{{Short description|Species of oak tree}} {{Redirect|Garry Oak|the Pokémon character|Gary Oak}} {{Speciesbox | name = Oregon white oak | image = lone_oak (cropped).jpg | image_caption = Mature Oregon white oak | image2 = Quercus garryana 1 (brewbooks).jpg | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Beckman, E. |date=2016 |title=''Quercus garryana'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T194133A2302183 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T194133A2302183.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> | genus = Quercus | display_parents = 2 | parent = Quercus sect. Quercus | species = garryana | authority = Douglas ex Hook. | range_map = Quercus garryana range map 1.png | range_map_caption = Natural range | synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true |''Quercus douglasii'' var. ''neaie'' <small>(Liebm.) A.DC.</small> |''Quercus garryana'' var. ''jacobi'' <small>(R.Br.ter) Zabel</small> |''Quercus jacobi'' <small>R.Br.ter</small> |''Quercus neaei'' <small>Liebm.</small> |''Quercus patula'' <small>Hansen</small> |''Quercus breweri'' <small>Engelm.</small> |''Quercus oerstediana'' <small>R.Br.ter</small> }} | synonyms_ref = <ref>{{ThePlantList |id=kew-172855 |taxon=Quercus garryana |authority=Douglas ex Hook.}}</ref> }}
'''''Quercus garryana''''' is an oak tree species found most commonly in the Pacific Northwest, with a range stretching from southern California to southwestern British Columbia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is a Garry Oak?|url=https://ohgarryoaksociety.org/what-is-a-garry-oak/|access-date=September 18, 2020|website=Oak Harbor Garry Oak Society}}</ref> It is commonly known as the '''Garry oak, Oregon white oak''' or '''Oregon oak'''. It is named for Nicholas Garry, deputy governor of the Hudson's Bay Company.
==Description== ''Quercus garryana'' is typically of medium height, growing slowly to around {{Convert|80|ft|abbr=off}} and occasionally as high as {{Convert|100|ft|abbr=on}}, or in shrub form to {{convert|10|to|15|ft|sp=us|abbr=on}} tall. The trunks grow to {{Convert|3|ft|abbr=on}} thick, exceptionally {{Convert|5|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}. The bark is gray and fissured.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book |last1=Arno |first1=Stephen F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qDD4DwAAQBAJ |title=Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees |last2=Hammerly |first2=Ramona P. |publisher=Mountaineers Books |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-68051-329-5 |edition=field guide |location=Seattle |pages=229–234 |language=en |oclc=1141235469 |orig-date=1977}}</ref> It has the characteristic oval profile of other oaks when solitary, but is also known to grow in groves close enough together that crowns may form a canopy. The leaves are deciduous, {{Convert|2-6|in|cm|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} long and 1–3 in broad, with 3–7 deep lobes on each side, darker green on top and finely haired below.<ref name=":022" /> The flowers are catkins. The fruit a small acorn{{efn|These are often abundant in alternating years.<ref name=Audubon/>}} {{Convert|3⁄4–1|in|abbr=on}} long, rarely {{Fraction|1|1|2}} in, and {{Convert|1⁄2–3⁄4|in|abbr=on}} broad, with shallow, scaly cups. Its fall color is unspectacular, with many trees turning plain brown.
The Oregon white oak is commonly found in the Willamette Valley hosting the mistletoe ''Phoradendron flavescens''.<ref name=":022" /> It is also commonly found hosting galls created by wasps in the family Cynipidae. 'Oak apples', green or yellow ball of up to 5 cm in size, are the most spectacular.<ref>{{cite book |last=Haggard |first=Peter and Judy |title=Insects of the Pacific Northwest |publisher=Timber Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-88192-689-7 |location=Portland, Oregon}}</ref> They are attached to the undersides of leaves. One common species responsible for these galls is ''Cynips maculipennis''. Another common predator is the oak twig gall wasp (''Bassettia ligni''), which causes dead twigs and small branches, especially near the tips of branches. Its effects are cyclic, with successive years producing highly variable amounts of oak twig die-back.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sherman |first=Lorelle |date=2025-07-01 |title=What's causing the alarming branch dieback in Oregon white oak? |url=https://blogs.oregonstate.edu/collegeofforestry/2025/07/01/whats-causing-the-alarming-branch-dieback-in-oregon-white-oak/ |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=College of Forestry, Oregon State University |language=en-US}}</ref> Other species create other galls on stems and leaves. Shapes vary from spheres to mushroom-shaped to pencil-shaped.
Individual specimens can grow to around 500 years in age, such as those on Sauvie Island near Portland, Oregon.<ref name=":022" />
The genus name ''Quercus'' comes from Latin meaning "oak tree."<ref>{{cite book|last=Jones|first=M|year=2018|title=Latin Plant Names|publisher=Academic Press|page=234}}</ref> The Garry Oak (''Quercus garryana''), also called Oregon white oak, ranges from British Columbia to California. <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pellatt|first1=MG|last2=Gedalof|first2=Z|year=2013|title=Environmental change in Garry oak ecosystems: Impacts and conservation|journal=Biological Conservation|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2013.08.034}}</ref> The latin scientific name, ''Quercus garryana'', was bestowed by Botanist David Douglas in the early 1800's to honor his friend, Nicholas Garry, an officer in the Hudson Bay Trading Company. <ref>{{cite web|publisher=Oak Harbor Garry Oak Society|title=What is a Garry Oak? Oak Harbor Garry Oak Society|url=https://ohgarryoaksociety.org/what-is-a-garry-oak/|access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref> The Garry oak (''Quercus garryana'') is one of 20 native oak species found on the Pacific Coast of Northern America, but the only native oak found in western Washington or British Columbia. <ref>{{cite web|website=HistoryLink.org|title=Garry Oaks and Acorns in Coast Salish Landscapes and Diets|url=https://www.historylink.org/File/22909|access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref>
{{gallery|mode=packed|align=center|height=144 |File:Quercus garryana var breweri.jpg|The shrub-like form of Oregon white oak (''Quercus garryana'' var. ''breweri'') growing in serpentine soils in southwest Oregon. |File:Quercus garryana 3786.JPG|As the fruit matures, the involucre hardens and becomes a shallow receptacle that contains an acorn. |File:Quercus garryana.jpg|Oregon white oak leaves }}
==Taxonomy==
=== Taxonomic history === David Douglas was the first non-native person to record the species. ''Quercus garryana'' is named after Nicholas Garry, who was deputy governor of the Hudson's Bay Company from 1822 to 1835 and a supporter of Douglas.<ref name=":022" />
=== Varieties === There are three varieties of Garry oak:
* ''Quercus garryana'' var. ''garryana'' – tree to 65 (100) ft. British Columbia south along the Cascades to the California Coast Ranges. * ''Quercus garryana'' var. ''breweri'' – shrub to 15 ft; leaves velvety underneath. Siskiyou Mountains. * ''Quercus garryana'' var. ''semota'' – shrub to 15 ft; leaves not velvety underneath. Sierra Nevada.<ref name="USDA" />
==Distribution and habitat== It grows from sea level to an altitude of {{convert|690|ft|m|abbr=on}} in the northern part of its range, and from {{convert|980|to|5900|ft|m|abbr=on|sp=us}} in the south of the range in California.<ref name="GOERT">{{cite web |title=GOERT |url=http://www.goert.ca/about_GOE_where.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203132548/http://goert.ca/about_GOE_where.php |archive-date=3 February 2011 |access-date=3 February 2011 |publisher=Garry Oak Ecosystems Recovery Team}}</ref>
In British Columbia, the Garry oak grows on the Gulf Islands and southeastern Vancouver Island, from west of Victoria along the east side of the island up to the Campbell River area. There are also small populations along the Fraser River on the British Columbia mainland.<ref name=GOERT/> The northernmost population of Garry oak can be found just below 50°N on Savary Island, in the northern stretches of the Strait of Georgia.<ref name=Savary>{{cite web|title=Sand Dune Ecosystems on Savary Island, B.C|url=http://www.silts.ca/pdfs/DunsterDunesMarch2000.pdf|publisher=Savary Island Land Trust|access-date=17 July 2017|archive-date=7 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807214753/http://silts.ca/pdfs/DunsterDunesMarch2000.pdf}}</ref> The Garry oak is the only oak native to British Columbia, and one of only two oaks (along with the bur oak) native to western Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/oak|title = Oak | the Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref>
In Washington, the tree grows on the west side of the Cascade Range, particularly in the Puget Sound lowlands, the northeastern Olympic Peninsula, Whidbey Island, the Chehalis river valley, and the San Juan Islands. It also grows in the foothills of the southeastern Cascades and along the Columbia River Gorge.<ref name=Burke>{{cite web|title=Burke Herbarium|url=http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php|publisher=University of Washington|access-date=3 February 2011}}</ref><ref name=Franklin>{{cite book|last=Franklin and Dyrness|title=Natural Vegetation of Oregon and Washington|year=1988|publisher=Oregon State University Press|location=Corvallis, Oregon|isbn=0-87071-356-6}}</ref>
In Oregon, the tree grows on the west side of the Cascade Range, primarily in the Willamette, Umpqua and Rogue river valleys, and along the Columbia River Gorge, as well as in canyons adjacent to the gorge.<ref name=Burke/><ref name=Franklin/>
In California, the ''garryana'' variety grows in the foothills of the Siskiyou and Klamath Mountains, the Coast Ranges of Northern California, and of the west slope of the Cascades. The ''semota'' variety grows in the Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges as far south as Los Angeles County.<ref name=USDA>{{PLANTS |symbol=QUGAG2 |taxon=Quercus garryana var. garryana |access-date=3 February 2011}}</ref>
==Ecology== It is a drought-tolerant tree. Older specimens are often affected by heart rot.<ref name=":022" />
The acorns are consumed by wildlife and livestock.<ref name="Audubon">{{cite book |last=Little |first=Elbert L. |title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Western Region |publisher=Knopf |year=1994 |isbn=0-394-50761-4 |edition=Chanticleer Press |pages=399–400 |orig-date=1980}}</ref> David Douglas recorded that bears consumed them.<ref>{{cite book |last=Peattie |first=Donald Culross |title=A Natural History of Western Trees |publisher=Bonanza Books |year=1953 |location=New York |page=426 |author-link=Donald C. Peattie}}</ref>
In British Columbia, the Garry oak can be infested by three nonnative insects: the jumping gall wasp ''Neuroterus saltatorius'', the oak leaf phylloxeran, and the spongy moth.<ref name="GOERT" />
While the invasive plant disease commonly called sudden oak death attacks other Pacific Coast native oaks, it has not yet been found on the Oregon white oak. Most oak hosts of this disease are in the red oak group, while Oregon white oak is in the white oak group.<ref>{{cite web |last=APHIS |title=Phytophthora ramorum host list |url=http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/pram/index.shtml |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120718112144/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/pram/index.shtml |archive-date=July 18, 2012 |access-date=6 February 2011 |publisher=USDA}}</ref>
=== ''Quercus garryana'' woodlands === Oregon white oak is the only native oak species in British Columbia, Washington, and northern Oregon. In these areas, oak woodlands are seral, or early-successional; they depend on disturbance to avoid being overtaken by Douglas-fir (''Pseudotsuga menziesii''). The disturbance allowing oak to persist in an area that would otherwise succeed to coniferous forest was primarily fire. Natural wildfires are relatively common in the drier portions of the Pacific Northwest where Oregon white oak is found, but fire suppression has made such events much less common. In addition, tribal histories, soil surveys, and early settlers' records indicate that deliberate burning was widely practiced by the indigenous people of these areas. Fire perpetuated the grasslands that produced food sources such as camas, chocolate lily, bracken fern, and oak; and that provided grazing and easy hunting for deer and elk. Mature Oregon white oaks are fire-resistant, and so would not be severely harmed by grass fires of low intensity. Such fires prevented Douglas-fir and most other conifer seedlings from becoming established, allowing bunch grass prairie and oak woodland to persist. Fire also kept oak woodlands on drier soils free of a shrub understory. Wetter oak woodlands historically had a substantial shrub understory, primarily snowberry.<ref name="Dunn and Ewing">{{cite book|last=Dunn and Ewing|title=Ecology and Conservation of the South Puget Sound Landscape|year=1997|publisher=The Nature Conservancy|location=Seattle}}</ref> thumb|right|Gall on Oregon white oak, Sonoma County
Oregon white oak woodlands in British Columbia and Washington are critical habitats for a number of species - plant, animal, and bryophyte - that are rare or extirpated in these areas:<ref name="Dunn and Ewing" /><ref name=Lea>{{cite web|last1=Lea|last2=Miles|last3=McIntosh|title=Garry Oak Ecosystem Recovery Team Colloquium|year=2006|url=http://www.goert.ca/documents/GOERT_Research_Colloquium_2006_Proceedings.pdf|access-date=2014-02-04|archive-date=2014-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321180419/http://www.goert.ca/documents/GOERT_Research_Colloquium_2006_Proceedings.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Garry Oak Ecosystem Plants |url=https://ohgarryoaksociety.org/garry-oak-ecosystem-plants/ |website=Oak Harbor Garry Oak Society |access-date=17 October 2019}}</ref>
* Propertius duskywing butterfly ''Erynnis propertius'', sole larval food plant is oak * ''Bucculatrix zophopasta'' leaf-mining moth, sole larval food plant is oak * Lewis's woodpecker ''Melanerpes lewis'' * Slender-billed nuthatch (subspecies of white-breasted nuthatch) ''Sitta carolinensis aculeata'' * Sharp tailed snake ''Contia tenuis'' * Western gray squirrel ''Sciurus griseus'' * Western tanager ''Piranga ludoviciana'' * Western wood peewee ''Contopus sordidulus'' * Western bluebird ''Sialia mexicana'' * Sessile trillium ''Trillium parviflorum'' * Banded cord-moss ''Entosthodon fascicularis'' * Apple moss ''Bartramia stricta'' * (liverwort) ''Riccia ciliata'' * Golden Paintbrush ''Castilleja levisecta''
thumb|right|x160px|An Oregon white oak grove
''Quercus garryana'' woodlands create a landscape mosaic of grassland, savanna, woodland, and closed-canopy forest. This mosaic of varied habitats, in turn, allows many more species to live in this area than would be possible in coniferous forest alone. Parks Canada states that Garry oak woodlands support more species of plants than any other terrestrial ecosystem in British Columbia.<ref>{{cite web|last=Parks Canada|title=Garry Oak Ecosystems|url=http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/nature/eep-sar/itm4/eep-sar4a.aspx|access-date=7 February 2011|archive-date=8 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008172601/http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/nature/eep-sar/itm4/eep-sar4a.aspx}}</ref> It grows in a variety of soil types, for instance, rocky outcrops, glacial gravelly outwash, deep grassland soils, and seasonally flooded riparian areas.<ref name="Dunn and Ewing"/><ref name=Lea/>
The Donation Land Claim Act of 1850 encouraged settlement of Washington and Oregon by the United States and marked the beginning of the end of regular burning by native peoples of the area.<ref name="Dunn and Ewing"/>{{Rp|page=Perdue}} The arrival of Europeans also reduced the number of natural fires that took place in Oregon white oak habitat. With fire suppression and conversion to agriculture, oak woodlands and bunch grass prairies were invaded by Douglas-fir, Oregon ash (''Fraxinus latifolia''), and imported pasture grasses. Oaks were logged to clear land for pasture, and for firewood and fence posts. Livestock grazing trampled and consumed oak seedlings. By the 1990s, more than half the Oregon white oak woodland habitat in the South Puget Sound area of Washington was gone.<ref name="Dunn and Ewing"/> On Vancouver Island, more than 90% was gone,<ref name=Lea/> and on Whidbey Island up to 99% of native understory Oregon white oak habitat is gone.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Are Oaks Disappearing? |url=https://ohgarryoaksociety.org/why-are-oaks-disappearing/ |website=Oak Harbor Garry Oak Society |access-date=17 October 2019}}</ref> Remaining Oregon white oak woodlands are threatened by urbanization, conversion to Douglas-fir woodland, and invasion by shrubs, both native and nonnative (Scotch broom ''Cytisus scoparius'', sweetbriar rose ''Rosa eglanteria'', snowberry ''Symphoricarpos albus'', Indian plum ''Oemleria cerasiformis'', poison-oak ''Toxicodendron diversilobum'', English holly ''Ilex aquifolium'', bird cherry ''Prunus avens'').<ref name=Franklin/> Conversely, oak groves in wetter areas that historically had closed canopies of large trees are becoming crowded with young oaks that grow thin and spindly, due to lack of fires that would clear out seedlings.<ref name="Dunn and Ewing"/>
''Chionodes petalumensis'' caterpillars feed on oak leaves, including those of ''Quercus garryana''<ref>Tatum, J. B. [http://facweb.furman.edu/~snyderjohn/tatum/012.1.htm ''Chionodes petalumensis''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029141349/http://facweb.furman.edu/~snyderjohn/tatum/012.1.htm |date=2016-10-29 }} Butterflies and Moths of Southern Vancouver Island. 2007.</ref> and valley oak (''Q. lobata'').<ref name=host>[http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/hostplants/search/detail.dsml?PK_MainID=10255&PSpeciesqtype=starts+with&PFamilyqtype=starts+with&sort=Family&Familyqtype=starts+with&Speciesqtype=starts+with&Genus=chionodes&Genusqtype=starts+with&PGenusqtype=starts+with&beginIndex=111&listPageURL=list%2edsml%3fPSpeciesqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26PFamilyqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26sort%3dFamily%26Familyqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26beginIndex%3d90%26Speciesqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26Genus%3dchionodes%26Genusqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26PGenusqtype%3dstarts%2bwith&searchPageURL=index%2edsml%3fPSpeciesqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26PFamilyqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26sort%3dFamily%26Familyqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26beginIndex%3d90%26Speciesqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26Genus%3dchionodes%26Genusqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26PGenusqtype%3dstarts%2bwith ''C. petalumensis'': Host plants.] Natural History Museum, London.</ref>
==Conservation== Oregon white oaks and their ecosystems are the focus of conservation efforts, including communities such as Tacoma, Washington, where an Oak Tree Park has been established; Oak Bay, British Columbia, which is named after the tree; and Corvallis, Oregon, which has protected the oak savannah remnants around Bald Hill.<ref>{{cite web |last=Barnes |first=Marc |date=November 2003 |title=Bald Hill Oak Restoration |url=http://www.oregonoaks.org/documents/baldhill.shtml |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912234000/http://www.oregonoaks.org/documents/baldhill.shtml |archive-date=September 12, 2011 |access-date=11 August 2013 |publisher=Oregon Oak Communities Working Group}}</ref> Oak Harbor, Washington, named after the tree<ref>{{cite web |last1=Renninger |first1=Laura |title=Local Garry Oak History |url=https://ohgarryoaksociety.org/local-garry-oak-history/ |access-date=17 October 2019 |website=Oak Harbor Garry Oak Society}}</ref> and home to Smith Park that contains a dense grove of mature Garry Oak trees, formed the Oak Harbor Garry Oak Society to pursue conservation of the city's namesake tree.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Newberry |first1=Ron |date=April 11, 2015 |title=Group aims to save Garry oaks |publisher=Sound Publishing |agency=Whidbey News Times |url=http://www.whidbeynewstimes.com/community/299403851.html |access-date=3 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Preservation |url=https://ohgarryoaksociety.org/preservation/ |access-date=17 October 2019 |website=Oak Harbor Garry Oak Society}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Oak Harbor Tries to Stay True to Its Roots |url=https://www.king5.com/article/news/local/oak-harbor-tries-to-stay-true-to-its-roots/358300292 |location=Seattle, Washington |publisher=KING5 News |date=29 November 2016 |access-date=17 October 2019}}</ref>
In Southwest Washington, significant acreages of Oregon white oaks are preserved in the Scatter Creek Wildlife Area, in sites such as the Scatter Creek Unit, which contain some of the few remaining areas of south Puget Sound prairie.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wildlife Areas | Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife |url=http://wdfw.wa.gov/lands/wildlife_areas/scatter_creek/ |access-date=2015-11-30 |archive-date=2015-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151204190300/http://wdfw.wa.gov/lands/wildlife_areas/scatter_creek/ }}</ref>
In Oak Bay, British Columbia, a fine of up to $10,000 may be issued for each Garry oak tree cut or damaged.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trees on Your Property - An Information Guide to Oak Bay's Tree Protection Bylaw |url=http://www.oakbaybc.org/parks/ROB113_Trees_onyourProperty.pdf |access-date=18 April 2012 |publisher=Oak Bay B.C. |archive-date=30 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730232107/http://www.oakbaybc.org/parks/ROB113_Trees_onyourProperty.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==Uses== The mildly sweet (but perhaps unpalatable) acorns are edible, ideally after leaching.<ref name="Audubon" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Nyerges |first=Christopher |title=Foraging Washington: Finding, Identifying, and Preparing Edible Wild Foods |publisher=Falcon Guides |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4930-2534-3 |location=Guilford, CT |oclc=965922681}}</ref> The bitterness of the toxic tannic acid would likely prevent anyone from eating enough to become ill.<ref name=":0" /> Native Americans ate the acorns raw and roasted, also using them to make a kind of flour.<ref name=":022" />
The hardwood is hard and heavily ring-porous. It has distinctive growth rings and prominent rays. Heartwood can be a deep chocolate brown color and sapwood will vary from golden brown to nearly white. This makes it particularly attractive to woodworkers; however, it can be difficult to use in woodworking without experiencing warping and cracking.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rudolph H. |first1=Knaack |title=Woodturning with Garry Oak |url=https://ohgarryoaksociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Woodturning-with-Garry-Oak.pdf |website=Oak Harbor Garry Oak Society |access-date=17 October 2019}}</ref> Although it was popularly used around the turn of the 20th century,<ref name=":022" /> historically the tree has not been regarded as having significant commercial value and is frequently destroyed as land is cleared for development. The wood is suitable for making fence posts. With similar qualities to those of other white oaks, the wood has been used experimentally in Oregon for creating casks in which to age wine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Belgard |first=Tamara |date=2018-02-01 |title=Barrel of Possibilities |url=http://www.oregonwinepress.com/barrel-of-possibilities |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=www.oregonwinepress.com |language=en}}</ref> In Washington, it has been used for aging single malt whiskey since the 2010s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Padilla |first1=Natalie |title=Whiskey Review: Westland Distillery Garryana (Oregon Oak) Whiskey |url=https://thewhiskeywash.com/whiskey-styles/american-whiskey/whiskey-review-westland-garryana/ |website=The Whisket Wash |date=21 July 2016 |access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{citation|work=Robb Report|title=Why Matt Hoffman Is Bullish on Aging Whisky in Garry Oak|date=November 14, 2018|author=Dan Dunn|url=https://robbreport.com/food-drink/spirits/matt-hoffman-garryana-whiskey-2828406/}}</ref> Oregon white oak barrels are said to give the whiskey "burnt sugar notes, marshmallow sweetness, and a light floral character that showcases the best of the Garry oak".<ref>{{citation|work=Men's Journal|title=Westland's Newest Garryana Release Is the Must-buy American Single Malt of the Year|date=August 29, 2018|author=G. Clay Whittaker|url=https://www.mensjournal.com/food-drink/westlands-new-garryana-release-is-a-must-buy-american-single-malt/}}</ref> When used as firewood, Oregon white oak produces {{convert|28|e6Btu/cord|MWh/m3}} burned.<ref name="FIREWOOD">{{cite web|title=What is the best firewood to burn|date=22 April 2009|url=http://firewoodresource.com/firewood-btu-ratings/|publisher=Firewoodresource|access-date=14 October 2012}}</ref>
== Notes == === Explanatory footnotes === {{Notelist}}
=== Citations === {{Reflist|30em}}
==External links== {{Commons and category}} * [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233501033 Flora of North America: ''Quercus garryana''] * [http://owic.oregonstate.edu/oregon-white-oak-quercus-garryana Oregon White Oak (''Quercus garryana'')]—Oregon Wood Innovation Center, Oregon State University * [http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Quercus+garryana Plants of British Columbia: ''Quercus garryana''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928061734/http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Quercus+garryana |date=2018-09-28 }} * [https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?4316,4326,4341 Treatment from the Jepson Manual (1993)—''Fagaceae'' Oak Family]—John M. Tucker * [http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wld/documents/garryoak.pdf Province of British Columbia – Ministry of Environment: "Garry Oak Ecosystems"]—PDF * [http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/library/documents/TREEBOOK/garryoak.htm Province of British Columbia – Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations: Garry Oak] * [http://www.goert.ca Garry Oak Ecosystems Recovery Team]: Information about native plant gardening, propagation, removing invasive plants and events for beginners to professionals. * [https://ohgarryoaksociety.org Oak Harbor Garry Oak Society]: A nonprofit organization devoted to Garry oak conservation on Whidbey Island whose website includes helpful resources on planting and protecting Garry oaks, and contemporary news and updates on issues facing Garry oaks in the Puget Sound Region of Washington State.
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2029492}} {{Authority control}}
garryana Category:Trees of Northern America Category:Plants described in 1840 Category:Garden plants of North America Category:Drought-tolerant trees