camps/f4646645-80a8-4fc5-a0ab-efbcd8c6c6ac/ |archive-date=August 28, 2017 |quote=The inquiry reportedly determined that there had been 460 victims of the 48-hour massacre and lists the names of 269 Palestinians, 119 Lebanese, 11 Syrians, 32 Pakistanis or Iranians, two Egyptians, two Algerians and 25 unidentified persons.}}</ref> | {{nts|3,500}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Kapeliouk |first=Amnon |date=1984 |author-link=Amnon Kapeliouk |title=Sabra & Shatila: Inquiry Into a Massacre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oAO7AAAAIAAJ |publisher=Association of Arab-American University Graduates |isbn=0-937694-63-0 |editor-last=Jahshan |editor-first=Khalil}}</ref> |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |The Sabra and Shatila massacre was the 16–18 September 1982 killings of civilians{{Emdash}}mostly Palestinians and Lebanese Shias{{Emdash}}in the city of Beirut during the Lebanese Civil War. It was perpetrated by the Lebanese Forces, one of the main Christian militias in Lebanon, and supported by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) that had surrounded Beirut's Sabra neighbourhood and the adjacent Shatila refugee camp.<ref>{{bulleted list| |{{cite book |last=Fisk |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Fisk |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VrXpeELOUNsC&pg=PA374 |title=Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2001 |pages=382–383 |isbn=978-0-19-280130-2}} |{{cite book |last=Quandt |first=William B. |author-link=William B. Quandt |date=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-rmCPnSghbcC&pg=PA256 |title=Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict Since 1967 |publisher=University of California Press |page=266 |isbn=978-0-520-24631-7}} |{{cite book |last=Alpher |first=Yossi |author-link=Yossi Alpher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eCxyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA48 |title=Periphery: Israel's Search for Middle East Allies |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |date=2015 |page=48 |isbn=978-1-4422-3101-6}} |{{cite book |last=Gonzalez |first=Nathan |author-link=Nathan Gonzalez |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HypnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA113 |title=The Sunni-Shia Conflict: Understanding Sectarian Violence in the Middle East |publisher=Nortia Media Ltd |date=2013 |page=113 |isbn=978-0-9842252-1-7}} }}</ref> Both the United Nations and an independent commission headed by Seán MacBride concluded that the massacre was an act of genocide against the Palestinian people,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/426/01/IMG/NR042601.pdf?OpenElement |title=U.N. General Assembly, Resolution 37/123, adopted between 16 and 20 December 1982. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429183049/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/426/01/IMG/NR042601.pdf?OpenElement |archive-date=29 April 2012 |access-date=4 January 2010 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=MacBride |first1=Seán |author1-link=Seán MacBride |first2=A. K. |last2=Asmal |first3=B. |last3=Bercusson |first4=R. A. |last4=Falk |first5=G. |last5=de la Pradelle |first6=S. |last6=Wild |title=Israel in Lebanon: The Report of International Commission to enquire into reported violations of International Law by Israel during its invasion of the Lebanon |publisher=Ithaca Press |year=1983 |location=London |pages=191–192 |isbn=0-903729-96-2}}</ref> a conclusion concurred with by NGOs such as the Palestinian Return Centre.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/AHRC48NGO68_210921.pdf |title=Sabra and Shatila: A genocide for which the criminal has not been held accountable |publisher=Palestinian Return Centre |year=2021 |access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref> Human rights scholars Damien Short and Haifa Rashed also described the massacre as genocidal in nature.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rashed |first1=Haifa |last2=Short |first2=Damien |author2-link=Damien Short |last3=Docker |first3=John |title=Nakba Memoricide: Genocide Studies and the Zionist/Israeli Genocide of Palestine |journal=Holy Land Studies |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2014 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.3366/hls.2014.0076 |url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/hls.2014.0076 |language=en |issn=1474-9475 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" | |- | {{nowrap|Cambodian genocide}} | data-sort-value="Cambodia" | Democratic Kampuchea (Cambodia) | 1975 | 1979 | {{nts|1386734}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mapping Project 1995–Present |url=http://www.d.dccam.org/Projects/Maps/Mapping.htm |publisher=Documentation Center of Cambodia (DC-Cam) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215185155/http://www.d.dccam.org/Projects/Maps/Mapping.htm |archive-date=15 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gsp.yale.edu/ |title=Welcome |publisher=Genocide Studies Program, Yale University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218025508/https://gsp.yale.edu/ |archive-date=18 February 2024}}</ref> | {{nts|3000000}}{{sfn|Heuveline|2001}}{{sfn|Shawcross|1985|pp=115–116}} |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |The Cambodian genocide was the systematic persecution and killing of Cambodian citizens by the Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot.{{sfn|Frey|2009|p=[https://archive.org/details/genocideinternat0000frey/page/83 83]}} The Khmer Rouge emptied the cities and forced Cambodians to relocate to labour camps in the countryside, where mass executions, forced labour, physical abuse, malnutrition, and disease were rampant.<ref>{{harvnb|Etcheson|2005|p=119}}; {{harvnb|Heuveline|1998|pp=49–65}}; {{harvnb|Terry|2002|p=[https://archive.org/details/condemnedtorepea00terr/page/116 116]}}; {{harvnb|Heuveline|2001}}</ref>{{r|YaleUniv}} Up to 20,000 mass graves, the infamous Killing Fields, were uncovered, where at least 1,386,734 murdered victims found their final resting place.{{sfn|DeMello|2013|p=86}}{{r|MapCambo}} The Khmer Rouge Tribunal found that targeting of Vietnamese and Cham minorities constituted a genocide under the UN Convention.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kiernan |first1=Ben |author1-link=Ben Kiernan |editor1-last=Bushnell |editor1-first=P. Timothy |editor2-last=Shlapentokh |editor2-first=Vladimir |editor3-last=Vanderpool |editor3-first=Christopher |editor4-last=Sundram |editor4-first=Jeyaratnam |title=State Organized Terror: The Case Of Violent Internal Repression |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-31305-5 |language=en |chapter=Genocidal targeting: Two groups of victims in Pol Pot's Cambodia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first1=Hannah |title=Khmer Rouge leaders found guilty of genocide in Cambodia's 'Nuremberg' moment |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/16/khmer-rouge-leaders-genocide-charges-verdict-cambodia |access-date=25 November 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=16 November 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115222558/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/16/khmer-rouge-leaders-genocide-charges-verdict-cambodia |archive-date=15 January 2024}}</ref> | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |15–33% of total population of Cambodia killed,{{Sfn|Etcheson|2005|p=119}}{{sfn|Heuveline|1998}} including 99% of Cambodian Viets, 50% of Cambodian Chinese and Cham, 40% of Cambodian Lao and Thai, 25% of Urban Khmer, 16% of Rural Khmer |- | East Timor genocide | data-sort-value="Indonesia" | East Timor, Indonesia (modern day Timor-Leste) | 1974 | 1999 | {{nts|85320}}<ref>Precise estimates of the death toll are difficult to determine. The 2005 report of the UN's Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor (CAVR) reports an estimated minimum number of conflict-related deaths of 102,800 (+/− 12,000). Of these, the report says that approximately 18,600 (+/− 1,000) were either killed or disappeared, and that approximately 84,000 (+/− 11,000) died from hunger or illness in excess of what would have been expected due to peacetime mortality. These figures represent a minimum conservative estimate that CAVR says is its scientifically-based principal finding. The report did not provide an upper bound, however, CAVR speculated that the total number of deaths due to conflict-related hunger and illness could have been as high as 183,000. The truth commission held Indonesian forces responsible for about 70% of the violent killings. * This estimates comes from taking the minimum killed violently applying the 70% violent death responsibility given to Indonesian military combined with the minimum starved. {{cite web |url=http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/updateFiles/english/CONFLICT-RELATED%20DEATHS.pdf |title=Conflict-related Deaths in Timor Leste, 1954–1999. The Findings of the CAVR Report}}{{cite web |url=http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/en/Brief.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513220045/http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/en/Brief.htm |title=The CAVR Report |archive-date=13 May 2012}}</ref> | {{nts|196720}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/en/Brief.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513220045/http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/en/Brief.htm |archive-date=13 May 2012 |title=Conflict-related Deaths in Timor Leste, 1954–1999. The Findings of the CAVR Report |work=cavr-timorleste.org |access-date=16 April 2018}}</ref> |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |The East Timor genocide refers to the "pacification campaigns" of state terrorism which were waged by the Indonesian New Order government during the Indonesian invasion and occupation of East Timor. Genocide scholars at Oxford University and Yale University acknowledge the Indonesian occupation of East Timor as genocide.<ref>{{cite web |last=Payaslian |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Payaslian |title=20th Century Genocides |url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199743292/obo-9780199743292-0105.xml |publisher=Oxford bibliographies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528173612/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/abstract/document/obo-9780199743292/obo-9780199743292-0105.xml |archive-date=28 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Genocide Studies Program: East Timor |url=http://gsp.yale.edu/case-studies/east-timor |publisher=Yale University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326193743/https://gsp.yale.edu/case-studies/east-timor |archive-date=26 March 2022}}</ref> The truth commission held Indonesian forces responsible for about 70% of the violent killings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/en/Brief.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513220045/http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/en/Brief.htm |title=Chega! The CAVR Report |archive-date=13 May 2012}}</ref> | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |{{ntsh|20}}13% to 44% of East Timor's total population killed (See death toll of East Timor genocide) |- | Bangladesh genocide | data-sort-value="Bangladesh" | East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) | colspan="2" | 1971 | {{nts|300,000}}<ref name="Dummett">{{cite news |last=Dummett |first=Mark |date=16 December 2011 |title=How one newspaper report changed world history |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16207201 |access-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616035043/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16207201 |archive-date=16 June 2023}}</ref> | {{nts|3000000}}{{r|Dummett|BDdeathcount}} |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |The Bangladesh genocide was the ethnic cleansing of Bengalis, especially Bengali Hindus,{{sfn|Jahan|2013|p=256}} residing in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) during the Bangladesh Liberation War, perpetrated by the Pakistan Armed Forces and the Razakars.{{sfn|Bass|2013a|p=198|ps=:"The Nixon administration had ample evidence not just of the scale of the massacres, but also of their ethnic targeting of the Hindu minority—what Blood had condemned as genocide. This was common knowledge throughout the Nixon administration."}}{{sfn|Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report|1974}} It began as Operation Searchlight was launched by West Pakistan (now Pakistan) to militarily subdue the Bengali population of East Pakistan; the Bengalis comprised the demographic majority and had been calling for independence. Seeking to curtail the Bengali self-determination movement, Pakistani president Yahya Khan approved a large-scale military deployment, and in the nine-month-long conflict that ensued, Pakistani soldiers and local militias killed between 300,000 and 3,000,000 Bengalis and raped between 200,000 and 400,000 Bengali women in a systematic campaign of mass murder and genocidal sexual violence.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bangladesh |website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |url=https://www.ushmm.org/genocide-prevention/countries/bangladesh |access-date=16 October 2023 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704145934/https://www.ushmm.org/genocide-prevention/countries/bangladesh |archive-date=4 July 2024}}</ref> | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |{{ntsh|2}}4% of the population of East Pakistan<ref>{{cite book |first=R.J. |last=Rummel |author-link=Rudolph Rummel |title=Death By Government |page=331 |isbn=1-56000-927-6 |publisher=Routledge |quote=The human death toll over only 267 days was incredible. Just to give for five out of the eighteen districts some incomplete statistics published in Bangladesh newspapers or by an Inquiry Committee, the Pakistani army killed 100,000 Bengalis in Dacca, 150,000 in Khulna, 75,000 in Jessore, 95,000 in Comilla, and 100,000 in Chittagong. For eighteen districts the total is 1,247,000 killed. This was an incomplete toll, and to this day no one really knows the final toll. Some estimates of the democide (i.e. Rummel's 'death by government') are much lower—one is of 300,000 dead—but most range from 1 million to 3 million. ... The Pakistani army and allied paramilitary groups killed about one out of every sixty-one people in Pakistan overall; one out of every twenty-five Bengalis, Hindus, and others in East Pakistan. If the rate of killing for all of Pakistan is annualised over the years the Yahya martial law regime was in power (March 1969 to December 1971), then this one regime was more lethal than that of the Soviet Union, China under the communists, or Japan under the military (even through World War II). |date=January 1997}}</ref> |- |Nigerian Civil War, particularly the blockade of Biafra | data-sort-value="" | Biafra | 1967 | 1970 | {{nts|1,000,000}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Simpson |first1=Brad |title=The Biafran secession and the limits of self-determination |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |date=2014 |volume=16 |issue=2–3 |pages=337–354 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2014.936708 |s2cid=71738867 |language=en |issn=1462-3528}}</ref> | {{nts|1,000,000|prefix=More than }}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chuku |first1=Gloria |title=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315229294-15 |chapter=Women and the Nigeria-Biafra War|pages=329–359 |doi=10.4324/9781315229294-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Njoku |first1=Carol Ijeoma |title=A Paradox of International Criminal Justice: The Biafra Genocide |journal=Journal of Asian and African Studies |date=December 2013 |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=710–726 |doi=10.1177/0021909613506453 |s2cid=144513341}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cookman |first1=Claude |title=Gilles Caron's Coverage of the Crisis in Biafra |journal=Visual Communication Quarterly |date=October 2008 |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=226–242 |doi=10.1080/15551390802415063 |s2cid=143736733}}</ref> |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" | Biafra attracted a large amount of international attention from mid-1968, when images of starving Biafran children began to appear in the international press.<ref name=D>{{cite journal |last1=Desgrandchamps |first1=Marie-Luce |title='Organising the unpredictable': the Nigeria–Biafra war and its impact on the ICRC |journal=International Review of the Red Cross |date=2012 |volume=94 |issue=888 |pages=1409–1432 |doi=10.1017/S1816383113000428 |s2cid=146648472}}</ref><ref name=McNeil>{{cite journal |last1=McNeil |first1=Brian |title='And starvation is the grim reaper': the American Committee to Keep Biafra Alive and the genocide question during the Nigerian civil war, 1968–70 |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |date=2014 |volume=16 |issue=2–3 |pages=317–336 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2014.936723 |s2cid=70911056}}</ref> Biafran propaganda compared Igbo to Jews and the blockade of Biafra to the Holocaust. Initially, international public opinion was sympathetic to Biafran claims, but shifted after the United Kingdom sent a fact finding mission to Nigeria that reported that genocide was not occurring.{{sfn|Moses|2021|p=443}} Some scholars have criticized the fact finding mission for not properly investigating the genocide claims. The mission only investigated where Nigeria allowed them to investigate. Additionally, the mission dismissed rape by Nigerian soldiers as "enforced marriage".<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jamh/2/2/article-p87_1.xml |title=What Are They Observing? |journal=Journal of African Military History |first=Douglas |last=Anthony |date=24 October 2018 |volume=2 |issue=2 |access-date=3 December 2025 |via=brill.com |doi=10.1163/24680966-00202001 |page=87}}</ref> Soon after the civil war ended in 1970, it was largely forgotten outside Nigeria and not much mentioned in the field of genocide studies.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Heerten |first1=Lasse |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk |author-link2=A. Dirk Moses |title=Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide: The Nigeria-Biafra War, 1967–1970 |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-22929-4 |chapter=The Nigeria-Biafra War: Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide}}</ref> | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" | Most of the war casualties were civilians<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Doron |first1=Roy |title=Marketing genocide: Biafran propaganda strategies during the Nigerian civil war, 1967–70 |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |date=2014 |volume=16 |issue=2–3 |pages=227–246 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2014.936702 |s2cid=143769339}}</ref> particularly children, who were especially vulnerable to malnutrition.<ref name=Nweke>{{cite journal |last1=Nweke |first1=Obinna Chukwunenye |title=Hunger as a weapon of war: Biafra, social media and the politics of famine remembrance |journal=Third World Quarterly |date=2023 |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=314–331 |doi=10.1080/01436597.2023.2182283 |language=en |issn=0143-6597 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mudge |first1=George Alfred |title=Starvation As A Means Of Warfare |journal=The International Lawyer |date=1970 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=228–268 |jstor=40704626 |issn=0020-7810}}</ref> |- | Maya genocide | data-sort-value="Guatemala" | Guatemala | 1962 | 1996 | {{nts|166000}}{{r|MayaMin}} | {{nts|166000}}{{r|MayaMax}} |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |The Guatemalan genocide was the massacre of Maya civilians during the Guatemalan Civil War (1960–1996) by successive US-backed Guatemalan military governments.{{r|UN0399}}{{sfn|CEH|1999}}<ref>{{cite news |first=Elisabeth |last=Malkin |title=Trial on Guatemalan Civil War Carnage Leaves Out U.S. Role |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/17/world/americas/trial-on-guatemalan-civil-war-carnage-leaves-out-us-role.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=16 May 2013 |access-date=7 July 2023 |quote=The U.S. played a very powerful and direct role in the life of this institution, the army, that went on to commit genocide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624062205/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/17/world/americas/trial-on-guatemalan-civil-war-carnage-leaves-out-us-role.html |archive-date=24 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bevins |first1=Vincent |author-link=Vincent Bevins |date=2020 |title=The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World |title-link=The Jakarta Method |publisher=PublicAffairs |pages=225–228 |isbn=978-1-5417-4240-6}}</ref> Massacres, forced disappearances, torture and summary executions of guerrillas and especially civilians at the hands of security forces had been widespread since 1965, and was a longstanding policy of the military regime, which US officials were aware of.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/latino/group-files-show-u-s-knew-guatemala-abuses-article-1.368198 |title=Group says files show U.S. knew of Guatemala abuses |agency=Associated Press |work=Daily News |location=New York |date=19 March 2009 |access-date=29 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030000143/https://www.nydailynews.com/latino/group-files-show-u-s-knew-guatemala-abuses-article-1.368198 |archive-date=30 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Blakeley |first=Ruth |date=2009 |title=State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South |url=http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415462402/ |publisher=Routledge |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rft8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 91–94] |isbn=978-0-415-68617-4}}</ref> At least an estimated 200,000 persons died by arbitrary executions, forced disappearances and other human rights violations.{{sfn|CEH|1999|p=20}} 83% of those killed were Maya.<ref name="handbook">{{cite book |first1=Lynn V. |last1=Foster |date=2002 |title=Handbook to Life in the Ancient Maya World |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=84 |isbn=978-0-8160-4148-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/handbooktolifein0000fost/mode/2up}}</ref> A quarter of the direct victims of human rights violations and acts of violence were women.{{sfn|CEH|1999|p=23}} | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |{{ntsh|40}}40% of the Maya population (24,000 people) of Guatemala's Ixil and Rabinal regions were killed{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}} |- |- | Tamil genocide | data-sort-value="Sri Lanka" | Sri Lanka | 1956 | 2009 | {{nts|154022}} | {{nts|253818}} |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |The Tamil genocide refers to the various systematic acts of physical violence and cultural destruction committed against the Tamil population in Sri Lanka during the Sinhala–Tamil ethnic conflict beginning in 1956, particularly during the Sri Lankan civil war. Various commenters have accused the Sri Lankan state of responsibility for and complicity in a genocide of Tamils, and point to state-sponsored settler colonialism, state-backed pogroms, and mass killings, enforced disappearances and sexual violence by the security forces as examples of genocidal acts.<ref name="Veerasingham-2013">{{Cite web |last=Veerasingham |first=Ramanan |date=11 December 2013 |title=Sri Lanka guilty of genocide against Eelam Tamils with UK, US complicity: PPT |url=http://www.jdslanka.org/index.php/news-features/human-rights/426-sri-lanka-guilty-of-genocide-against-tamils-with-uk-us-complicity-ppt-rules |access-date=7 May 2024 |website=Journalists for Democracy in Sri Lanka (JDS) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203171917/http://www.jdslanka.org/index.php/news-features/human-rights/426-sri-lanka-guilty-of-genocide-against-tamils-with-uk-us-complicity-ppt-rules |archive-date=3 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{bulleted list| |{{harvnb|Fernando|2014|pp=28–35}} |{{Cite book |last=Kingsbury |first=Damien |title=Sri Lanka and the Responsibility to Protect: Politics, Ethnicity and Genocide |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-415-58884-3 |pages=82–93}} |{{harvnb|Short|2016|pp=93–126}} |{{Cite journal |last=Harman |first=William |date=1 July 2021 |title=Dying to be Remembered: Tamil Warriors' Desecrated Burial Plots (Tuyilum Illam) in Sri Lanka's Civil War |url=http://journals.co.za/doi/10.36886/nidan.2021.6.1.5 |journal=Nidan: International Journal for Indian Studies |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=66–87 |doi=10.36886/nidan.2021.6.1.5 |url-access=subscription}} }}</ref><ref name="ICJ Review-1983">{{Cite journal |date=December 1983 |editor-last=MacDermot |editor-first=Niall |title=THE REVIEW |url=https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/ICJ-Review-31-1983-eng.pdf |journal=ICJ Review |publisher=International Commission of Jurists |issue=32 |page=24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251022045621/https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/ICJ-Review-31-1983-eng.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2025}}</ref> | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" | |-

| Population transfer in the Soviet Union<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pohl |first1=J. Otto |title=Stalin's genocide against the "Repressed Peoples" |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |date=June 2000 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=267–293 |doi=10.1080/713677598}}</ref> | data-sort-value="Soviet Union" | Soviet Union | 1941 | 1949 | 800,000{{Sfn|Grieb|2014|p=930}} |1,500,000.{{Sfn|Werth|2004|p=73}} |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" | Shortly before, during and immediately after World War II, the Soviet Union conducted a series of deportations on a huge scale.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sovietinfo.tripod.com/WCR-German_Soviet.pdf |title=The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 1930–45 |author=Stephen Wheatcroft |publisher=Sovietinfo.tripod.com |access-date=17 February 2015}}</ref> It is estimated that between 1941 and 1949 nearly 3.3 million people from different ethnic groups were deported to Siberia and the Central Asian republics.<ref>{{cite book|author=Philip Boobbyer|title=The Stalin Era|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYMsIE5KjmMC&pg=PA130|year=2000|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-18298-0|page=130}}</ref> Many deportees died during the journey or due to the harsh climates of Siberia and Kazakhstan, disease, malnutrition, forced labor, and the lack of housing.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Soviet Massive Deportations - A Chronology {{!}} Sciences Po Violence de masse et Résistance - Réseau de recherche |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/fr/document/soviet-massive-deportations-chronology.html |website=www.sciencespo.fr |access-date=20 July 2025 |language=fr |date=18 April 2019}}</ref>

It is disputed whether these deportations should be called ethnic cleansing, genocide, or something else. Some historians argue that the Soviet authorities acted with knowledge that the conditions deportees would face would lead to mass casualties. Others argue that no intent to exterminate the repressed people can be identified, and that the main motive of the Soviet authorities was to increase security in disputed border areas.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Massive Deportation of the Chechen People: How and why Chechens were Deported {{!}} Sciences Po Violence de masse et Résistance - Réseau de recherche |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/fr/document/massive-deportation-chechen-people-how-and-why-chechens-were-deported.html |website=www.sciencespo.fr |access-date=20 July 2025 |language=fr |date=29 April 2019}}</ref> Ethnic groups affected included: *Soviet Germans:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schmaltz |first1=Eric J. |last2=Sinner |first2=Samuel D. |title="You will die under ruins and snow": The Soviet repression of Russian Germans as a case study of successful genocide |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |date=September 2002 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=327–356 |doi=10.1080/14623520220151943}}</ref> over 1 million deported in 1941–1942,{{sfn|Buckley|Ruble|Hofmann|2008|p=204}} 243,000 deaths{{sfn|Pohl|2022|p=8}} * Crimean Tatars:<ref>{{harvnb|Legters|1992|p=104}}; {{harvnb|Fisher|2014|p=150}}; {{harvnb|Allworth|1998|p=216}}</ref> at least 191,044 deported in 1944,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Garrard |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6kivCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA167 |title=World War 2 and the Soviet People: Selected Papers from the Fourth World Congress for Soviet and East European Studies, Harrogate, 1990 |date=1993-07-07 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-22796-9 |page=168 |language=en}}</ref> {{nts|34000}}<ref name="buc">{{cite book |last1=Buckley |first1=Cynthia J. |last2=Ruble |first2=Blair A. |last3=Hofmann |first3=Erin Trouth |year=2008 |title=Migration, Homeland, and Belonging in Eurasia |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Woodrow Wilson Center Press |isbn=978-0-8018-9075-8 |page=207}}</ref> to {{nts|195471}} deaths<ref>{{cite book |last=Allworth |first=Edward |date=1998 |title=The Tatars of Crimea: Return to the Homeland: Studies and Documents |location=Durham |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-1994-8 |lccn=97019110 |oclc=610947243 |page=[https://archive.org/details/tatarsofcrimeare0000unse/page/6 6] |url=https://archive.org/details/tatarsofcrimeare0000unse/page/6}}</ref> * Chechens and Ingush: {{nts|100000}} deaths<ref>Wong, Tom K. (2015). Rights, Deportation, and Detention in the Age of Immigration Control. Stanford University Press. p. 68. {{ISBN|9780804794572}}. LCCN 2014038930. page 68</ref> | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" | On average 25 to 35 percent  |- | Siege of Leningrad<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bidlack |first1=Richard |last2=Lomagin |first2=Nikita |title=The Leningrad Blockade, 1941-1944: A New Documentary History from the Soviet Archives |date=2012 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-11029-6 |page=1 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Vihavainen-Schrey-Vasara">{{cite journal |title=Opfer, Täter, Betrachter: Finnland und die Leningrader Blockade |language=de |trans-title=Victims, Perpetrators, Observers: Finland and the Leningrad Blockade |first1=Timo |last1=Vihavainen |author-link1=Timo Vihavainen |first2=Gabriele |last2=Schrey-Vasara |journal=Osteuropa |volume=61 |issue=8/9 |year=2011 |pages=48–63 |jstor=44936431}}</ref><ref name="Siegl">{{cite journal |title=Die doppelte Tragödie: Anna Reid über die Leningrader Blockade |language=de |trans-title=The Double Tragedy: Anna Reid on the Leningrad Blockade |first1=Elfie |last1=Siegl |journal=Osteuropa |volume=61 |issue=8/9 |year=2011 |pages=358–363 |jstor=44936455}}</ref> | data-sort-value="Europe" | Leningrad | 1941 | 1944 | {{nts|1042000}}<ref name="Krasman">{{cite journal |last1=Krasman |first1=Noah |title=The Paradox of Genocide in Modern Russia: Evolving Narratives of the Siege of Leningrad During the "Great Patriotic Operation" |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |date=2 October 2023 |volume=25 |issue=3–4 |pages=403–417 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2023.2214408 |quote=As determined by scholars and the recent court decision in St. Petersburg, the siege was a "war crime, a crime against humanity, and genocide." |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Glantz">{{Cite book |last=Glantz |first=David |year=2001 |title=The Siege of Leningrad 1941–44: 900 Days of Terror |publisher=Zenith Press, Osceola, WI |isbn=0-7603-0941-8}}</ref> | {{nts|1042000}}<ref name="Krasman"/><ref name="Glantz"/> |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |Some historians and the Russian government have classified the siege, in which German and Finnish policies led to the deaths of more than 1 million civilians from starvation, as a genocide.<ref name="Krasman"/> | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" | |- | The Holocaust | data-sort-value="Europe" | Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe | 1941 | 1945 | {{nts|5,100,000}}<ref>{{bulleted list|{{cite journal |last1=Riep |first1=Leonhard |year=2020 |title=The Production of the Muselmann and the Singularity of Auschwitz: A Critique of Adriana Cavarero's Account of the "Auschwitz Event" |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/682C53CEFFE13F950D40135F487DC0E2/S0887536720000410a.pdf/production_of_the_muselmann_and_the_singularity_of_auschwitz_a_critique_of_adriana_cavareros_account_of_the_auschwitz_event.pdf |journal=Hypatia |volume=35 |issue=4 |page=635 |doi=10.1017/hyp.2020.41 |quote=...between 5 and 6 million. According to Wolfgang Benz, at least 5.29 million up to around 6 million Jews of every age were murdered (Benz 1991, 17), whereas Raul Hilberg counts 5.1 million dead (Hilberg 2003, 1320–21) |doi-access=free |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107032620/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/682C53CEFFE13F950D40135F487DC0E2/S0887536720000410a.pdf/production_of_the_muselmann_and_the_singularity_of_auschwitz_a_critique_of_adriana_cavareros_account_of_the_auschwitz_event.pdf |archive-date=7 January 2023}}|{{harvnb|Fischel|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=T4LQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 10]}}: "The number of Jews killed by the Germans in the Holocaust cannot be precisely calculated. Various historians, however, have provided estimates that range between 4,204,000 and 7,000,000, with the use of the round figure of six million Jews murdered as the best estimate to describe the immensity of the Nazi genocide. The Germans exterminated approximately 54 percent of the Jews within their reach..."|{{cite book |last1=Roth |first1=John K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-drQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |title=Sources of Holocaust Insight: Learning and Teaching about the Genocide |date=2020 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-5326-7418-1 |location=Eugene, Oregon |page=1n1 |quote=...Raul Hilberg... 5.1 million... Israel Gutman and Robert Rozett... between 5–5 and 5.8 million... Wolfgang Benz... 6.2 million. The figures remain imprecise for several reasons, including... |via=Google Books}}|{{cite book |last1=Rummel |first1=R.J. |author1-link=Rudolph Rummel |title=The widening circle of genocide |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-29406-5 |editor1-last=Charny |editor1-first=Israel W. |chapter=Democide in Totalitarian States |quote=4,204,400 to 4,575,400... the lowest count by any reputable study. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ASFWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79 |orig-date=1978 |via=Google Books}}|{{cite book |last1=Oman |first1=Nathan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ntMZDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA203 |title=The dignity of commerce: markets and the moral foundations of contract law |date=2016 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-41552-9 |page=203n64 |quote=Bloxham... "Between 5,100,000 and 6,200,000... |via=Google Books}}|{{cite book |last1=Stier |first1=Oren Baruch |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2xLyCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT99 |title=Holocaust Icons: Symbolizing the Shoah in History and Memory |date=2015 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-7404-2 |quote=... between five and six million. The late Raul Hilberg, for example, political scientist and widely acknowledged dean of Holocaust historiography, estimated 5.1 million Jewish victims, and that number did not change in the third edition of his monumental work. This indicates, one might presume, that he was satisfied with his rigorous investigation into this figure... The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust offers a number of "more than" five million in its definition of the Holocaust.18 In 2007 the Division of the Senior Historian at the USHMM developed a series of estimates (dependent on means of counting) of between 5.65 million and 5.93 million, based on published accounts by Hilberg and others as well as on Soviet documents available only since 1991... No estimate has gone higher than six million. |via=Google Books}}|{{cite book |last1=Rubinstein |first1=William D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pHUABAAAQBAJ&pg=PT121 |title=Genocide |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-86995-5 |quote=The number of Jews killed at the hands of the Nazis is invariably given, in shorthand terms at any rate, as 6 million, a figure which has, of course, entered the common consciousness and is endlessly repeated.122 It appears likely, however, that this number is too high by a considerable amount, as some careful Holocaust scholars such as Gerald Reitlinger and Raul Hilberg have pointed out. Reitlinger's early (1953) but carefully argued estimate of between 4,194,000 and 4,581,000 Jewish deaths is certainly the lowest ever offered by a serious historian; Hilberg's more recent, but even more carefully argued estimate of 5,100,000... appears to be the next lowest among reputable scholars... it appears to this historian that Reitlinger's figures are probably most nearly correct, with the figure of Jewish victims of the Holocaust numbering about 4.7 million, although there is a wide margin of imprecision. Given that about 2.7 million Jews perished in the six major extermination camps, a figure of 6 million Jewish dead necessarily means that 3.3 million perished in other ways: this is very difficult to believe and is almost certainly an exaggeration. In demographic terms, there are two ways of approaching this question: to compare the number of Jews in Nazi-occupied countries in September 1939 with those alive in May 1945 (bearing in mind such other factors as the escape of refugees and battle deaths), and to provide an estimate of the number of Jews who perished by method of death in the extermination camps, at the hands of the Einsatzgruppen, etc. Both are fraught with difficulties, especially the former |orig-date=2004 |via=Google Books}}|{{cite book |last1=Hayes |first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3hUvouXdvYC&pg=PA197 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Holocaust Studies |last2=Roth |first2=John K. |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-165079-6 |page=197 |quote=Nevertheless, scholarly research, aided by recently opened archives and computerized data processing capacities, has put statistical estimates on a firmer footing than was possible in earlier decades. In previous stages of research, estimates of the Jewish victims ranged from 4,202,000—4,575,400 (Reitlinger 1961: 533–46), to 5.1 million (Hilberg 1961: 767), to 5,820,960 (Robinson 1971'. 889), to 6,093,000 (Lestchinsky 1948:60). At the end of the 1980s two different teams, one headed by a German scholar, another by an Israeli, meticulously reviewed all the available data and arrived at the following numbers for Jewish fatalities during the Holocaust: 5,596,000 to 5,860,149 (Gutman 1990: 1799) and 5.29 million to slightly more than 6 million (Benz 1991: 17). The new Yad Vashem museum, which opened in 2005, mentions 5,786,748 Jewish victims. One can be skeptical of such precision, but the most current research reliably calculates a total number of victims close to the now iconic figure Six Million |orig-date=2010 |via=Google Books}}|{{cite book |last1=Benz |first1=Wolfgang |author-link=Wolfgang Benz |url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00benz |title=A Concise History of the Third Reich |publisher=University of California Press |year=2006 |isbn=0-520-23489-8 |edition=1st |location=Berkeley and Los Angeles |page=232 |language=en |quote=At least six million human beings were deliberately and systematically murdered because they were Jews. |via=}}|{{cite book |last1=Benz |first1=Wolfgang |author-link=Wolfgang Benz |url=https://archive.org/details/holocaustgermanh0000benz |title=The Holocaust: A German Historian Examines the Genocide |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-317-86995-5 |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=12, 152–153 |language=en |quote=Six million Jews (not fewer, most probably more) were murdered in the course of the Final Solution of the Jewish question, |via=}}|{{cite book |last1=Bracher |first1=Karl Dietrich |author-link=Karl Dietrich Bracher |url=https://archive.org/details/germandictatorsh0000brac |title=The German Dictatorship: The Origins, Structure and Effects of National Socialism |publisher=Praeger Publishers |year=1970 |isbn= |edition=1st |location=New York |page=430 |language=en |quote=The genocide of the Jews — according to Eichmann's figures more than 6 million (4 million in extermination camps) had been murdered by the summer of 1944 . . . Estimates of the total losses range from 5 to 7 million. At any rate, the total number of Jews in Europe declined from 9.2 to 3.1 million. |via=}}|{{Cite web |date=11 November 2025 |title=Yad Vashem has recovered the names of 5 million Jews murdered in the Holocaust |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/press-release/11-november-2025-08-44.html |access-date=22 November 2025 |website=Yad Vashem |language=en-US |quote=Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center, has recovered the names of five million Jews of the six million murdered in the Holocaust . . . There are still an estimated one million names of Jewish victims who are unknown and many will likely remain so forever. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106132207/https://www.yadvashem.org/press-release/11-november-2025-08-44.html |archive-date=6 January 2026}}}}</ref> | {{nts|7000000}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bracher |first=Karl Dietrich |author-link=Karl Dietrich Bracher |url=https://archive.org/details/germandictatorsh0000brac |title=The German Dictatorship: The Origins, Structure and Effects of National Socialism |publisher=Praeger Publishers |year=1970 |edition=1st |location=New York |page=430 |language=en |quote=Estimates of the total losses range from 5 to 7 million.}}</ref>{{sfn|Fischel|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=T4LQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 10]}} |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |The Holocaust was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe, around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population.<ref>{{cite book |last=Landau |first=Ronnie S. |url=https://archive.org/details/the-nazi-holocaust-its-history-and-meaning-9780755624225-9780857728432_compress |title=The Nazi Holocaust: Its History and Meaning |publisher=I. B. Tauris |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-85772-843-2 |edition=3rd |page=3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Herf |first=Jeffrey C. |author-link=Jeffrey Herf |url=https://archive.org/details/the-routledge-history-of-antisemitism-1138369446-9781138369443_compress |title=The Routledge History of Antisemitism |publisher=Routledge |year=2024 |isbn=978-1-138-36944-3 |editor-last=Weitzman |editor-first=Mark |edition=1st |location=Abingdon and New York |page=278 |language=en |chapter=The Long Term and the Short Term: Antisemitism and the Holocaust |doi=10.4324/9780429428616 |editor-last2=Williams |editor-first2=Robert J. |editor-last3=Wald |editor-first3=James}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gerlach |first=Christian |author-link=Christian Gerlach |url=https://archive.org/details/exterminationofe0000gerl |title=The Extermination of the European Jews |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-139-03418-0 |edition=1st |location=Cambridge |pages=99–100 |language=en}}</ref> Nearly one and half million were killed in just 100 days from late July to early November 1942,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stone |first=Lewi |year=2019 |title=Quantifying the Holocaust: Hyperintense kill rates during the Nazi genocide |journal=Science Advances |volume=5 |issue=1 |article-number=eaau7292 |bibcode=2019SciA....5.7292S |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aau7292 |pmc=6314819 |pmid=30613773}}</ref> probably the fastest rate of genocidal killing in history.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stone |first=Dan |author-link=Dan Stone (historian) |title=The Holocaust: An Unfinished History |publisher=Pelican Books |year=2023 |isbn=978-0-241-38871-6 |edition=1st |page=191 |language=en}}</ref> The murders were carried out primarily through mass shootings and poison gas in extermination camps.{{r|HoloList}} Separate Nazi persecutions killed a similar or larger number of non-Jewish civilians and POWs; the term ''Holocaust'' is sometimes used to refer to the persecution of these other groups. The Holocaust is considered to be the single largest genocide in history.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rosenberg |first=Alan |year=1979 |title=The Genocidal Universe: A Framework for Understanding the Holocaust |journal=European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=29–34 |issn=0014-3006 |jstor=41442658}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Krammer |first=Arnold |author-link=Arnold Krammer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xoHDEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 |title=War Crimes, Genocide, and the Law: A Guide to the Issues |date=2010 |publisher=Praeger |isbn=978-0-313-35937-8 |series=Contemporary Military, Strategic, and Security Issues |location= |page=60}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Richie |first=Alexandra |date=27 January 2024 |title=The Origins of International Holocaust Remembrance Day |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/origins-international-holocaust-remembrance-day |access-date=11 April 2024 |website=The National WWII Museum {{!}} New Orleans}}</ref> | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |{{ntsh|66}}Around 2/3 of the Jewish population of Europe.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Holocaust Encyclopedia |title=Remaining Jewish Population of Europe in 1945 |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/remaining-jewish-population-of-europe-in-1945 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613204721/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/remaining-jewish-population-of-europe-in-1945 |archive-date=13 June 2018|url-status=live|quote=According to the ''American Jewish Yearbook'', the Jewish population of Europe was about 9.5 million in 1933. In 1950, the Jewish population of Europe was about 3.5 million.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Berenbaum |first=Michael |title=The World Must Know: The History of the Holocaust as Told in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8018-8358-3 |edition=2nd |location=Washington, DC |pages=16, 220 |language=en}}</ref> |- | Genocide of Serbs and Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia | data-sort-value="Bosnia and Herzegovina" | Independent State of Croatia (now Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina) | 1941 | 1945 | {{nts|248000}}<ref name="Yeomans">{{cite book |last1=Yeomans |first1=Rory |title=Visions of Annihilation: The Ustasha Regime and the Cultural Politics of Fascism, 1941–1945 |date=2013 |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |isbn=978-0-8229-7793-3 |page=18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yxv4-iqVe2wC&pg=PA18 |quote=Although the estimates of the number of Serbs murdered by the regime vary, even the most conservative figures suggest that out of a pre-war population of 1.9 million, at least 200,000 and possibly as many as 500,000 died at the hands of Ustasha death squads, were executed, or perished in the state's concentration camps.}}</ref>{{r|AxisYugo}}<ref name="stategov">{{cite web |title=The JUST Act Report: Croatia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/just-act-report-to-congress/croatia/ |website=state.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of State |quote=In all, approximately 30,000 Jews (between 75–80 percent of the Jews within the NDH) died during the Holocaust, the majority at the hands of the Ustasha, although the NDH also transferred some 7,000 Jews to the Nazis to be deported to Auschwitz... The NDH also killed an estimated 25,000 or more Roma men, women, and children, the vast majority of the Roma population under its control.}}</ref>{{refn|group=N|name=Exclude|Total number of Serbs, Jews and Roma killed. Excluding the Jews sent to the German extermination camps.}} |{{nts|548000}}<ref name="Yeomans"/><ref name="stategov"/>{{r|AxisYugo}}{{refn|group=N|name=Exclude}} |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" | Genocide of Serbs and Holocaust of Jews and Romani within the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), a fascist puppet state that existed during World War II, led by the Ustaše regime, which ruled an occupied area of Yugoslavia. The Genocide of Serbs was conducted in parallel to the Holocaust in the NDH. The Ustaše were the only quisling forces in Yugoslavia who operated their own extermination camps for the purpose of murdering Serbs and other ethnic groups (Jews and Romani). | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" | |- | Genocide of Bosniaks and Croats by the Chetniks | data-sort-value="Yugoslavia" | Yugoslavia | 1941 | 1945 | {{nts|47,000}}{{sfn|Geiger|2012}} | {{nts|68,000}}{{sfn|Geiger|2012}} |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" | Genocidal massacres and ethnic cleansing of ethnic Muslims and Croats by Yugoslav royalists and nationalists Chetniks across large areas of Occupied Yugoslavia (modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia) during World War II in Yugoslavia, on the basis of creating a post-war Greater Serbia.<ref>{{bulleted list| |{{cite book |last=Redžić |first=Enver |author-link=Enver Redžić |title=Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Second World War |year=2005 |publisher=Frank Cass |location=London; New York |isbn=978-0-7146-5625-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pVCx3jerQmYC |page=155 |via=Google Books}} |{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORSMBFwjAKcC |first1=Matjaž |last1=Klemenčič |first2=Mitja |last2=Žagar |title=The former Yugoslavia's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-57607-294-3 |page=184 |via=Google Books}} |{{cite book |last1=Hoare |first1=Marko Attila |title=Genocide and Resistance in Hitler's Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks, 1941–1943 |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-726380-1 |page=154 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94bzAAAAMAAJ |via=Google Books}} |{{harvnb|Tomasevich|2001|pp=379, 747}} }}</ref> The Moljević plan ("On Our State and Its Borders") and the 1941 'Instructions' issued by Chetnik leader, Draža Mihailović, advocated for the cleansing of non-Serbs. Death toll by ethnicity is estimated to be between 18,000 and 32,000 Croats and between 29,000 and 33,000 Muslims.{{Sfn|Geiger|2012|pp=77–121}} | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" | |- | Nazi crimes against the Polish nation<ref>{{cite book |first1=David |last1=Furber |first2=Wendy |last2=Lower |author2-link=Wendy Lower |editor1-last=Moses |editor1-first=A. Dirk |editor1-link=A. Dirk Moses |title=Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History |date=2008 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-78238-214-0 |page=393 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cbSWBAAAQBAJ&q=nazi+Polish+genocide&pg=PP3 |language=en |chapter=Colonialism and genocide in Nazi-occupied Poland and Ukraine |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Yehuda |last=Bauer |author-link=Yehuda Bauer |chapter=Comparison of Genocides |title=Studies in Comparative Genocide |editor1-first=Levon |editor1-last=Chorbajian |editor1-link=Levon Chorbajian |editor2-first=George |editor2-last=Shirinian |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |date=1999 |isbn=978-1-349-27348-5 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-27348-5_3 |pages=31–43 |quote=According to Polish sources, about three million ethnic Poles lost their lives during the war, or about 10 per cent of the Polish nation(...) large numbers were murdered, or died as a result of direct German actions such as denying food or medical treatment to Poles, or incarceration in concentration camps. There is no way of estimating the exact proportions, but I believe it would be difficult to deny that we have here a case of mass murder directed against Poles. German plans regarding Poles talked about denationalizing the Polish people, or in other words, making them into individuals who would no longer have any national identity(...)This is a case of genocide – a purposeful attempt toeliminate an ethnicity or a nation, accompanied by the murder of large numbers of the targeted group.}}</ref> (part of the ''Generalplan Ost'') | data-sort-value="Europe" | German-occupied Europe | 1939 | 1945 | {{nts|1,800,000}}<ref name="USHMM-Poles">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Polish Victims |encyclopedia=Holocaust Encyclopedia |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/polish-victims |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |access-date=30 October 2020 |language=en |quote=It is estimated that the Germans killed between 1.8 and 1.9 million non-Jewish Polish civilians during World War II. In addition, the Germans murdered at least 3 million Jewish citizens of Poland.}}</ref> | {{nts|3,000,000}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Cherry |first1=Robert D. |author1-link=Robert D. Cherry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkLTSB7NHwgC&q=and+the+ruthlessness+of+German+rule+in+Poland%2C+where+three+million+gentiles+also+perished+and+the+punishment+for+hiding+a+Jew+was+execution+of+captured+rescuers+and+their+immediate+families. |title=Rethinking Poles and Jews: Troubled Past, Brighter Future |last2=Orla-Bukowska |first2=Annamaria |author2-link=Annamaria Orla-Bukowska |date=2007 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-4666-0 |page=52 |language=en |quote=...and the ruthlessness of German rule in Poland, where three million gentiles also perished and the punishment for hiding a Jew was execution of captured rescuers and their immediate families. |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="Banki">{{harvnb|Banki|Pawlikowski|2001|p=93|ps=: "...Along with those three million Polish Jews, three million Polish civilians were murdered as well...."}}</ref> |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |Crimes against the Polish nation committed by Nazi Germany and Axis collaborationist forces during the invasion of Poland,{{sfn|Kulesza|2004|loc=PDF, p. 29}} along with auxiliary battalions during the subsequent occupation of Poland in World War II,{{sfn|Gushee|2012|pp=313–314}} included the genocide of millions of Polish people, especially the systematic extermination of Jewish Poles.{{Efn|Quote: "To conclude: the Germans committed genocide against the Polish population. The very term genocide comes from the 1944 book of the Polish-Jewish jurist Raphael Lemkin, whose study of Nazi-occupied Europe focused on the German attack on the Poles. Not only did the Nazis seek ultimately to eliminate the Polish nation 'as such', but they engaged in each of the acts identified by the 1949 Genocide Convention as signifiers of the 'intent to destroy'"<ref>{{Cite book |editor-first1=Ben |editor-first2=Wendy |editor-first3=Norman |editor-first4=Scott |editor-last1=Kiernan |editor-last2=Lower |editor-last3=Naimark |editor-last4=Straus |title=The Cambridge World History of Genocide |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-108-48707-8 |volume=3: Genocide in the Contemporary Era, 1914–2020 |chapter=15: The Nazis and the Slavs - Poles and Soviet Prisoners of War |doi=10.1017/9781108767118}}</ref>}} These mass killings were enacted by the Nazis with further plans that were justified by their racial theories, which regarded Poles and other Slavs, and especially Jews, as racially inferior {{lang|de|Untermenschen}}. | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |From 6% to 10% (1.8 to 3 million) of the total Polish gentile population.<ref name="Banki"/> In addition, 3 million Polish Jews were killed during the Holocaust in Poland (90% of Polish Jews).<ref name="USHMM-Poles"/> |- | Romani Holocaust | data-sort-value="Europe" | German-occupied Europe | 1939<ref>{{cite web |title=Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939–1945 |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/genocide-of-european-roma-gypsies-1939-1945 |access-date=12 April 2024 |website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225041722/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/genocide-of-european-roma-gypsies-1939-1945 |archive-date=25 December 2024}}</ref> | 1945 | {{nts|130000}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Niewyk |first1=Donald L. |last2=Nicosia |first2=Francis R. |title=The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_QQ7AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 |access-date=5 July 2016 |year=2000 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-50590-1 |page=47 |via=Google Books}}</ref> | {{nts|1500000}}<ref>{{citation |last=Hancock |first=Ian |title=The Historiography of the Holocaust |pages=383–396 |year=2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928102756/http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_e_holocaust_porrajmos&lang=en&articles= |chapter=True Romanies and the Holocaust: A Re-evaluation and an overview |chapter-url=http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_e_holocaust_porrajmos&lang=en&articles= |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-4039-9927-6 |archive-date=28 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ignác |first=Benjamin |date=2 August 2018 |title=Why it is important to remember the Roma Holocaust? |url=http://www.errc.org/news/why-it-is-important-to-remember-the-roma-holocaust |access-date=2 August 2023 |publisher=European Roma Rights Centre |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909022725/https://www.errc.org/news/why-it-is-important-to-remember-the-roma-holocaust |archive-date=9 September 2024}}</ref> |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |The Romani Holocaust was the planned effort by Nazi Germany and its World War II allies and collaborators to commit ethnic cleansing and eventually genocide against European Roma and Sinti peoples during the Holocaust era.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.euronews.com/2015/05/05/how-world-war-ii-shaped-modern-germany |title=How World War II shaped modern Germany |first=Mark |last=Davis |date=5 May 2015 |work=euronews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407065855/https://www.euronews.com/2015/05/05/how-world-war-ii-shaped-modern-germany |archive-date=7 April 2024}}</ref> A supplementary decree to the Nuremberg Laws issued on 26 November 1935 classified the Romani people as "enemies of the race-based state", thereby placing them in the same category as the Jews. Thus, the fate of the Roma in Europe paralleled that of the Jews in the Holocaust.<ref name="USHMM_2">{{cite web |title=Holocaust Encyclopedia – Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939–1945 |publisher=USHMM |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005219 |access-date=9 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805072926/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005219 |archive-date=5 August 2011}}</ref>{{r|Milton1992}} | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |{{ntsh|25}}25% to 80% of Romani people in Europe killed |- | Parsley massacre | data-sort-value="Dominican Republic" | Dominican Republic | colspan=2 | 1937 | {{nts|12000}} | {{nts|40000}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Maria Cristina Fumagalli |title=On the Edge: Writing the Border between Haiti and the Dominican Republic |date=2015 |publisher=Liverpool University Press |page=20 |isbn=978-1-78138-757-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nHRvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA20}}</ref> |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |The Parsley massacre was a mass killing of Haitians living in the Dominican Republic's northwestern frontier and in certain parts of the contiguous Cibao region in October 1937. Dominican Army troops from different areas of the country{{sfn|Turits|2004|p=161}} carried out the massacre on the orders of Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cadeau |first=Sabine F. |title=More than a Massacre: Racial Violence and Citizenship in the Haitian–Dominican Borderlands |date=2022 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781108942508 |isbn=978-1-108-94250-8 |s2cid=249325622}}</ref> Many died while trying to flee to Haiti across the Dajabón River that divides the two countries on the island;{{sfn|Turits|2002|p=590}} the troops followed them into the river to cut them down, causing the river to run with blood and corpses for several days. The massacre claimed the lives of an estimated 14,000 to 40,000 Haitian men, women, and children.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Maria Cristina Fumagalli |title=On the Edge: Writing the Border between Haiti and the Dominican Republic |date=2015 |publisher=Liverpool University Press |page=20 |isbn=978-1-78138-757-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nHRvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA20}}</ref> Dominican troops interrogated thousands of civilians demanding that each victim say the word "parsley" (''perejil''). If the accused could not pronounce the word to the interrogators' satisfaction, they were deemed to be Haitians and killed.<ref name="Alan_Cambeira">{{cite book |last=Cambeira |first=Alan |title=Quisqueya la bella |year=1997 |edition=1996 |page=182 |publisher=M. E. Sharpe |isbn=1-56324-936-7 |quote=anyone of African descent found incapable of pronouncing correctly, that is, to the complete satisfaction of the sadistic examiners, became a condemned individual. This holocaust is recorded as having a death toll reaching thirty thousand innocent souls, Haitians as well as Dominicans.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Dividing Hispaniola: The Dominican Republic's Border Campaign against Haiti, 1930–1961 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PI2oCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT218 |isbn=978-0-8229-8103-9 |last1=Paulino |first1=Edward |date=16 February 2016 |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |via=Google Books}}</ref> | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |{{ntsh|99}}As a result of the massacre, virtually the entire Haitian population in the Dominican frontier was either killed or forced to flee across the border.{{sfn|Turits|2002|p=630}} |- | Mass operations of the NKVD | data-sort-value="Soviet Union" | Soviet Union | 1937 | 1938 | 247,157<ref>{{cite web |title=The NKVD Mass Secret National Operations (August 1937 - November 1938) {{!}} Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/nkvd-mass-secret-national-operations-august-1937-november-1938.html |website=www.sciencespo.fr |access-date=21 July 2025 |language=en |date=15 April 2019}}</ref> | |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |During the Great Purge, people from certain ethnic groups were disproportionately represented as victims of arrest and execution.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kotliartchouk |first1=Andrej |title=Understanding Stalin's Terror against Western Minorities: The National Operations of the NKVD in Contemporary Academic Research |journal=The Historical Journal |date=February 2025 |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=239–257 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X24000487 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/understanding-stalins-terror-against-western-minorities-the-national-operations-of-the-nkvd-in-contemporary-academic-research/C857CFCE5920997FA2BFF04444B18760 |language=en |issn=0018-246X}}</ref> Although some historians have argued that the victims were targeted mostly because of their ethnicity, historian Andrey Savin writes that "the determinant factors in the choice of the majority of the victims of the national operations were, as a rule, the objective criteria of a "hostile" social past/origin and the subjective criteria of recurrent "anti-Soviet" behaviour".<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Ethnification of Stalinism? Ethnic Cleansings and the NKVD Order No 00447 in a Comparative Perspective |first=Andrey |last=Savin |title=Ethnic and Religious Minorities in Stalin's Soviet Union: New Dimensions of Research |editor1-first=Andrej |editor1-last=Kotljarchuk |editor2-first=Olle |editor2-last=Sundström |page=63}}</ref> Multiple historians have published opinions describing the Polish operation as genocidal.<ref>{{bulleted list| |{{harvnb|Ellman|2007}} |{{cite book |last=Sebag-Montefiore |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Sebag-Montefiore |title=Stalin. The Court of the Red Tsar |page=229 |publisher=Vintage Books |location=New York |year=2003 |isbn=1-4000-7678-1}} |{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IB-hDQAAQBAJ&q=%22Polish+operation%22 |title=Genocide: A World History |first=Norman M. |last=Naimark |author-link=Norman Naimark |date=November 2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-063772-9}} }}</ref> {{ntsh|13}}22% of the Polish population of the USSR was "sentenced" by the operation (140,000 people){{sfn|Ellman|2007|p=686}} The German operation of the NKVD has also been described as a genocide.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter=The Great Purge in Ukraine: The German Operation of the NKVD (1937–8) |first1=Volodymyr |last1=Semystyaha |first2=Igor |last2=Tatarinov |title=The Routledge History of Genocide |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |pages= |isbn=9781315719054}}</ref>{{pn|date=February 2026}} | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" | |- | Dersim massacre | data-sort-value="Turkey" | Turkey | 1937 | 1938 | {{nts|13806}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yeğen |first1=Mesut |title=Collective and State Violence in Turkey: The Construction of a National Identity from Empire to Nation-State |date=2020 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-78920-451-3 |pages=303–346 [310] |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781789204513-012/html |language=en |chapter=State Violence in 'Kurdistan'|doi=10.1515/9781789204513-012}}</ref> | {{nts|70000}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Törne |first=Annika |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110630213/html |title=Dersim – Geographie der Erinnerungen: Eine Untersuchung von Narrativen über Verfolgung und Gewalt |language=de |trans-title=Dersim – Geography of Memories: An Investigation of Narratives of Persecution and Violence |date=5 November 2019 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-063021-3 |doi=10.1515/9783110630213}}</ref>{{pn|date=February 2026}} |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |The Dersim massacre,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Strasser |first1=Sabine |last2=Akçınar |first2=Mustafa |title=Migration and Social Remittances in a Global Europe |date=2017 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-1-137-60126-1 |pages=143–163 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/978-1-137-60126-1_7 |language=en |chapter=Dersim Across Borders: Political Transmittances Between the Kurdish-Turkish Province Tunceli and Europe |doi=10.1057/978-1-137-60126-1_7}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Intergenerational Transmission of Trauma: The Case of the Dersim Massacre 1937-38 |journal=Is This a Culture of Trauma? An Interdisciplinary Perspective |date=1 January 2013 |pages=63–75 |doi=10.1163/9781848881624_008|isbn=9781848881624 |last1=Çelik |first1=Filiz}}</ref> also known as Dersim genocide,<ref>{{bulleted list| | {{cite journal |last1=Ayata |first1=Bilgin |last2=Hakyemez |first2=Serra |title=The AKP's engagement with Turkey's past crimes: an analysis of PM Erdoğan's "Dersim apology" |journal=Dialectical Anthropology |date=2013 |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=131–143 |doi=10.1007/s10624-013-9304-3 |s2cid=144503079 |language=en |issn=1573-0786}} | {{cite journal |last1=Deniz |first1=Dilşa |title=Re-assessing the Genocide of Kurdish Alevis in Dersim, 1937-38 |journal=Genocide Studies and Prevention |date=2020 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=20–43 |doi=10.5038/1911-9933.14.2.1728 |url=https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol14/iss2/5/ |issn=1911-0359 |doi-access=free}} | {{cite journal |last1=Ilengiz |first1=Çiçek |title=Erecting a Statue in the Land of the Fallen: Gendered Dynamics of the Making of Tunceli and Commemorating Seyyid Rıza in Dersim |journal=L'Homme |date=2019 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=75–92 |doi=10.14220/lhom.2019.30.2.75 |s2cid=213908434}} | {{cite journal |last1=Erbal |first1=Ayda |title=The Armenian Genocide, AKA the Elephant in the Room |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |date=2015 |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=783–790 |doi=10.1017/S0020743815000987 |jstor=43998041 |s2cid=162834123 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43998041 |issn=0020-7438 |url-access=subscription}} | {{cite journal |last1=Orhan |first1=Gozde |date=2020 |title=Remembering a Massacre: How Did the Rise of Oral History as a Methodology Improve Dersim Studies? |journal=Wrocławski Rocznik Historii Mówionej |doi=10.26774/wrhm.249 |pages=95–118 |s2cid=226660222 |doi-access=free}} | {{cite book |last=Dinç |first=Pınar |date=2021 |chapter=Dersim 1937–1938: Shifts and continuities in the state discourse and reasoning under Kemalism and Erdoğanism |editor-last=Christofis |editor-first=Nikos |title=The Kurds in Erdogan's "New" Turkey: Domestic and International Implications |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781003143895 |isbn=978-1003143895}} }}</ref> was carried out by the Turkish military over the course of three operations in the Dersim Province against Kurdish rebels of Alevi faith, and civilians in 1937 and 1938. Although most Kurds in Dersim remained in their home villages,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Basaranlar |first=Burak |title=Pragmatic coexistence: local responses to the state intrusion in Dersim during the early Republican period of Turkey (1938–1950) |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=58 |issue=6 |date=2022-11-02 |issn=0026-3206 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2022.2028623 |pages=931–949 |url=http://cdm21054.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/IR/id/11070}}</ref> thousands were killed and many others were expelled to other parts of Turkey.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bilmez |first=Bülent |date=2025 |chapter=An Undeniable Genocide: Dersim 1937–38 |editor-last=Salih |editor-first=Kaziwa |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Kurdish Genocides |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-87612-7_4 |isbn=978-3-031-87612-7 |pages=65–89}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/middle-eastnorth-africapersian-gulf-region/turkeykurds-1922-present/ |title=16. Turkey/Kurds (1922–present) |publisher=Uca.edu |access-date=24 December 2013 }}</ref> | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" | |- | Holodomor | data-sort-value="Soviet Union 2" | Ukraine and the northern Kuban,{{sfn|Naimark|2010|p=70}} Soviet Union | 1932 | 1933 | {{nts|3000000}}{{sfn|Naimark|2010|pp=70, 147}} | {{nts|5000000}}{{sfn|Naimark|2010|pp=70, 147}} |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |The ''Holodomor'' also known as the ''Ukrainian Famine'' was a man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine from 1932 to 1933 that killed millions of Ukrainians. The Holodomor was part of the wider Soviet famine of 1930–1933 which affected the major grain-producing areas of the Soviet Union.{{pb}}While scholars are in consensus that the cause of the famine was man-made,<ref>{{cite journal|journal=American Political Science Review|doi=10.1017/S0003055419000066|page=571 |title=Mass Repression and Political Loyalty: Evidence from Stalin's 'Terror by Hunger' |year=2019 |last1=Rozenas |first1=Arturas |last2=Zhukov |first2=Yuri M. |volume=113 |issue=2 |s2cid=143428346 |quote=Similar to famines in Ireland in 1846–1851 (Ó Gráda 2007) and China in 1959–1961 (Meng, Qian and Yared 2015), the politics behind Holodomor have been a focus of historiographic debate. The most common interpretation is that Holodomor was 'terror by hunger' (Conquest 1987, 224), 'state aggression' (Applebaum 2017) and 'clearly premeditated mass murder' (Snyder 2010, 42). Others view it as an unintended by-product of Stalin's economic policies (Kotkin 2017; Naumenko 2017), precipitated by natural factors like adverse weather and crop infestation (Davies and Wheatcroft 1996; Tauger 2001).}}</ref> whether or not the Holodomor was intentional and therefore constitutes a genocide under the Genocide Convention is debated by scholars.<ref>{{cite journal |page=37 |doi=10.21226/T2301N |title=Towards a Decentred History: The Study of the Holodomor and Ukrainian Historiography |year=2015 |last1=Andriewsky |first1=Olga |journal=East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies |volume=2 |issue=1 |doi-access=free |quote=Historians of Ukraine are no longer debating whether the Famine was the result of natural causes (and even then not exclusively by them). The academic debate appears to come down to the issue of intentions, to whether the special measures undertaken in Ukraine in the winter of 1932–33 that intensified starvation were aimed at Ukrainians as such.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Grynevych |first=Liudmyla |author-link=:uk:Гриневич Людмила Володимирівна |title=The Present State of Ukrainian Historiography on the Holodomor and Prospects for Its Development |journal=The Harriman Review |volume=16 |number=2 |pages=10–20 |year=2008 |doi=10.7916/d8-enqm-hy61 |publisher=Harriman Institute}}</ref> | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |10% of Ukraine's population{{sfn|Ellman|2007}} Over 35% of Ukrainians in Kazakhstan{{sfn|Ohayon|2016}} |- | Libyan genocide | data-sort-value="Libya" | Italian Libya | 1929 | 1932 | {{nts|83000}}<ref name="Duggan">{{cite book |last=Duggan |first=Christopher |title=The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796 |date=2008 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-618-35367-5 |page=497 |language=en}}</ref> | {{nts|125000}}+<ref name="Wright">{{cite book |title=A History of Modern Libya |last=Wright |first=John |year=1982 |url=http://necrometrics.com/20c100k.htm#Libya |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921175305/http://necrometrics.com/20c100k.htm#Libya |archive-date=21 September 2023}}</ref> |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |The Libyan genocide was the genocide of Libyan Arabs and the systematic destruction of Libyan culture,<ref name="Mann309">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGHGPgj1_tIC&pg=PA309 |title=The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing |last=Mann |first=Michael |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-53854-1 |page=309 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gSg0lQkyJoIC&pg=PA146 |title=Making of Modern Libya, The: State Formation, Colonization, and Resistance |edition=Second |last=Ahmida |first=Ali Abdullatif |date=23 March 2011 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-1-4384-2893-2 |page=146 |language=en |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="otttensamul">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rgGA91skoP4C&pg=PA259 |title=Dictionary of Genocide: A-L |last1=Totten |first1=Samuel |last2=Bartrop |first2=Paul Robert |author1-link=Samuel Totten |author2-link=Paul R. Bartrop |date=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-34642-2 |page=259}}</ref> particularly during and after the Second Italo-Senussi War between 1929 and 1934.<ref>{{citation |last=Ahmida |first=Ali Abdullatif |title=Eurocentrism, Silence and Memory of Genocide in Colonial Libya, 1929–1934 |year=2023 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-world-history-of-genocide/eurocentrism-silence-and-memory-of-genocide-in-colonial-libya-19291934/2F6A0A6F7010B944D4C13A4A6425A0A1 |work=The Cambridge World History of Genocide: Volume 3: Genocide in the Contemporary Era, 1914–2020 |volume=3 |pages=118–140 |editor-last=Kiernan |editor-first=Ben |access-date=10 December 2023 |series=The Cambridge World History of Genocide |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-76711-8 |editor2-last=Naimark |editor2-first=Norman |editor3-last=Straus |editor3-first=Scott |editor4-last=Lower |editor4-first=Wendy}}</ref> During this period, between 83,000 and 125,000 Libyans were killed by Italian colonial authorities under Benito Mussolini.{{r|Duggan}}{{r|Wright}} Italy committed major war crimes during the conflict; including the use of chemical weapons, executing surrendering combatants, and the mass executions of civilians.{{r|Duggan}} Italy apologized in 2008 for its killing, destruction and repression of the Libyan people during the period of colonial rule.<ref name="thelibyareport">{{cite book |title=The Report: Libya 2008 |publisher=Oxford Business Group |year=2008 |page=17}}</ref> | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |{{nts|25}}% of Cyrenaican population{{sfn|Duggan|2007|p=497}} Half of the nomadic Bedouin population<ref>{{cite book |last=Pappé |first=Ilan |author-link=Ilan Pappé |title=The Modern Middle East |publisher=Routledge |date=2005 |isbn=0-415-21409-2 |page=26}}</ref><ref name="Cardoza, 109">{{cite book |first=Anthony L. |last=Cardoza |title=Benito Mussolini: the first fascist |publisher=Pearson Longman |year=2006 |page=109}}</ref>{{sfn|Bloxham|Moses|2010|p=358}} |- | Armenian genocide | data-sort-value="Ottoman Empire" | Ottoman Empire (now Turkey, Syria, and Iraq) | 1915 | 1917 | {{nts|600000}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bijak |first1=Jakub |last2=Lubman |first2=Sarah |title=The Armenian Genocide Legacy |date=2016 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-1-137-56163-3 |page=39 |language=en |chapter=The Disputed Numbers: In Search of the Demographic Basis for Studies of Armenian Population Losses, 1915–1923}}</ref> | {{nts|1500000}}{{sfn|Morris|Ze'evi|2019|p=1}} |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |The Armenian genocide,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Robertson |first1=Geoffrey |title=The Armenian Genocide Legacy |date=2016 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-1-137-56163-3 |pages=69–83 |language=en |chapter=Armenia and the G-word: The Law and the Politics |quote=Put another way – if these same events occurred today, there can be no doubt that prosecutions before the ICC of Talaat and other CUP officials for genocide, for persecution and for other crimes against humanity would succeed. Turkey would be held responsible for genocide and for persecution by the ICJ and would be required to make reparation.14 That Court would also hold Germany responsible for complicity with the genocide and persecution, since it had full knowledge of the massacres and deportations and decided not to use its power and influence over the Ottomans to stop them. But to the overarching legal question that troubles the international community today, namely whether the killings of Armenians in 1915 can properly be described as a genocide, the analysis in this chapter returns are sounding affirmative answer.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lattanzi |first1=Flavia |title=The Armenian Massacres of 1915–1916 a Hundred Years Later: Open Questions and Tentative Answers in International Law |date=2018 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-319-78169-3 |pages=27–104 |language=en |chapter=The Armenian Massacres as the Murder of a Nation?|quote=Starting from the claim by the Armenian community and the majority of historians that the 1915–1916 Armenian massacres and deportations constitute genocide as well as Turkey's fierce opposition to such a qualification, this paper investigates the possibility of identifying those massacres and deportations as the destruction of a nation. On the basis of a thorough analysis of the facts and the required mental element, the author shows that a deliberate destruction, in a substantial part, of the Armenian Christian nation as such, took place in those years. To come to this conclusion, this paper borrows the very same determinants as those used in the case-law of the Military Tribunals in occupied Germany, the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda in genocide cases.}}</ref> carried out by the Young Turks, included massacres, forced deportations involving death marches, and mass starvation. It occurred concurrently with the Assyrian and Greek genocides; some scholars consider these to form a broader genocide targeting all of the Christians in Anatolia.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=The Armenian Genocide (1915–16): In Depth |encyclopedia=Holocaust Encyclopedia |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-armenian-genocide-1915-16-in-depth |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |access-date=30 October 2020 |language=en |quote=Although the term genocide was not coined until 1944, most scholars agree that the mass murder of Armenians fits this definition. The CUP government systematically used an emergency military situation to effect a long-term population policy aimed at strengthening Muslim Turkish elements in Anatolia at the expense of the Christian population (primarily Armenians, but also Christian Assyrians). Ottoman, Armenian, US, British, French, German, and Austrian documents from the time reveal that the CUP leadership intentionally targeted the Armenian population of Anatolia. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020051841/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-armenian-genocide-1915-16-in-depth |archive-date=20 October 2023}}</ref>{{sfn|Morris|Ze'evi|2019|pp=3–5}} | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" | Approximately 90% of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire were killed or expelled.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Suny |first1=Ronald Grigor |author-link=Ronald Grigor Suny |title="They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide |title-link=They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else |date=2015 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-6558-1 |page=xxi}}</ref> The share of Christians in area within Turkey's current borders declined from 20-22% in 1914, or about 3.3.–3.6 million people, to around 3% in 1927.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pamuk |first1=Şevket |title=Uneven Centuries: Economic Development of Turkey since 1820 |date=2018 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-18498-2 |page=50}}</ref> |- | Sayfo | data-sort-value="Ottoman Empire" | Ottoman Empire (now Turkey, Syria and Iraq) | 1915 | 1919 | {{nts|200,000}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Travis |first=Hannibal |title=Native Christians Massacred': The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians During World War I |series=Genocide Studies and Prevention |volume=1 |date=December 2006 |pages=327–371}}</ref> | |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" | The Sayfo (also known as the Seyfo or the Assyrian genocide) was the mass slaughter and deportation of Assyrian/Syriac Christians in southeastern Anatolia and Persia's Azerbaijan province by Ottoman forces and some Kurdish tribes during World War I. | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |{{ntsh|40}}Overall, about 2 million Christians were killed in Anatolia between 1894 and 1924, 40 per cent of the original population.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ze'evi |first1=Dror |author1-link=Dror Ze'evi |last2=Morris |first2=Benny |author2-link=Benny Morris |title=Response to Critique: The thirty-year genocide. Turkey's destruction of its Christian minorities, 1894–1924, by Benny Morris and Dror Ze'evi, Cambridge, MA, and London, Harvard University Press, 2019, 672 pp., USD$35.00 (hardcover), ISBN 9780674916456 |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |year=2020 |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=561–566 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2020.1735600 |s2cid=216395523}}</ref> |- | Greek genocide and Pontic genocide | data-sort-value="Ottoman Empire" | Ottoman Empire (now Turkey) | 1914 | 1922 | {{nts|300,000}}<ref name="Sjöberg">{{cite book |last1=Sjöberg |first1=Erik |author-link=Erik Sjöberg (historian) |title=The Making of the Greek Genocide: Contested Memories of the Ottoman Greek Catastrophe |date=2016 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-78533-326-2 |page=234 |language=en |quote=Activists tend to inflate the overall total of Ottoman Greek deaths, from the cautious estimates between 300,000 to 700,000...}}</ref> | {{nts|1,200,000}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Halo |first=Thea |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SlwEDQAAQBAJ |title=Genocide in the Ottoman Empire: Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks, 1913-1923 |publisher=Berghahn Books |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-78533-433-7 |editor-last=Shirinian |editor-first=George |page=314 |quote=Clearly, by the time of the exchange, there had been ten years of atrocities against the Ottoman Greek populations in Thrace, Western Asia Minor, and Pontos, with a death toll estimated at 1.2 million Ottoman Greeks.}}</ref> |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |The Greek genocide,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Varnava |first1=Andrekos |title=Book Review: Denial of Violence: Ottoman Past, Turkish Present and Collective Violence against the Armenians, 1789–2009 |journal=Genocide Studies and Prevention |year=2016 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=121–123 |doi=10.5038/1911-9933.10.1.1403 |url=https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol10/iss1/13/ |issn=1911-0359 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Barth |first=Boris |title=Genozid. Völkermord im 20. Jahrhundert. Geschichte, Theorien, Kontroversen |language=de |trans-title=Genocide: Genocide in the 20th Century: History, theories, controversies |year=2006 |isbn=978-3-40652-865-1 |location=München |publisher=C. H. Beck}}</ref> which included the ''Pontic genocide'', was the systematic killing of the Christian Ottoman Greek population of Anatolia which was carried out mainly during World War I and its aftermath (1914–1922) on the basis of their religion and ethnicity.{{sfn|Jones|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0kBZBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA163 163]}} It was perpetrated by the government of the Ottoman Empire led by the Three Pashas and by the Government of the Grand National Assembly led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk,<ref name="Meichanetsidis2015">{{cite journal |last=Meichanetsidis |first=Vasileios |year=2015 |title=The Genocide of the Greeks of the Ottoman Empire, 1913–1923: A Comprehensive Overview |url=https://utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/gsi.9.1.06 |journal=Genocide Studies International |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=104–173 |doi=10.3138/gsi.9.1.06 |s2cid=154870709 |issn=2291-1847 |quote=The genocide was committed by two subsequent and chronologically, ideologically, and organically interrelated and interconnected dictatorial and chauvinist regimes: (1) the regime of the CUP, under the notorious triumvirate of the three pashas (Üç Paşalar), Talât, Enver, and Cemal, and (2) the rebel government at Samsun and Ankara, under the authority of the Grand National Assembly (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi) and Kemal. Although the process had begun before the Balkan Wars, the final and most decisive period started immediately after WWI and ended with the almost total destruction of the Pontic Greeks}}</ref> against the Greek population of the Empire. The genocide included massacres, forced deportations involving death marches through the Syrian Desert,<ref>{{cite book |last=Weisband |first=Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Z43DwAAQBAJ |title=The Macabresque: Human Violation and Hate in Genocide, Mass Atrocity and Enemy-Making |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-067789-3 |page=262 |language=en |via=Google Books}}</ref> expulsions, summary executions, and the destruction of Eastern Orthodox cultural, historical, and religious monuments.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Law |first1=Ian |last2=Jacobs |first2=Anna |last3=Kaj |first3=Nisreen |last4=Pagano |first4=Simona |last5=Koirala |first5=Bozena Sojka |date=20 October 2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RgZHBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT54 |title=Mediterranean racisms: connections and complexities in the racialization of the Mediterranean region |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-26347-6 |location=Basingstoke |page=54 |oclc=893607294 |name-list-style=vanc |via=Google Books}}</ref> | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |At least 25% of Greeks in Anatolia (Turkey) killed<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lagos |first=Ioannis |title=Parliamentary question {{!}} EU recognition of the genocide of Greeks in Asia Minor {{!}} E-004308/2021 |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-9-2021-004308_EN.html |access-date=22 June 2025 |website=European Parliament |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916013704/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-9-2021-004308_EN.html |archive-date=16 September 2025}}</ref> |- | Herero and Nama genocide | data-sort-value="Namibia" | German South West Africa (now Namibia) | 1904 | 1908 | {{nts|34000}}{{sfn|Nuhn|1989}} | {{nts|110000}}{{sfn|Whitaker Report|1985}}<ref name="HereroBiblio">{{harvnb|Moses|2008|p=296}}; {{harvnb|Sarkin-Hughes|2008|p=142}}; {{harvnb|Schaller|2008|p=296}}; {{harvnb|Friedrichsmeyer|Lennox|Zantop|1998|p=87}}; {{harvnb|Nuhn|1989}}; {{harvnb|Hoffmann|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LItBN2keNpQC&pg=PA33 33]}}</ref> |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |The Genocide in German South West Africa was the campaign to exterminate the Herero and Nama people that the German Empire undertook in German South-West Africa (modern-day Namibia). It is considered one of the first genocides of the 20th century. | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |{{ntsh|70}}60% (24,000 out of 40,000{{sfn|Nuhn|1989}}) to 81.25% (65,000<ref>{{cite news |title=Germany admits Namibia genocide |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3565938.stm |access-date=20 February 2016 |work=BBC News |date=14 August 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227003518/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3565938.stm |archive-date=27 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=German minister says sorry for genocide in Namibia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/aug/16/germany.andrewmeldrum |access-date=20 February 2016 |work=The Guardian |date=16 August 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924103227/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/aug/16/germany.andrewmeldrum |archive-date=24 September 2023}}</ref> out of 80,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.preventgenocide.org/prevent/UNdocs/whitaker/section5.htm |title=UN Whitaker Report on Genocide, 1985 |quote=paragraphs 14 to 24, pages 5 to 10 |publisher=Prevent Genocide International |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211213921/http://www.preventgenocide.org/prevent/UNdocs/whitaker/section5.htm |archive-date=11 February 2024}}</ref>) of total Herero and 50%{{sfn|Nuhn|1989}} of Nama population killed. |- | Selknam genocide | data-sort-value="Chile" | Tierra del Fuego, Chile, Argentina | 1880 | 1910 | {{nts|2500}}{{sfn|Chapman|2010|p=544}} | {{nts|4000}}<ref name="GG">{{cite journal |last1=Adhikari |first1=Mohamed |author1-link=Mohamed Adhikari |last2=Carmichael |first2=Cathie |last3=Jones |first3=Adam |author3-link=Adam Jones (Canadian scholar) |last4=Kapila |first4=Shruti |last5=Naimark |first5=Norman |author5-link=Norman Naimark |last6=Weitz |first6=Eric D. |title=Genocide and Global and/or World History: Reflections |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |year=2018 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=134–153 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2017.1363476 |s2cid=80081680}}</ref> |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |The Selknam genocide was the systematic extermination of the Selkʼnam people, an indigenous people of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago by a combination of European and South American hunters, ranchers, gold miners, and soldiers.{{sfn|Gigoux|2022|pp=1–2}}{{sfn|Harambour|2019a|p=?}}<ref name="GG" /> Historians estimate that the Selkʼnam population fell from approximately 4,000 people during the 1880s to a few hundred by the early 1900s.{{sfn|Chapman|2010|p=544}} | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |{{ntsh|84}}84%{{pb}}The genocide reduced their numbers from around 3,000 to about 500 people.{{sfn|Gardini|1984}}{{sfn|Ray|2007|p=95}} |- | Circassian genocide | data-sort-value="Russia" | Circassia, Russian Empire | 1864{{refn|group=N|name=NCircassian2|Although ethnic cleansings and massacres began in the early 1800s, particularly under the command of the Tsarist Russian general Grigory Zass, the mass deportations, mass murders and extermination operations — where most deaths occurred — started in 1864.}} | 1867 | {{nts|1000000}}<ref>{{harvnb|Richmond|2013}}; {{harvnb|Levene|2005|p=301|ps=: "..anything between 1 and 1.5 million Circassians perished either directly, or indirectly, as a result of the Russian military campaign"}}; {{harvnb|Human Rights Association|2023|ps=: "Tsarist Russia pursued a policy of total extermination in the east of the Caucasus, in Dagestan and the Chechen-Ingush region, without discriminating between women and children throughout the war. More than one million Circassians were massacred and many more were exiled from their homeland."}}; {{harvnb|Genel Komite|2014}}</ref> | {{nts|2000000}}<ref>{{harvnb|Shenfield|1999|p=154|ps=: "The number who died in the Circassian catastrophe of the 1860s could hardly, therefore, be less than one million, and may well have been closer to one-and-a-half million"}}; {{harvnb|Richmond|2013}}; {{harvnb|Genel Komite|2014}}; {{harvnb|Ahmed|2013|p=357|ps=: "In the 1860s Russia killed 1.5 million Circassians, half of their population, and expelled the other half from their lands."}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=The Circassian Genocide: The Forgotten Tragedy of the First Modern Genocide |url=https://ausisjournal.com/2023/12/06/the-circassian-genocide-the-forgotten-tragedy-of-the-first-modern-genocide/#_edn23 |date=6 December 2023 |journal=American University: Journal of International Service |first=Evan |last=Messenger |quote=The corroboration between both Turkish and Russian documents puts the number of Circassian deaths by military operations and pre-planned massacres between 1.5 – 2 million; ...}}</ref> |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |The Circassian genocide<ref>{{harvnb|Richmond|2013|pp=1–2}}; {{harvnb|Shenfield|1999|p=154}}; {{harvnb|King|2008}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2016|p=109}}</ref><ref>* {{Cite web |title=UNPO: The Circassian Genocide |url=https://unpo.org/article/1639 |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=unpo.org |date=2 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523145306/https://unpo.org/article/1639 |archive-date=23 May 2024}} * {{cite web |url=http://justicefornorthcaucasus.info/?p=1251662239 |title=Coverage of The tragedy public Thought (later half of the 19th century) |first=Niko |last=Javakhishvili |website=justicefornorthcaucasus.info |publisher=Tbilisi State University |date=20 December 2012 |access-date=1 June 2015}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.elot.ru/main/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1699&Itemid=5 |script-title=ru:Постановление Верховного Совета К-БССР об осуждении геноцида черкесов от 7 февраля 1992 г. N° 977-XII-B |title=Postanovleniye Verkhovnogo Soveta K-BSSR ob osuzhdenii genotsida cherkesov ot 7 fevralya 1992 g. N° 977-XII-B |trans-title=Decree of the Supreme Council of the K-BSSR on the condemnation of the genocide of the Circassians of February 7, 1992 N ° 977-XII-B |access-date=13 August 2012 |website=elot.ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715173723/http://www.elot.ru/main/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1699&Itemid=5 |archive-date=15 July 2012}} * {{cite web |url=http://zakon.parlament-kbr.ru/searchrun.phtml?idb=1&tipdocu=&ogu1=&sbu1=&dd1=&dd2=&nmu=&nm=&nmi=&nstr=&tx=%E3%E5%ED%EE%F6%E8%E4&klu1=&klu2=0&kl=&klid=&rubu1=&rubu2=0&rub=&txt=&vs=&cpage=1&sort=2 |script-title=ru:Постановление Парламента Кабардино-Балкарской Республики от 12.05.1994 № 21-П-П (об обращении в Госдуму с вопросом признания геноцида черкесов) Недоступная ссылка |title=Postanovleniye Parlamenta Kabardino-Balkarskoy Respubliki ot 12.05.1994 № 21-P-P (ob obrashchenii v Gosdumu s voprosom priznaniya genotsida cherkesov) Nedostupnaya ssylka |language=ru |trans-title=Decree of the Parliament of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic of May 12, 1994 No. 21-P-P (on applying to the State Duma with the issue of recognizing the genocide of the Circassians) Unavailable link |website=parlament-kbr.ru |date=September 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite web |url=http://www.pravoteka.ru/docs/adygeya_respublika/10470.html |script-title=ru:Постановление ГС — Хасэ Республики Адыгея от 29.04.1996 № 64-1 «Об обращении к Государственной Думе Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации» |title=Postanovleniye GS — Khase Respubliki Adygeya ot 29.04.1996 № 64-1 «Ob obrashchenii k Gosudarstvennoy Dume Federal'nogo Sobraniya Rossiyskoy Federatsii» |trans-title=Decree of the State Council – Khase of the Republic of Adygea dated April 29, 1996 No. 64-1 "On Appeal to the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation" |website=pravoteka.ru |language=ru }}</ref> was the Russian Empire's systematic mass murder, ethnic cleansing, and expulsion of the Circassian population, resulting in 1 to 1.5 million deaths<ref>Sources: * {{harvnb|Shenfield|1999|pp=149–162}}: "The number who died in the Circassian catastrophe of the 1860s could hardly, therefore, have been fewer than one million, and may well have been closer to one-and-a-half million" * {{harvnb|Richmond|2013}} * {{harvnb|King|2008}} * {{Cite web |last=Cataliotti |first=Joseph |date=22 October 2023 |title=Circassian Genocide: Overview & History |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/circassian-genocide-overview-facts.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320101348/https://study.com/learn/lesson/circassian-genocide-overview-facts.html |archive-date=20 March 2023 |website=Study.com}} * {{Cite web |date=21 May 2023 |title=Circassian Genocide on its 159th Anniversary |url=https://ihd.org.tr/en/circassian-genocide-on-its-159th-anniversary-genocide-is-a-crime-against-humanity/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822133010/https://ihd.org.tr/en/circassian-genocide-on-its-159th-anniversary-genocide-is-a-crime-against-humanity/ |archive-date=22 August 2023 |website=Human Rights Association}}</ref>{{efn|"In the 1860s Russia killed 1.5 million Circassians, half of their population, and expelled the other half from their lands." {{harvnb|Ahmed|2013|p=357}}}} during the final stages of the Russo-Circassian War.{{sfn|Richmond|2013|loc=back cover}}<ref name="csurvey">{{cite journal |last=Yemelianova |first=Galina |date=April 2014 |title=Islam, nationalism and state in the Muslim Caucasus |journal=Caucasus Survey |volume=1 |issue=2 |page=3 |doi=10.1080/23761199.2014.11417291 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The peoples planned for extermination were mainly the Muslim Circassians, but other Muslim peoples of the Caucasus were also affected.<ref name="csurvey" /> Killing methods used by Russian forces during the genocide included impaling and tearing the bellies of pregnant women as means of intimidation of the Circassian population.{{sfn|Richmond|2013|loc=back cover}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Üstel |first=Aziz |title=Soykırım mı; işte Çerkes soykırımı |trans-title=Is it genocide; here is the Circassian genocide |language=tr |url=https://www.star.com.tr/yazar/soykirim-mi-3b-iste-cerkes-soykirimi-yazi-724367/ |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=star.com.tr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020132833/https://www.star.com.tr/yazar/soykirim-mi-3b-iste-cerkes-soykirimi-yazi-724367/ |archive-date=20 October 2023}}</ref> Russian generals such as Grigory Zass described the Circassians as "subhuman filth", and glorified the mass murder of Circassian civilians,{{sfn|Richmond|2013|loc=back cover}}<ref>Capobianco, Michael (2012). ''Blood on the Shore: The Circassian Genocide''</ref> justified their use in scientific experiments,<ref>{{cite web |last=Gazetesi |first=Jıneps |date=2 September 2013 |title=Velyaminov, Zass ve insan kafası biriktirme hobisi |trans-title=Velyaminov, Zass and his hobby of collecting human heads |url=https://jinepsgazetesi.com/2013/09/velyaminov-zass-ve-insan-kafasi-biriktirme-hobisi/ |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=Jıneps Gazetesi |language=tr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227144530/https://jinepsgazetesi.com/2013/09/velyaminov-zass-ve-insan-kafasi-biriktirme-hobisi/ |archive-date=27 December 2024}}</ref> and allowed their soldiers to rape women.{{sfn|Richmond|2013|loc=back cover}} | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |{{ntsh|45}}95%–97% of total Circassian population killed or deported by the forces of Tsarist Russia.{{sfn|Richmond|2013|p=132|ps=: "If we assume that Berzhe's middle figure of 50,000 was close to the number who survived to settle in the lowlands, then between 95 percent and 97 percent of all Circassians were killed outright, died during Evdokimov's campaign, or were deported."}}<ref name="Circassianworld">{{Cite web |first=Isla |last=Rosser-Owen |title=The First Circassian Exodus to the Ottoman Empire (1858–1867), and the Ottoman Response, based on the accounts of Contemporary British Observers. |url=https://www.circassianworld.com/pdf/Isla_Thesis.pdf |website=Circassianworld |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229202129/https://www.circassianworld.com/pdf/Isla_Thesis.pdf |archive-date=29 February 2024}}</ref> Only a small percentage who accepted to convert to Christianity, Russify and resettle within the Russian Empire were spared. The remaining Circassian populations who refused were thus forcefully dispersed, deported or killed. Today, most Circassians live in exile.<ref>{{cite book |last=King |first=Charles |title=The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus |page=95}}</ref> |- | California genocide | data-sort-value="United States" | California, United States | 1846 | 1873 | {{nts|9492}}–16,094<ref name="Benmad">{{cite book |first=Benjamin |last=Madley |title=An American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe, 1846–1873}}</ref><ref name="pbs">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/indiancountry/history/calif.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708120515/http://www.pbs.org/indiancountry/history/calif.html |archive-date=8 July 2007 |access-date=8 January 2007 |title=California Genocide |publisher=PBS}}</ref>{{refn|group=N|Only the range of deaths caused by massacres}} | {{nts|120000}}<ref name="pbs"/>{{refn|group=N|The total population decline of the period overall}} |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |The California genocide was a series of systematized killings of thousands of Indigenous peoples of California by United States government agents and private citizens in the 19th century. It began following the American Conquest of California from Mexico, and the influx of settlers due to the California Gold Rush, which accelerated the decline of the Indigenous population of California. Between 1846 and 1873, it is estimated that non-Natives killed between 9,492 and 16,094 California Natives. In addition, between several hundred and several thousand California Natives were starved or worked to death. Acts of enslavement, kidnapping, rape, child separation and forced displacement were widespread. These acts were encouraged, tolerated, and carried out by state authorities and private militias.<ref name="Adhikari">{{cite book |last=Adhikari |first=Mohamed |date=25 July 2022 |title=Destroying to Replace: Settler Genocides of Indigenous Peoples |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ht9dEAAAQBAJ |location=Indianapolis |publisher=Hackett Publishing Company |pages=72–115 |isbn=978-1-64792-054-8 |access-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-date=March 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164810/https://books.google.com/books?id=ht9dEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" | {{ntsh|80}}Amerindian population in California declined by 80% during the period |- | Queensland Aboriginal genocide | data-sort-value="Australia" | Queensland | 1840 | 1897 | {{nts|10000}}<ref name="queteen"/> | {{nts|65180}}<ref name="AV">{{cite journal |last1=Evans |first1=Raymond |last2=Ørsted–Jensen |first2=Robert |title="I Cannot Say the Numbers that Were Killed": Assessing Violent Mortality on the Queensland Frontier |date=2014-07-09 |type=paper |journal=AHA |location=University of Queensland |publisher=Social Science Research Network |ssrn=2467836}}</ref> |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |Queensland represents the single bloodiest colonial frontier in Australia. Thus the records of Queensland document the most frequent reports of shootings and massacres of indigenous people, the three deadliest massacres on white settlers, the most disreputable frontier police force, and the highest number of white victims to frontier violence on record in any Australian colony.{{sfn|Ørsted-Jensen|2011}} Thus some sources have characterized these events as a Queensland Aboriginal genocide.<ref>{{bulleted list| |{{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/12016000 |title=The Partial Case for Queensland Genocide |first=Ray |last=Gibbons |website=Academia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227112736/https://www.academia.edu/12016000 |archive-date=27 December 2023}} |{{cite journal |url=https://lr.law.qut.edu.au/article/view/583/564 |title=Queensland's Frontier Killing Times{{Snd}} Facing Up to Genocide |first1=Hannah |last1=Baldry |first2=Alisa |last2=McKeon |first3=Scott |last3=McDougal |date=2015 |journal=QUT Law Review |issn=2201-7275 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=92–113 |doi=10.5204/qutlr.v15i1.583}} |{{cite journal |title=Colonial and modern genocide: explanations and categories |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |volume=21 |pages=89–115 |first=Alison |last=Palmer |doi=10.1080/014198798330115 |year=1998 |issue=1}} }}</ref><ref name="queteen">{{cite book |chapter=Confronting Australian Genocide |last=Tatz |first=Colin |author-link=Colin Tatz |date=2006 |editor1-first=Roger |editor1-last=Maaka |editor2-first=Chris |editor2-last=Andersen |title=The Indigenous Experience: Global Perspectives |series=Aboriginal History |volume=25 |pages=16–36 |publisher=Canadian Scholars Press |pmid=19514155 |isbn=978-1-55130-300-0}}</ref> | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |{{ntsh|30}}3.3% to over 50% of the aboriginal population was killed (10,000<ref name="queteen"/> to 65,180<ref name="AV"/> killed out of 125,600){{Clarify |date=February 2020 |reason=See internal comment}}  |- | Moriori genocide | data-sort-value="New Zealand" | Chatham Islands, New Zealand | 1835 | 1863 | {{nts|1900}}<ref>{{cite news |first1=Dave |last1=Kopel |first2=Paul |last2=Gallant |first3=Joanne D. |last3=Eisen |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/206572/moriori-lesson-paul-gallant |title=A Moriori Lesson: a brief history of pacifism |work=National Review |date=2003-04-11}}</ref><ref name="Tommy Solomon">{{Cite web |url=http://www.education-resources.co.nz/t-solomon.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123025254/http://www.education-resources.co.nz/t-solomon.htm |title=Tommy Solomon |archive-date=23 January 2016}}</ref> | {{nts|1900}} |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |The genocide of the Moriori began in 1836. The invasion of the Chatham Islands by New Zealand Maori left the Moriori people and their culture to die off. Those who survived were kept as slaves and were not sanctioned to marry other Moriori or have children within their race. This caused their people and their language to be endangered. According to Moriori elders, a total of 1,561 Moriori died between the invasion in 1835 and the end of the group's slavery in 1863, with others dying of diseases transmitted by Europeans.<ref name="te ara 4">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Moriori – The impact of new arrivals |encyclopedia=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/moriori/page-4 |access-date=16 May 2021 |language=en-NZ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519100646/https://teara.govt.nz/en/moriori/page-4 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |last2=Solomon |first2=Māui |last1=Davis |first1=Denise}}</ref> The Moriori population was reduced from 2,000 to only 101 in 1863.<ref name="The Genocide">{{Cite web |url=https://moriorigenocides.weebly.com/the-genocide.html |title=The Genocide |website=Moriori Genocide |access-date=19 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211234811/https://moriorigenocides.weebly.com/the-genocide.html |archive-date=11 December 2023}}</ref> | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" | {{ntsh|95}}95% of the Moriori population was eradicated by the invasion from Taranaki, a group of people from the Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Tama iwi.<ref>{{cite book |last=King |first=Michael |isbn=978-1-4596-2301-9 |title=The Silence Beyond |publisher=Penguin |year=2011 |page=190}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first1=Denise |last1=Davis |first2=Māui |last2=Solomon |title=Moriori: The impact of new arrivals |encyclopedia=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |date=28 October 2008 |publisher=NZ Ministry for Culture and Heritage |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/MaoriNewZealanders/Moriori/4/en |access-date=2009-02-07 |archive-date=2009-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103172100/http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/MaoriNewZealanders/Moriori/4/en |url-status=dead}}</ref> All were enslaved and many were cannibalized.<ref>{{cite book |first=Michael |last=King |year=2000 |title=Moriori: a People Rediscovered |edition=Revised |publisher=Viking Books |isbn=0-14-010391-0 |pages=57–58}}</ref> The Moriori language is now extinct.<ref name="The Genocide"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=King |first=Michael |title=Moriori: A People Rediscovered |publisher=Viking |location=Auckland |year=1989 |page=136}}</ref> |- | Trail of Tears | data-sort-value="United States" | Southeastern United States | 1830 | 1850 | {{nts|12,000}}<ref name="Michael, Smith, Lowe">{{cite journal |last1=Michael |first1=Nicky |last2=Smith |first2=Beverly Jean |last3=Lowe |first3=William |year=2021 |title=Reclaiming Social Justice and Human Rights: The 1830 Indian Removal Act and the Ethnic Cleansing of Native American Tribes |journal=Journal of Health and Human Experience |volume=6 |number=1 |pages=25–39 [31]}}</ref> | {{nts|16,000}}<ref name="Michael, Smith, Lowe"/> |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |The Trail of Tears was the forced displacement of approximately 60,000 people of the "Five Civilized Tribes" between 1830 and 1850, and the additional thousands of Native Americans within that were ethnically cleansed by the United States government.<ref name="minges">{{cite web |last=Minges |first=Patrick |author-link=Patrick Minges |year=1998 |title=Beneath the Underdog: Race, Religion, and the Trail of Tears |url=http://www.us-data.org/us/minges/underdog.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011041833/http://www.us-data.org/us/minges/underdog.html |archive-date=11 October 2013 |access-date=13 January 2013 |publisher=US Data Repository |df=mdy-all}}</ref> A variety of scholars have classified the Trail of Tears as either a genocide in and of itself,{{refn|name=Train-Itself|group=N|{{bulleted list| |Genocide education scholar Thomas Keefe – "The preparation (Stage 7) for genocide, specifically the transfer of population that "Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part" as stated in Article II of the UNCPPCG is clear in the Trail of Tears and other deportations of Native American populations from land seized for the benefit of European-American populations."<ref>{{cite conference |last=Keefe |first=Thomas E. |date=13–14 April 2019 |title=Native American Genocide: Realities and Denials |conference=First International Conference of the Center for Holocaust, Genocide & Human Rights Studies, University of North Carolina |location=Charlotte |page=21}}</ref> |Muscogee Nation Historic and Cultural Preservation Manager Rae Lynn Butler – "really was about extinguishing a race of people"; Archivist at the Cherokee Heritage Center Jerrid Miller – "The Trail of Tears was outright genocide".<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Martin Rogers |first=Janna Lynell |date=July 2019 |title=Decolonizing Cherokee History 1790-1830s: American Indian Holocaust, Genocidal Resistance, and Survival |type=MA |publisher=Oklahoma State University |page=63}}</ref> |Sociologist and historian Vahakn Dadrian lists the expulsion of the Cherokee as an example of utilitarian genocide, stating "the expulsion and decimation of the Cherokee Indians from the territories of the State of Georgia is symbolic of the pattern of perpetration inflicted upon the American Indian by Whites in North America."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dadrian |first=Vahakn N. |author-link=Vahakn Dadrian |year=1975 |title=A Typology of Genocide |journal=International Review of Modern Sociology |volume=5 |number=2 |pages= 201–212 [209] |jstor=41421531}}</ref> |Genocide scholar Adam Jones – "Forced relocations of Indian populations often took the form of genocidal death marches, most infamously the "Trails of Tears" of the Cherokee and Navajo nations, which killed between 20 and 40 per cent of the targeted populations en route. The barren "tribal reservations" to which survivors were consigned exacted their own grievous toll through malnutrition and disease."{{sfn|Jones|2010|p=75}} |Cherokee politician Bill John Baker – "this ruthless [Indian Removal Act] policy subjected 46,000 Indians—to a forced migration under punishing conditions […] amounted to genocide, the ethnic cleansing of men, women and children, motivated by racial hatred and greed, and carried out through sadism and violence."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bracey |first=Earnest N. |year=2021 |title=Andrew Jackson, Black American Slavery, and the Trail of Tears: A Critical Analysis |journal=Dialogue and Universalism |volume=31 |number=1 |pages=119–138 [128] |doi=10.5840/du20213118}}</ref> |Sociologist James V. Fenelon and historian Clifford E. Trafzer – "Instead the national government and its leaders have offered a systemic denial of genocide, the occurrence of which would be contrary to the principles of a democratic and just society. "Denial of massive death counts is common among those whose forefathers were the perpetrators of the genocide" (Stannard, 1992, p. 152) with motives of protecting "the moral reputations of those people and that country responsible," including some scholars. It took 50 years of scholarly debate for the academy to recognize well-documented genocides of the Indian removals in the 1830s, including the Cherokee Trail of Tears, as with other nations of the "Five Civilized" southeastern tribes."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fenelon |first1=James V. |author1-link=James V. Fenelon |last2=Trafzer |first2=Clifford E. |year=2014 |title=From Colonialism to Denial of California Genocide to Misrepresentations: Special Issue on Indigenous Struggles in the Americas |journal=American Behavioral Scientist |volume=58 |number=3 |pages=3–29 [16] |doi=10.1177/0002764213495045}}</ref> }}}} or as a genocidal act within the broader genocide of Native Americans.<ref name="Ostler2019">{{Cite book |last=Ostler |first=Jeffrey |title=Surviving Genocide: Native Nations and the United States from the American Revolution to Bleeding Kansas |date=2019 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-21812-1 |doi=10.2307/j.ctvgc629z |jstor=j.ctvgc629z |s2cid=166826195 |pages=363–368 [368] |chapter=Naming Removal |quote=Overall, then, although the U.S. policy of removal was not intended to kill as many Indians as possible, answering the question of genocide for this particular phase of United States–Indian relations with an absolute "no" too easily dismisses the matter. ... In its outcome and in the means used to gain compliance, the policy had genocidal dimensions.}}</ref>{{refn|name=Train-Part|group=N|{{bulleted list| |Political scientist Michael Rogin – "To face responsibility for specific killings might have led to efforts to stop it; to avoid individual deaths turned Indian removal into a theory of genocide."<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Lutz |first=Regan A. |date=June 1995 |title=West of Eden: The Historiography of the Trail of Tears |type=PhD |publisher=University of Toledo |pages=216–217}}</ref> |Indigenous studies scholar Nicky Michael and historian Beverly Jean Smith – "Over one-fourth died on the forced death marches of the 1830s. By any United Nations standard, these actions can be equated with genocide and ethnic cleansing."{{sfn|Michael|Smith|Lowe|2021|p=27}} |Historian Jim Piecuch argues that the Trail of Tears constitutes one tool in the genocide of Native Americans over the three centuries since the beginning of colonization in north America.<ref>{{cite book |last=Piecuch |first=Jim |date=7 December 2014 |chapter=Perspective 1: three Centuries of Genocide |title=Modern Genocide: The Definitive Resource and Document Collection |editor1-last=Bartrop |editor1-first=Paul R. |editor1-link=Paul R. Bartrop |editor2-last=Jacobs |editor2-first=Steven Leonard |editor2-link=Steven L. Jacobs |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-363-9}}</ref> |Political scientist Andrew R. Basso – "The Cherokee Trail of Tears should be understood within the context of colonial genocide in the Americas. This is yet another chapter of colonial forces acting against an indigenous group in order to secure rich and fertile lands, resources, and living spaces."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Basso |first=Andrew R. |date=6 March 2016 |title=Towards a Theory of Displacement Atrocities: The Cherokee Trail of Tears, The Herero Genocide, and The Pontic Greek Genocide |journal=Genocide Studies and Prevention|volume=10 |number=1 |pages=5–29 [15] |doi=10.5038/1911-9933.10.1.1297}}</ref> |Political scientist Barbara Harff – "One of the most enduring and abhorrent problems of the world is genocide, which is neither particular to a specific race, class, or nation, nor rooted in any one ethnocentric view of the world. […] Often democratic institutions are cited as safeguards against mass excesses. In view of the treatment of Amerindians by agents of the U.S. government, this view is unwarranted. For example, the thousands of Cherokees who died during the Trail of Tears (Cherokee Indians were forced to march in 1838–1839 from Appalachia to Oklahoma) testify that even a democratic system may tum against its people."<ref>{{cite book |last=Harff |first=Barbara |author-link=Barbara Harff |date=1987 |chapter=The Etiology of Genocides |editor1-first=Isidor |editor1-last=Wallimann |editor2-first=Michael N. |editor2-last=Dobkowski |title=The Age of Genocide: Etiology and Case Studies of Mass Death |location=Westport, CT |publisher=Greenwood Press |page=41}}</ref> |Legal scholar Rennard Strickland – "There were, of course, great and tragic Indian massacres and bitter exoduses, illegal even under the laws of war. We know these acts of genocide by place names – Sand Creek, the Battle of Washita, Wounded Knee – and by their tragic poetic codes – the Trail of Tears, the Long Walk, the Cheyenne Autumn. But ... genocidal objectives have been carried out under color of law – in de Tocqueville's phrase, "legally, philanthropically, without shedding blood, and without violating a single great principle of morality in the eyes of the word." These were legally enacted policies whereby a way of life, a culture, was deliberately obliterated. As the great Indian orator Dragging Canoe concluded, "Whole Indian Nations have melted away like balls of snow in the sun leaving scarcely a name except as imperfectly recorded by their destroyers"."<ref>{{cite journal |first=Rennard |last=Strickland |author-link=Rennard Strickland |title=Genocide-at-Law: An Historic and Contemporary View of the North American Experience |year=1986 |journal=University of Kansas Law Review |volume=713 |page=719}}</ref> |Legal scholars Christopher Turner and Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond reiterate Strickland's assessment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tennant |first1=Christopher C. |last2=Turpel |first2=Mary Ellen |author2-link=Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond |year=1990 |title=A Case Study of Indigenous Peoples: Genocide, Ethnocide and Self-determination |journal=Nordic Journal of International Law |volume=287 |issue=4 |pages=287–319 [296–297] |doi=10.1163/157181090X00387}}</ref> |Attorney Maria Conversa – "The theft of ancestral tribal lands, the genocide of tribal members, public hostility towards Native peoples, and irreversible oppression--these are the realities that every indigenous person has had to face because of colonization. By recognizing and respecting the Muscogee Creek Nation's authority to criminally sentence its own members, the United States Supreme Court could have taken a small step towards righting these wrongs."<ref>{{cite journal |first=Maria |last=Conversa |year=2021 |title=Righting the Wrongs of Native American Removal and Advocating for Tribal Recognition: A Binding Promise, The Trail of Tears, and the Philosophy of Restorative Justice |journal=UIC Law Review |publisher=University of Illinois Chicago |volume=933 |pages=4, 13}}</ref> |Historian David Stannard and ethnic studies scholar Ward Churchill have both identified the trail of tears as part of the United States history of genocidal actions against indigenous nations.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lewy |first=Guenter |author-link=Guenter Lewy |date=9 November 2007 |title=Can there be genocide without the intent to commit genocide? |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=9 |number=4 |pages=661–674 [669] |doi=10.1080/14623520701644457}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=MacDonald |first1=David B. |author1-link=David Bruce MacDonald |year=2015 |title=Canada's history wars: indigenous genocide and public memory in the United States, Australia and Canada |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=17 |number=4 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2015.1096583 |pages=411–431 [415]}}</ref> |Sociologist Benjamin P. Bowser, psychologist Carol O. Word, and Kate Shaw – "There was a pattern to Indian genocide. One-by-one, each Native state was defeated militarily; successive Native generations fought and were defeated as well. As settlers became more numerous and stronger militarily, Indians became fewer and weaker militarily. In one Indian nation after the other, resistance eventually collapsed due to the death toll from violence. Then, survivors were displaced from their ancestral lands, which had sustained them for generations. […] Starting in 1830, surviving Native people, mostly Cherokee, in the Eastern US were ordered by President Andrew Jackson to march up to two thousand miles and to cross the Mississippi River to settle in Oklahoma. Thousands died on the Trail of Tears. This pattern of defeat, displacement, and victimization repeated itself in the American West. From this history, Native Americans were victims of all five Lemkin specified genocidal acts."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bowser |first1=Benjamin P. |last2=Word |first2=Carl O. |last3=Shaw |first3=Kate |year=2021 |title=Ongoing Genocides and the Need for Healing: The Cases of Native and African Americans |journal=Genocide Studies and Prevention|volume=15 |number=3 |pages=83–99 [86] |doi=10.5038/1911-9933.15.3.1785 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |Sociologist and psychologist Laurence French wrote that the trail of tears was at least a campaign of cultural genocide.<ref>{{cite journal |last=French |first=Laurence |date=June 1978 |title=The Death of a Nation |journal=American Indian Journal |volume=4 |number=6 |pages=2–9 [2]}}</ref> |Cultural studies scholar Melissa Slocum – "Rarely is the conversation about the impact of genocide on today's generations or the overall steps that lead to genocide. As well, most curricula in the education system, from kindergarten up through to college, does not discuss in detail American Indian genocide beyond possibly a quick one-day mention of the Cherokee Trail of Tears."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Slocum |first=Melissa Michal |year=2018 |title=There Is No Question of American Indian Genocide |journal=Transmotion |volume=4 |number=2 |pages=1– 30 [4] |doi=10.22024/UniKent/03/tm.651}}</ref> |English and literary scholar Thir Bahadur Budhathoki – "On the basis of the basic concept of genocide as propounded by Rephael Lemkin, the definitions of the UN Convention and other genocide scholars, sociological perspective of genocide-modernity nexus and the philosophical understanding of such crime as an evil in its worst possible form, the fictional representation of the entire process of Cherokee removal including its antecedents and consequences represented in these novels, is genocidal in nature. However, the American government, that mostly represents the perpetrators of the process, and the Euro-American culture of the United States considered as the mainstream culture, have not acknowledged the Native American tragedy as genocide."<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Budhathoki |first=Thir Bahadur |date=December 2013 |title=Literary Rendition of Genocide in Cherokee Fiction |type=MPhil |publisher=Tribhuvan University |page=89}}</ref> }}}} | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" | Figures for the number of deaths per Native American group that was forcibly relocated can be found at {{slink|Trail of Tears|Statistics}}. |- | Black War (genocide of Aboriginal Tasmanians) | data-sort-value="Australia" | Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) | 1825 | 1832 | {{nts|400}}{{Sfn|Clements|2013|pp=329–331}} | {{nts|1000}}{{Sfn|Clements|2013|pp=329–331}} |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |The extinction of Aboriginal Tasmanians was called an archetypal case of genocide by Rafael Lemkin<ref>{{cite book |first=Henry |last=Reynolds |chapter=Genocide in Tasmania? |editor-first=A. Dirk |editor-last=Moses |editor-link=A. Dirk Moses |title=Genocide and settler society: Frontier violence and stolen indigenous children in Australian History |publisher=Berghahn Books |year=2004 |page=128}}</ref> among other historians, a view supported by more recent genocide scholars like Ben Kiernan who covered it in his book ''Blood and Soil: A History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur''. This extinction also includes the Black War, which would make the war an act of genocide.{{sfn|Clements|2014|p=4}} Historians like Keith Windschuttle among other historians disagree with this interpretation in discourse known as the History wars. | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |~100%{{sfn|Clements|2014|p=4}} |- | 1804 Haitian massacre | data-sort-value="Haiti" | Haiti | colspan=2 | 1804 | {{nts|3000}}{{sfn|Girard|2011|pp=319–322}} | {{nts|5000}}{{sfn|Girard|2011|pp=319–322}} |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |The 1804 Haitian massacre is considered to be a genocide by some scholars,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Girard |first=Philippe R. |year=2005 |title=Caribbean genocide: racial war in Haiti, 1802–4 |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=138–161 |doi=10.1080/00313220500106196 |s2cid=145204936 |issn=0031-322X |quote=The Haitian genocide and its historical counterparts [...] The 1804 Haitian genocide}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Robins |first1=Nicholas A. |first2=Adam |last2=Jones |author2-link=Adam Jones (Canadian scholar) |chapter=Introduction: Subaltern Genocide in Theory and Practice. |editor1-last=Robins |editor1-first=Nicholas A. |editor2-first=Adam |editor2-last=Jones |editor2-link=Adam Jones (Canadian scholar) |title=Genocides by the Oppressed: Subaltern Genocide in Theory and Practice |publisher=Indiana University Press |date=2009 |isbn=978-0-253-22077-6 |page=3 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AX3UCk_PdEwC&pg=PA3 |quote=The Great Rebellion and the Haitian slave uprising are two examples of what we refer to as "subaltern genocide": cases in which subaltern actors—those objectively oppressed and disempowered—adopt genocidal strategies to vanquish their[...] |via=Google Books}} – Also stated in {{cite book |last=Jones |first=Adam |author-link=Adam Jones (Canadian scholar) |chapter=11: "Subaltern genocide: Genocides by the oppressed." |title=The Scourge of Genocide: Essays and Reflections |publisher=Routledge |date=26 June 2013 |isbn=978-1-135-04715-3 |page=169 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=INwyX-ZKsVsC&pg=PA169 |via=Google Books}} A contrasting view is given by {{cite news |last1=Gaffield |first1=Julia |title=Five myths about the Haitian Revolution |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/five-myths/five-myths-about-the-haitian-revolution/2021/08/04/1cf7be4e-f3c1-11eb-a49b-d96f2dac0942_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=5 October 2024 |date=6 August 2021 |quote=Anti-colonialism is not genocide.}}</ref> as it was intended to destroy the Franco-Haitian population following the Haitian Revolution. The massacre was ordered by King Jean-Jacques Dessalines to remove the remainder of the white population from Haiti, and lasted from January to 22 April 1804. During the massacre, entire families were tortured and killed, and by the end of it, Haiti's white population was virtually non-existent.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Moses |first1=A. Dirk |author1-link=A. Dirk Moses |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTfdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA63 |title=Colonialism and Genocide |last2=Stone |first2=Dan |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-99753-5 |page=63 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Forde |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YfgEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40 |title=The Early Haitian State and the Question of Political Legitimacy: American and British Representations of Haiti, 1804—1824 |date=2020 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-030-52608-5 |page=40 |language=en}}</ref> | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" | |- | Cape San genocide | data-sort-value="South Africa" | Dutch Cape Colony and British Cape Colony (modern day South Africa) | 1760s–90s{{efn|Variously specified as 1770,<ref name="WH"/> "c. 1770"<ref name="McDonald">{{cite journal |last1=McDonald |first1=Jared |title='We do not know who painted our pictures': child transfers and cultural genocide in the destruction of Cape San societies along the Cape Colony's north-eastern frontier, c.1770–1830 |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |date=October 2016 |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=519–538 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2016.1220581}}</ref> or 1795)<ref name="Penn">{{cite journal |last1=Penn |first1=Nigel |title=The British and the 'Bushmen': the massacre of the Cape San, 1795 to 1828 |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |date=June 2013 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=183–200 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2013.793081}}</ref>}} | 1828–1880{{efn|Variously specified as 1828,<ref name="Penn"/> 1830,<ref name="McDonald"/> or 1880.<ref name="WH">{{cite book |last1=Adhikari |first1=Mohamed |author1-link=Mohamed Adhikari |title=The Cambridge World History of Genocide: Volume 2: Genocide in the Indigenous, Early Modern and Imperial Worlds, from c.1535 to World War One |date=2023 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-48643-9 |pages=69–96 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-world-history-of-genocide/settler-genocides-of-san-peoples-of-southern-africa-c1700c1940/BE4F9A6675BAD77F49378886611D4E08 |chapter=Settler Genocides of San Peoples of Southern Africa, c.1700–c.1940}}</ref>}} | | |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" | The Cape San people were subjected to massacres known as "Bushmen hunting"<ref>{{cite book |first1=Robert K. |last1=Hitchcock |first2=Wayne A. |last2=Babchuk |date=2011 |chapter=Genocide of Khoekhoe and San Peoples of Southern Africa |title=Genocide of Indigenous Peoples: A Critical Bibliographic Review |editor-first=Robert K. |editor-last=Hitchcock |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203790830-7 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203790830-7/genocide-khoekhoe-san-peoples-southern-africa-robert-hitchcock-wayne-babchuk |isbn=978-0-203-79083-0 |language=en}}</ref> land expropriation,<ref name="WH"/> forced labor,<ref name="WH"/> and child abduction<ref name="McDonald"/> at the hands of Dutch settlers and the paramilitary groups that they formed, leading to "the virtual extinction of the Cape San peoples".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Adhikari |first1=Mohamed |author1-link=Mohamed Adhikari |title=The Anatomy of a South African Genocide: The Extermination of the Cape San Peoples |date=2010 |publisher=University of Cape Town Press |isbn=978-1-919895-44-4 |url=https://openuctpress.uct.ac.za/uctpress/catalog/view/30/50/135 |language=en |page=18}}</ref> |- | Dzungar genocide | data-sort-value="China" | Dzungaria, Qing dynasty China | 1755 | 1758 | {{nts|480000}}{{sfn|Perdue|2005}} | {{nts|600000}}{{sfn|Perdue|2005}} |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |The Dzungar genocide was the mass extermination of the Mongol Dzungar people by the Qing dynasty.<ref name="Klimeš2015">{{cite book |first=Ondřej |last=Klimeš |title=Struggle by the Pen: The Uyghur Discourse of Nation and National Interest, c.1900–1949 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdcuBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 |date=8 January 2015 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-28809-6 |pages=27–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Millward |first=James A. |title=Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA95 |access-date=13 August 2016 |year=2007 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-13924-3 |via=Google Books |page=95}}</ref> The Qianlong Emperor ordered the genocide after the rebellion in 1755 by Dzungar leader Amursana against Qing rule, after the dynasty first conquered the Dzungar Khanate with Amursana's support. The genocide was perpetrated by Manchu generals of the Qing army, supported by Turkic oasis dwellers (now known as Uyghurs) who rebelled against Dzungar rule. | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |{{ntsh|80}}80% of 600,000 Zungharian Oirats killed{{efn|In an account of the war, Wei Yuan wrote that about 40% of the Dzungar households were killed by smallpox, 20% fled to Russia or the Kazakh Khanate, and 30% were killed by the army, leaving no yurts in an area of several thousands of Chinese miles except those of the surrendered.{{sfn|Perdue|2005}}{{sfn|Wei|1842}}{{sfn|Lattimore|1950|p=[https://archive.org/details/pivotofasiasinki0000latt/page/126 126]}} Clarke wrote 80%, or between 480,000 and 600,000 people, were killed between 1755 and 1758 in what "amounted to the complete destruction of not only the Zunghar state but of the Zunghars as a people."{{sfn|Perdue|2005}}{{sfn|Clarke|2004|p=37}} Historian Peter Perdue has shown that the extermination of the Dzungars was the result of an explicit policy of extermination launched by the Qianlong Emperor.{{sfn|Perdue|2005}} Although this "deliberate use of massacre" has been largely ignored by modern scholars,{{sfn|Perdue|2005}} Mark Levene, a historian whose recent research interests focus on genocide, has stated that the extermination of the Dzungars was "arguably the eighteenth century genocide par excellence".{{sfn|Moses|2008}}}} |- | Iroquois Wars | data-sort-value="North America" | North America | 1640 | 1763 | {{nts|}} | {{nts|}} |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |As part of the broader Beaver Wars, among the Indigenous peoples in Canada, the Iroquois conducted a genocidal war against the Huron people{{sfn|Blick|2010|pp=409–415}} and other Iroquoian and non-Iroquoian peoples.{{sfn|Blick|2010|pp=413–414}} Settlements were burned, and of the 30,000 Hurons, a few thousand were able to flee and avoid becoming victims of the ethnic genocide.{{sfn|Blick|2010|pp=418–420}}<ref>{{bulleted list| | {{cite web |title=Iroquois' Destruction of Huronia |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |url=https://www.cbc.ca/history/EPCONTENTSE1EP2CH5PA5LE.html |access-date=11 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811171628/https://www.cbc.ca/history/EPCONTENTSE1EP2CH5PA5LE.html |archive-date=11 August 2021}} | {{cite web |title=Iroquois Offensive and the Destruction of the Huron: 1647–1649 |publisher=The Loyal Edmonton Regiment Museum |year=2018 |url=https://www.lermuseum.org/new-france-1600-1730/1600-1649/iroquois-offensive-and-the-destruction-of-the-huron-1647-1649 |access-date=11 August 2021 |archive-date=11 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811171629/https://www.lermuseum.org/new-france-1600-1730/1600-1649/iroquois-offensive-and-the-destruction-of-the-huron-1647-1649}} | {{cite journal |last1=Rubenstein |first1=Hymie |date=8 November 2017 |title=The Myth of Indigenous Utopia |url=https://c2cjournal.ca/2017/11/the-myth-of-indigenous-utopia/ |journal=C2C Journal |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200701225514/https://c2cjournal.ca/2017/11/the-myth-of-indigenous-utopia/ |archive-date=1 July 2020}} }}</ref> Ned Blackhawk, in analysing the war between the Iroquois and Huron, found that the Iroquois committed all five acts described in the 1948 Genocide Convention.<ref>{{cite book |last=Blackhawk |first=Ned |author-link=Ned Blackhawk |chapter=The Destruction of Wendake (Huronia), 1647–1652 |title=The Cambridge World History of Genocide |volume=II: Genocide in the Indigenous, Early Modern and Imperial Worlds, from c.1535 to World War One |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2023 |editor1-last=Blackhawk |editor1-first=Ned |editor1-link=Ned Blackhawk |editor2-last=Kiernan |editor2-first=Ben |editor2-link=Ben Kiernan |editor3-last=Madley |editor3-first=Benjamin |editor4-last=Taylor |editor4-first=Rebe |editor4-link=Rebe Taylor |isbn=978-1-108-76548-0 |doi=10.1017/9781108765480 |pages=243–266 [246] |ref=Blackhawk2023b}}</ref> | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |{{ntsh|}} |- | Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands | data-sort-value="Indonesia" | Banda Islands (now Indonesia) | 1620 | 1621 | 3000<ref name="Dhont2023">{{Citation |last=Dhont |first=Frank |title=Genocide in the Spice Islands: The Dutch East India Company and the Destruction of the Banda Archipelago Civilisation in 1621 |date=2023 |work=The Cambridge World History of Genocide: Genocide in the Indigenous, Early Modern and Imperial Worlds, from c.1535 to World War One |volume=2 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-world-history-of-genocide/genocide-in-the-spice-islands/FB91452701BB794181164C59D08C659C |access-date=2025-08-14 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-48643-9 |page=211}}</ref> | 4000<ref name="Dhont2023" /> |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |The Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands is widely considered to have amounted to genocide.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Luttikhuis |first1=Bart |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk |date=2012-11-01 |title=Mass violence and the end of the Dutch colonial empire in Indonesia |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=14 |issue=3–4 |pages=257–276 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2012.719362 |issn=1462-3528}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2022 |title=The Spice Trade in Southeast Asia |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://oxfordre.com/asianhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-547 |last=Averbuch |first=Brian}}</ref> Following Bandanese Islanders' refusal to abide by treaties to sell nutmeg and mace exclusively to the VOC for less in exchange, Jan Pieterszoon Coen led a campaign to depopulate the islands through a combination of massacres and starvation, with some Bandanese taken as prisoners. Many drowned attempting to flee. The VOC subsequently imported enslaved peoples to work on their plantations.<ref>{{Citation |last=Dhont |first=Frank |title=Genocide in the Spice Islands: The Dutch East India Company and the Destruction of the Banda Archipelago Civilisation in 1621 |date=2023 |work=The Cambridge World History of Genocide: Genocide in the Indigenous, Early Modern and Imperial Worlds, from c.1535 to World War One |volume=2 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-world-history-of-genocide/genocide-in-the-spice-islands/FB91452701BB794181164C59D08C659C |access-date=2025-08-14 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-48643-9 |pages=199–213}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2024 |title=History of the Banda Sea |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://oxfordre.com/asianhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-814 |last=Hägerdal |first=Hans}}</ref> | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |{{ntsh|83}} Estimated that 23% were killed or starved, 13% taken prisoner, 34% fled, and 30% drowned.<ref name="Dhont2023" /> |- | Taíno genocide | data-sort-value="Hispaniola" | Hispaniola | 1492 | 1514 | {{nts|68000}}<ref name="HISPANGEN">{{cite web |title=Hispaniola Case Study: Colonial Genocides |quote=Date range of image: 1492 to 1514 |url=https://gsp.yale.edu/case-studies/colonial-genocides-project/hispaniola |publisher=Yale University – Genocide Studies Program |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109235352/https://gsp.yale.edu/case-studies/colonial-genocides-project/hispaniola |archive-date=9 November 2022}}</ref> | {{nts|968000}}<ref name="HISPANGEN"/> |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |The ''Taíno genocide'' refers to the extermination of the indigenous population of Hispaniola due to forced labour and exploitation by the Spanish. Andrés Reséndez argues that even though disease was a factor, the native population would have rebounded the same way Europeans did during the Black Death if it were not for their constant enslavement in the island's gold and silver mines.<ref name="otherslaver">{{cite news |last1=Trever |first1=David |title=The new book 'The Other Slavery' will make you rethink American history |url=https://www.latimes.com/books/jacketcopy/la-ca-jc-native-american-slavery-20160505-snap-story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620020336/https://www.latimes.com/books/jacketcopy/la-ca-jc-native-american-slavery-20160505-snap-story.html |archive-date=20 June 2019 |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>{{sfn|Reséndez|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2gpCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 17]}} According to anthropologist Jason Hickel, a third of Arawak workers died every six months from lethal forced labour in the mines.{{sfn|Hickel|2018|p=70}} | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |{{ntsh|83}} 68% to over 96% of the Taíno population perished under Spanish rule.<ref name="HISPANGEN"/> |- | Albigensian Crusade (Cathar genocide) | data-sort-value="France" | Languedoc (now France) | 1209 | 1229 | {{nts|200,000}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tatz |first1=Colin Martin |author1-link=Colin Tatz |last2=Higgins |first2=Winton |date=2016 |title=The Magnitude of Genocide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N1WaCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA214 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-3161-4 |page=214 |via=Google Books}}</ref> | {{nts|1,000,000}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Robertson |first=John M. |date=1902 |title=A Short History of Christianity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bAQ_AAAAIAAJ |location=London, UK |publisher=Watts & Co. |page=254 |via=Google Books}}</ref> |- class="expand-child" | colspan = "2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" |The ''Albigensian Crusade'' was a 20-year military campaign initiated by Pope Innocent III to eliminate Catharism, a Christian sect, in Languedoc, in southern France. The Catholic Church considered them heretics and ordered that they should be completely eradicated.<ref>{{cite book |last=Barber |first=Malcolm |author-link=Malcolm Barber |editor1-last=Bloxham |editor1-first=Donald |editor1-link=Donald Bloxham |editor2-last=Moses |editor2-first=A. Dirk |editor2-link=A. Dirk Moses |date=2010 |chapter=The Albigensian Crusade and the Inquisition |title=The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies |publication-place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=407 |isbn=978-0-19-923211-6}}</ref> Raphael Lemkin referred to the Albigensian Crusade as "one of the most conclusive cases of genocide in religious history".<ref>{{cite book |last=Lemkin |first=Raphael |editor-last=Jacobs |editor-first=Steven Leonard |date=2012 |title=Lemkin on Genocide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9pkney_zw8C&pg=PA71 |location=Lanham, Maryland |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7391-4526-5 |author-link=Raphael Lemkin |page=71 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Solveig Björnson describe it as "the first ideological genocide."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jonassohn |first1=Kurt |last2=Björnson |first2=Karin Solveig |date=1998 |title=Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations: In Comparative Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIxCUXI38zcC&pg=PA50 |location=Piscataway, New Jersey |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-1-4128-2445-3 |page=50 |via=Google Books}}</ref> | colspan = "4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px" | |}

=== Political extermination campaigns === * Anti-communist mass killings * Dirty War * Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66 * Mass killings of landlords under Mao Zedong (1949–1951) * Mass killings under communist regimes * Operation Condor * Red Terror (Ethiopia) * White Terror (Spain)

== Notes == {{reflist|group=N|refs= }}

== References == <references> <ref name="HoloList">For a listing of the number of murdered Jews, detailed by country, see {{cite book |last=Dawidowicz |first=Lucy |author-link=Lucy Dawidowicz |year=2010 |title=The War Against the Jews: 1933–1945 |publisher=Open Road Media |isbn=978-1-4532-0306-4 |at=Appendix A |title-link=The War Against the Jews}}</ref>

<ref name="YaleUniv">[http://www.yale.edu/cgp/ The CGP, 1994–2008] Cambodian Genocide Program, Yale University.</ref>

<ref name="MapCambo">{{cite web |url=http://www.d.dccam.org/Projects/Maps/Mapping.htm |work=Documentation Center of Cambodia |title=Mapping of mass graves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215185155/http://www.d.dccam.org/Projects/Maps/Mapping.htm |archive-date=15 December 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="Milton1992">{{cite journal |last=Milton |first=Sybil |date=February 1992 |title=Nazi Policies towards Roma and Sinti 1933–1945 |journal=Journal of Gypsy Lore Society |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015077550120;view=1up;seq=3 |access-date=12 August 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="AxisYugo">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005456 |title=Axis Invasion of Yugoslavia{{Snd}} Croatia |encyclopedia=Holocaust Encyclopedia |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |date=2010 |access-date=12 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114095543/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/axis-invasion-of-yugoslavia |archive-date=14 January 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="BDdeathcount">While the official Pakistani government report ({{harvnb|Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report|1974}}) estimated that the Pakistani army was responsible for 26,000 killings in total, other sources have proposed various estimates ranging between 200,000 and 3 million. Indian Professor Sarmila Bose recently expressed the view that a truly impartial study has never been done, while Bangladeshi ambassador Shamsher M. Chowdhury has suggested that a joint Pakistan-Bangladeshi commission be formed to properly investigate the event. [https://www.dawn.com/news/146732/sheikh-mujib-wanted-a-confederation-us-papers Chowdury, Bose comments]{{Snd}} ''Dawn'' Newspapers Online. [http://necrometrics.com/20c1m.htm#Bangladesh Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the 20th Century: Bangladesh]{{Snd}} Matthew White's website.</ref>

<ref name="UN0399">{{cite web |date=1 March 1999 |title=Press Briefing: Press conference by members of the Guatemala Historical Clarification Commission |publisher=United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/1999/19990301.guate.brf.html |access-date=13 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114151232/https://press.un.org/en/1999/19990301.guate.brf.html |archive-date=14 November 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="MayaMin">Namely the 83% of the "fully identified" 42,275 civilians killed by human rights violations during the Guatemalan Civil War. See {{harvnb|CEH|1999|p=17}}, and {{cite web |date=1 March 1999 |title=Press Briefing: Press conference by members of the Guatemala Historical Clarification Commission |publisher=United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/1999/19990301.guate.brf.html |access-date=13 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114151232/https://press.un.org/en/1999/19990301.guate.brf.html |archive-date=14 November 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="MayaMax">Applying the same proportion as for the fully identified victims to the estimated total amount of person killed or disappeared during the Guatemalan civil war (at least {{nts|200000}}). See {{harvnb|CEH|1999|p=17}}.</ref>

<ref name="BBC310310">{{cite news |date=31 March 2010 |title=Serbian MPs offer apology for Srebrenica massacre |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8594625.stm |access-date=13 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607041100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8594625.stm |archive-date=7 June 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="HRC15616">{{cite book |last=HRC |author-link=Human Rights Council |year=2016 |title=They came to destroy: ISIS Crimes Against the Yazidis |publisher=Human Rights Council Thirty-second session Agenda item 4 |pages=8–9, 21, 36 |url=http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoISyria/A_HRC_32_CRP.2_en.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128145035/https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoISyria/A_HRC_32_CRP.2_en.pdf |archive-date=28 November 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="UNnews0616">{{cite news |date=16 June 2016 |title=UN Commission of Inquiry on Syria: ISIS is committing genocide against the Yazidis |publisher=United Nations{{Snd}} Human Rights{{Snd}} Office of the High Commissioner |url=http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=20113&LangID=E |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929122526/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=20113&LangID=E |archive-date=29 September 2021}}</ref> </references>

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|editor1-last=Baronian |editor2-first=Stephan |editor2-last=Besser |editor3-first=Yolande |editor3-last=Jansen |title=Diaspora and Memory: Figures of Displacement in Contemporary Literature, Arts and Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LItBN2keNpQC |access-date=13 August 2016 |year=2007 |publisher=Rodopi |location=Amsterdam |isbn=978-90-420-2129-7 |via=Google Books}} * {{cite web |date=21 May 2023 |title=Circassian Genocide on its 159th Anniversary |url=https://ihd.org.tr/en/circassian-genocide-on-its-159th-anniversary-genocide-is-a-crime-against-humanity/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822133010/https://ihd.org.tr/en/circassian-genocide-on-its-159th-anniversary-genocide-is-a-crime-against-humanity/ |archive-date=22 August 2023 |website=Human Rights Association |ref={{sfnref |Human Rights Association |2023}} }} * {{cite web |date=12 December 2024 |title=One year of denouncing the genocide of Palestinians in Gaza 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|url=https://iwpr.net/global-voices/genocide-conviction-serb-general-tolimir |access-date=13 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227112546/https://iwpr.net/global-voices/genocide-conviction-serb-general-tolimir |archive-date=27 December 2023}} * {{cite book |last1=Jahan |first1=Rounaq |editor1-last=Totten |editor1-first=Samuel |editor2-last=Parsons |editor2-first=William Spencer |date=2013 |title=Centuries of Genocide: Essays and Eyewitness Accounts |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-87191-4 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6XYp-z5aP4MC&q=Hindus&pg=PA249 |language=en |chapter=Genocide in Bangladesh |via=Google Books}} * {{cite book |last=Jones |first=Adam |author-link=Adam Jones (Canadian scholar) |year=2010 |orig-date=2006 |title=Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction |chapter=The conquest of the Americas |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-84696-4 |edition=revised |location=London |oclc=672333335 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M. |editor3-last=Taylor |editor3-first=Tristan S. |title=The Cambridge World History of Genocide |volume=I: Genocide in the Ancient, Medieval and Premodern Worlds |date=2023 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-64034-3 |language=en |pages=1–30 |chapter=General Editor's Introduction to the Series: Genocide: Its Causes, Components, Connections and Continuing Challenges}} * {{cite book |last=King |first=Charles |url=https://archive.org/details/ghostoffreedomhi0000king |title=The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-517775-6 |location=New York |url-access=registration}} * {{cite journal |last1=Kirmanj |first1=Sherko |last2=Rafaat |first2=Aram |title=The Kurdish genocide in Iraq: the Security-Anfal and the Identity-Anfal |journal=National Identities |year=2021 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=163–183 |doi=10.1080/14608944.2020.1746250 |bibcode=2021NatId..23..163K |s2cid= }} * {{cite news |last1=Kottasová |first1=Ivana |last2=Salman |first2=Abeer |date=28 July 2025 |title=For first time, two leading Israeli human rights groups accuse Israel of genocide in Gaza |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/07/28/middleeast/israeli-human-rights-group-accuses-israel-genocide-gaza-intl |access-date=28 July 2025 |work=CNN |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250728161018/https://www.cnn.com/2025/07/28/middleeast/israeli-human-rights-group-accuses-israel-genocide-gaza-intl |archive-date=28 July 2025 |url-status=live}} * {{cite periodical |last=Kulesza |first=Witold |year=2004 |title=Zbrodnie Wehrmachtu w Polsce – Wrzesien 1939 |periodical=Bulletin of the Institute of National Remembrance |issue=8–09 |pages=19–30 |url=http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/getdocument.aspx?logid=5&id=8FE62A5A-4E75-4752-A284-5B713AF77AAC |access-date=5 October 2013 |trans-title=Wehrmacht's crimes in Poland – September 1939 |language=pl |quote=...w tych przypadkach, w których polska ludnosc cywilna podjela walke z Wehrmachtem, lecz ujeta przez wroga mordowana byla w egzekucjach poza sama walka, stawala sie ofiara oczywistych zbrodni wojennych. Konstatacja ta opiera sie takze na art. 6 statutu Miedzynarodowego Trybunalu Wojskowego w Norymberdze z 8 sierpnia 1945 r., który w punkcie b jako postaci zbrodni wojennych wskazuje pogwalcenie praw i zwyczajów wojennych przez morderstwa ludnosci cywilnej i jenców wojennych, a takze zabijanie zakladników oraz rozmyslne i bezcelowe burzenie miast, osad i wsi lub niszczenie nieusprawiedliwione wojskowa koniecznoscia. |trans-quote= |format=PDF |archive-date=3 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603024310/http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/getdocument.aspx?logid=5&id=8FE62A5A-4E75-4752-A284-5B713AF77AAC}} * {{cite news |last1=van Laarhoven |first1=Kasper |last2=Peek |first2=Eva |last3=Walters |first3=Derk |date=14 May 2025 |title=Zeven gerenommeerde wetenschappers vrijwel eensgezind: Israël pleegt in Gaza genocide |trans-title= |url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2025/05/14/zeven-gerenommeerde-wetenschappers-vrijwel-eensgezind-israel-pleegt-in-gaza-genocide-a4893293 |access-date=27 May 2025 |newspaper=NRC |language=nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515114020/https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2025/05/14/zeven-gerenommeerde-wetenschappers-vrijwel-eensgezind-israel-pleegt-in-gaza-genocide-a4893293 |archive-date=15 May 2025 |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Lattimore |first=Owen |year=1950 |title=Pivot of Asia; Sinkiang and the inner Asian frontiers of China and Russia |url=https://archive.org/details/pivotofasiasinki0000latt |url-access=registration |publisher=Little, Brown Book Group}} * {{cite news |last=Lawless |first=Jill |date=12 July 2024 |url=https://apnews.com/article/uk-israel-allies-arm-sales-19430d222e6a2f61ffd264e9e494bf63 |title=Senior UK jurists have joined calls to stop arms sales to Israel. 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and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration |volume=2 |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=San Francisco |isbn=978-0-8047-3615-2}} * {{cite journal |last1=Turits |first1=Richard Lee |title=A World Destroyed, A Nation Imposed: The 1937 Haitian Massacre in the Dominican Republic |journal=Hispanic American Historical Review |date=August 2002 |volume=82 |issue=3 |pages=589–635 |doi=10.1215/00182168-82-3-589 |s2cid=143872486 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/12744 |access-date=26 June 2020 |archive-date=13 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213083211/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/12744 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }} * {{cite book |last1=Turits |first1=Richard Lee |title=Foundations of Despotism: Peasants, the Trujillo Regime, and Modernity in Dominican History |date=2004 |publisher=Stanford University Press}} * {{cite journal |last1=De Vogli |first1=Roberto |last2=Montomoli |first2=Jonathan |last3=Abu-Sittah |first3=Ghassan |last4=Pappé |first4=Ilan |author4-link=Ilan Pappé |date=2025 |title=Break the selective silence on the genocide in Gaza |journal=The Lancet |volume=406 |issue=10504 |at=[https://www.thelancet.com/cms/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01541-7/attachment/e415fdee-02dc-4495-8515-f587976a5bb3/mmc1.pdf Supplementary appendix pp. 3–4] |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01541-7 |pmid=40752501}} * {{cite book |last=Wei |first=Yuan |author-link=Wei Yuan |date=1842 |script-title=zh:聖武記 |title=Shèng wǔ jì |trans-title=The Legend of the Sacred Warriors |volume=4 |script-quote=zh:計數十萬戶中，先痘死者十之四，繼竄入俄羅斯哈薩克者十之二，卒殲於大兵者十之三。除婦孺充賞外，至今惟來降受屯之厄鲁特若干戶，編設佐領昂吉，此外數千里間，無瓦剌一氊帳。|quote=Jì shù shí wàn hù zhōng, xiān dòu sǐzhě shí zhī sì, jì cuàn rù èluósī hāsàkè zhě shí zhī èr, zú jiān yú dàbīng zhě shí zhī sān. Chú fùrú chōng shǎng wài, zhìjīn wéi lái jiàng shòu tún zhī è lǔ tè ruògān hù, biān shè zuǒ lǐng áng jí, cǐwài shù qiān lǐ jiān, wú wǎlá yī zhān zhàng. |trans-quote=Among the hundreds of thousands of households, four out of ten died of pox first, two out of ten fled into Russian Kazakhs, and three out of ten were killed by the soldiers. In addition to the generous rewards for women and children, so far only a few families from Erut who have come to the camp have set up assistants and leaders Angji. In addition, there is not a single tent with tiles or tiles for thousands of miles. |language=zh}} * {{cite book |last1=Weiss-Wendt |first1=Anton |author1-link=Anton Weiss-Wendt |date=2017 |title=The Soviet Union and the Gutting of the UN Genocide Convention |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |isbn=978-0-299-31290-9 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last=Werth |first=Nicolas |author-link=Nicolas Werth |year=2004 |title=Stalinism and Nazism: History and Memory Compared |editor1-first=Henry |editor1-last=Rousso |editor1-link=Henry Rousso |editor2-first=Richard Joseph |editor2-last=Golsan |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |lccn=2003026805 |isbn=978-0-8032-9000-6 |chapter=Strategies of Violence in the Stalinist USSR |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CIt7fMp30sAC&pg=PA73}} * {{cite journal |title=Revised and Updated Report on the Question of the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide |journal=Whitaker Report |year=1985 |publisher=United Nations |quote=According to the 1985 United Nations' Whitaker Report, some 65,000 Herero (80 per cent of the total Herero population), and 10,000 Nama (50% of the total Nama population) were killed between 1904 and 1907 |ref={{sfnref | Whitaker Report |1985}} }} * {{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Dianne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=acctKWKe2LoC |title=Race, Ethnicity, and Crime |date=2012 |publisher=Algora Publishing |edition=soft cover |isbn=978-0-87586-915-5}} {{Refend}}

{{Subject bar|portal1=Genocide|portal2=Politics|portal3=Religion|commons=y |commons-search=Genocide |wikt=y |wikt-search=genocide |q=y |q-search=Genocide}}

Category:Genocides Genocides Genocides by death toll