French language

{{Short description|Romance language}} {{Distinguish|text=Lingua franca}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}} {{Infobox language | name = French | nativename = {{lang|fr|français}} | pronunciation = {{IPA|fr|fʁɑ̃sɛ|}} | states = France, Belgium, Switzerland, Monaco, Francophone Africa, Canada, and other locations in the Francophonie | speakers = L1: {{sigfig|74.170080|2}} million | date = 2012–2024 | ref = e27 | speakers2 = L2: {{sigfig|237.744330|3}} million (2012–2022)<ref name=e27/> Total: {{sigfig|311.914410 |3}} million<ref name=e27/> | speakers_label = Speakers | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = Italic | fam3 = Latino-Faliscan | fam4 = Latinic | fam5 = Romance | fam6 = Italo-Western | fam7 = Western Romance | fam8 = Gallo-Iberian<ref name="glottoGI">{{Cite web |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/shif1234 |title=Glottolog 4.8 - Shifted Western Romance |date=2022-05-24 |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=Glottolog |last1=Hammarström |first1=Harald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127113834/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/shif1234 |archive-date=2023-11-27 |url-status=live |publisher=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology |last2=Forkel |first2=Robert |last3=Haspelmath |first3=Martin |last4=Bank |first4=Sebastian}}</ref> | fam9 = Gallo-Romance | fam10 = Gallo-Rhaetian?<ref name="glottoOil">{{Cite web |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/oila1234 |title=Glottolog 4.8 - Oil |date=2022-05-24 |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=Glottolog |last1=Hammarström |first1=Harald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111104954/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/oila1234 |archive-date=2023-11-11 |url-status=live |publisher=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology |last2=Forkel |first2=Robert |last3=Haspelmath |first3=Martin |last4=Bank |first4=Sebastian}}</ref> | fam11 = Arpitan–Oïl | fam12 = Oïl | fam13 = Francien zone | ancestor = Old Latin | ancestor2 = Vulgar Latin | ancestor3 = Proto-Romance | ancestor4 = Old Gallo-Romance | ancestor5 = Old French | ancestor6 = Middle French | script = Latin script (French alphabet) French Braille | nation = {{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=26 countries| |Belgium |Benin |Burundi |Cameroon |Canada |Central African Republic |Chad |Comoros |Congo |Democratic Republic of the Congo |Djibouti |Equatorial Guinea |France |Gabon |Guinea |Haiti |Ivory Coast |Luxembourg |Madagascar |Monaco |Rwanda |Senegal |Seychelles |Switzerland |Togo |Vanuatu }} {{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=10 subnational| |Aosta Valley (Italy) |French Polynesia |Louisiana (United States) |Maine (United States) |New Caledonia |Puducherry (India) |Saint Barthélemy |Saint Martin |Saint Pierre and Miquelon |Wallis and Futuna }} {{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=Non-official but administrative/cultural| |Algeria |Burkina Faso |Cambodia |Laos |Lebanon |Mali |Mauritania |Mauritius |Morocco |New Hampshire (United States) |Niger |Tunisia |Vietnam }} Organizations including the {{enum |OIF |UN |IOC |CGPM |ICRC |EU |AU |NATO |WTO |CoE }} | agency = {{ubli|Académie Française (France)|Office québécois de la langue française (Quebec)|{{ill|Direction de la langue française|fr|Direction de la langue française}} (Belgium)}} | iso1 = fr | iso2b = fre | iso2t = fra | iso3 = fra | lingua = 51-AAA-i | map = Map-Francophone World.svg | mapcaption = {{legend|#0231a1|Countries and regions where French is the native language of the majority{{efn|Dots: cities with native transmission, typically a minority.}}}} {{legend|#1886fe|Countries and regions where French is an official or de facto official language, but not a majority native language}} {{legend|#79bdff|Countries, regions, and territories where French is an administrative or cultural language but with no official status}} | notice = IPA | sign = Signed French ''({{lang|fr|français signé}})'' | glotto = stan1290 | glottorefname = French }} {{French language}}

'''French''' ({{langx|fr|français|label=none}} {{IPA|fr|fʁɑ̃sɛ||audio=LL-Q150 (fra)-Fhala.K-français.wav}} or {{langx|fr|langue française|label=none}} {{IPA|fr|lɑ̃ɡ fʁɑ̃sɛːz||audio=LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-langue française.wav}}) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. Like all other Romance languages, French and its closest relatives—the ''langues d'oïl'', historically spoken in northern France and southern Belgium—descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire. Over time, French largely supplanted these regional relatives.

It was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul and by the Germanic Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. As a result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 16th century onward, it was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, and Asia, and numerous French-based creole languages, most notably Haitian Creole, were developed. A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as ''Francophone'' in both English and French.

French is an official language in 26 countries, as well as one of the most geographically widespread languages in the world, with speakers in about 50 countries.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/04/23/the-worlds-languages-in-7-maps-and-charts/|title=The world's languages, in 7 maps and charts|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=18 April 2022|access-date=19 April 2022|archive-date=16 August 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150816064811/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/04/23/the-worlds-languages-in-7-maps-and-charts/|url-status=live}}</ref> Most of these countries are members of the {{lang|fr|Organisation internationale de la Francophonie}} (OIF), the community of 54 member states which share the use or teaching of French. It is estimated to have about 310 million speakers, of which about 74 million are native speakers;<ref>{{e26|fra|French}}</ref> it is spoken as a first language (in descending order of the number of speakers) in France, Canada (Quebec), Belgium (Wallonia and the Brussels-Capital Region), western Switzerland (Romandy region), parts of Luxembourg, and Monaco.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-02 |title=Census in Brief: English, French and official language minorities in Canada |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/as-sa/98-200-x/2016011/98-200-x2016011-eng.cfm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311010917/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/as-sa/98-200-x/2016011/98-200-x2016011-eng.cfm |archive-date=11 March 2018 |access-date=2018-03-25 |website=Statistics Canada |language=en}}</ref> Meanwhile, in Francophone Africa it is spoken mainly as a second language or lingua franca, though it has also become a native language in a several urban areas. In some North African countries like Algeria and Morocco, it is the primary language for the elite (alongside Arabic) while being an auxiliary language for the general population.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Benrabah |first=Mohamed |year=2007 |title=Language Maintenance and Spread: French in Algeria |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249918399 |journal=International Journal of Francophone Studies |language=en |volume=10 |pages=193–215 |doi=10.1386/ijfs.10.1and2.193_1 |via=ResearchGate |access-date=2024-03-18 |archive-date=2024-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525234842/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249918399_Language_Maintenance_and_Spread_French_in_Algeria |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2025, approximately 50% of the Francophone population lived in sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian Ocean, 30% lived in Europe, 15% in North Africa, 7% in the Americas, and a small percent in Asia and Oceania.<ref name=":13" /> French is the second most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union.<ref name="nativeLanguages">{{Citation |author=European Commission |title=Europeans and their Languages |date=June 2012 |url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf |work=Special Eurobarometer 386 |page=5 |access-date=7 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106183351/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf |publisher=Europa |archive-date=2016-01-06}}</ref> Of Europeans who speak other languages natively, approximately one-fifth are able to speak French as a second language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Learn French |url=http://www.cpfalta.ab.ca/Learning/whyfrench.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619042509/http://www.cpfalta.ab.ca/Learning/whyfrench.htm |archive-date=2008-06-19}}</ref> Many institutions of the EU use French as a working language along with English, German and Italian; in some institutions, French is the sole working language (e.g. at the Court of Justice of the European Union).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Develey |first=Alice |date=25 February 2017 |title=Le français est la deuxième langue la plus étudiée dans l'Union européenne |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/langue-francaise/actu-des-mots/2017/02/25/37002-20170225ARTFIG00101-le-francais-est-la-deuxieme-langue-la-plus-etudiee-dans-l-union-europeenne.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424220102/http://www.lefigaro.fr/langue-francaise/actu-des-mots/2017/02/25/37002-20170225ARTFIG00101-le-francais-est-la-deuxieme-langue-la-plus-etudiee-dans-l-union-europeenne.php |archive-date=24 April 2017 |access-date=20 June 2017 |work=Le Figaro}}</ref> French is also the 22nd most natively spoken language in the world,<ref name=e28>[https://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/ Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301033630/https://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/ |date=1 March 2013 }}, in {{e28}}</ref> the sixth most spoken language by total number of speakers, and is among the top five most studied languages worldwide, with about 120 million learners {{as of|2017|lc=y}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How many people speak French and where is French spoken |url=https://www.babbel.com/en/magazine/how-many-people-speak-french-and-where-is-french-spoken |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121234924/https://www.babbel.com/en/magazine/how-many-people-speak-french-and-where-is-french-spoken |archive-date=21 November 2017 |access-date=21 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=What are the top 200 most spoken languages?|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/guides/ethnologue200|language=en|website=Ethnologue|access-date=2025-03-11|archive-date=12 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112222210/http://www.ethnologue.org/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size|url-status=live}}</ref> French has a long history as an international language of literature and scientific standards and is a primary or second language of many international organizations including the United Nations, the European Union, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the World Trade Organization, the International Olympic Committee, the General Conference on Weights and Measures, and the International Committee of the Red Cross.

== History == {{Main|History of French}}

French is a Romance language (meaning that it is descended primarily from Vulgar Latin) that evolved out of the Gallo-Romance dialects spoken in northern France. The language's early forms include Old French and Middle French.

=== Vulgar Latin in Gaul === Due to Roman rule, Latin was gradually adopted by the inhabitants of Gaul. As the language was learned by the common people, it developed a distinct local character, with grammatical differences from Latin as spoken elsewhere, some of which is attested in graffiti.<ref name="Adams" /> This local variety evolved into the Gallo-Romance tongues, which include French and its closest relatives, such as Franco-Provençal.

The evolution of Latin in Gaul was shaped by its coexistence for over half a millennium beside the native Gaulish, which did not go extinct until the late sixth century, long after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.<ref name="Helix">{{Cite book |last=Hélix |first=Laurence |title=Histoire de la langue française |publisher=Ellipses Edition Marketing S.A. |year=2011 |isbn=978-2-7298-6470-5 |page=7}}</ref> Because few Latin speakers settled in rural areas during Roman times, Latin there held little or no social value for the peasantry; as a result, 90% of the total population of Gaul remained indigenous in origin. The urban aristocracy, who used Latin for trade, education or official uses, sent their children to Roman schools and administered lands for Rome. In the fifth century, at the time of the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the vast majority of the (predominantly rural) population remained Gaulish speakers. They shifted to Latin as their native speech only one century after the Frankish conquest of Gaul, adopting the prestige language of their urban literate elite. This eventual spread of Latin can be attributed to the social migration from the focus of urban power to village-centred economies and legal serfdom.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lodge |first=R. Anthony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfanhTGi-z0C |title=French: From Dialect to Standard |date=1993 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-08071-2 |page=46 |access-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918104347/https://books.google.com/books?id=hfanhTGi-z0C |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cravens |first=Thomas D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvODm8_Y6CgC&q=Braudel&pg=PA1 |title=Comparative Historical Dialectology: Italo-Romance Clues to Ibero-Romance Sound Change |date=2002 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |isbn=1-58811-313-2 |page=51 |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918104417/https://books.google.com/books?id=XvODm8_Y6CgC&q=Braudel&pg=PA1 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Mufwene2">{{cite journal |last=Mufwene|first=Salikoko S.|author-link=Salikoko Mufwene|year=2004|title=Language birth and death|journal=Annu. Rev. Anthropol.|volume=33|pages=201–222|doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143852|url=https://mufwene.uchicago.edu/publications/languageBirthAndDeath.pdf}}</ref>

The Gaulish language likely survived into the sixth century in France despite considerable Romanization.<ref name="Helix" /> Coexisting with Latin, Gaulish helped shape the Vulgar Latin dialects that developed into French<ref name="Mufwene">{{cite journal |last=Mufwene |first=Salikoko S. |author-link=Salikoko Mufwene |year=2004 |title=Language birth and death |journal=Annu. Rev. Anthropol. |volume=33 |pages=201–222 |doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143852}}</ref><ref name="Helix" /> contributing loanwords and calques (including {{lang|fr|oui}},<ref>{{cite book |first=Peter |last=Schrijver |title=Studies in the History of Celtic Pronouns and Particles |location=Maynooth |isbn=9780901519597 |publisher=Department of Old Irish, National University of Ireland |year=1997 |page=15}}</ref> the word for "yes"),<ref name="Savignac" /> sound changes shaped by Gaulish influence,<ref name="PellegriniCeltic">{{cite book |last=Pellegrini |first=Giovanni Battista |year=2011 |chapter=Substrata |editor-last1=Posner |editor-last2=Green |title=Romance Comparative and Historical Linguistics |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=43–74}} Celtic influences on French discussed in pages 64–67. Page 65:"In recent years the primary role of the substratum... has been disputed. Best documented is the CT- > ''it'' change which is found in all Western Romania... more reservations have been expressed about... ū > [y]..."; :"Summary on page 67: "There can be no doubt that the way French stands out from the other Western Romance languages (Vidos 1956: 363) is largely due to the intensity of its Celtic substratum, compared with lateral areas like Iberia and Venetia..."</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Henri |last=Guiter |chapter=Sur le substrat gaulois dans la Romania |title=Munus amicitae. Studia linguistica in honorem Witoldi Manczak septuagenarii |editor-first=Anna |editor-last=Bochnakowa |editor-first2=Stanislan |editor-last2=Widlak |location=Krakow |year=1995}}</ref>{{sfn|Roegiest|2006|p=83}} and influences in conjugation and word order.<ref name="Savignac">{{Cite book |last=Savignac |first=Jean-Paul |title=Dictionnaire Français-Gaulois |publisher=La Différence |year=2004 |location=Paris |page=26}}</ref><ref name="Matas">{{Cite conference |last=Matasovic |first=Ranko |year=2007 |title=Insular Celtic as a Language Area |book-title=The Celtic Languages in Contact: Papers from the Workshop Within the Framework of the XIII International Congress of Celtic Studies |page=106}}</ref><ref name="Adams">{{Cite book |last=Adams |first=J. N. |title=The Regional Diversification of Latin 200 BC – AD 600 |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-511-48297-7|pages=279–289 |chapter=Chapter V – Regionalisms in provincial texts: Gaul |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511482977}}</ref> Recent computational studies suggest that early gender shifts may have been motivated by the gender of the corresponding word in Gaulish.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Polinsky |first1=Maria |last2=Van Everbroeck |first2=Ezra |year=2003 |title=Development of Gender Classifications: Modeling the Historical Change from Latin to French |journal=Language |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=356–390 |citeseerx=10.1.1.134.9933 |doi=10.1353/lan.2003.0131 |jstor=4489422 |s2cid=6797972| issn = 0097-8507}}</ref>

The estimated number of French words that can be attributed to Gaulish is placed at 154 by the ''Petit Robert'',<ref name="SchmittLex">{{Cite journal |first=Christian |last=Schmitt |year=1997 |title=Keltische im heutigen Französisch |journal=Zeitschrift für Celtische Philologie |volume=49-50 |pages=814–829|doi=10.1515/zcph.1997.49-50.1.814 }}</ref> which is often viewed as representing standardized French, while if non-standard dialects are included, the number increases to 240.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Müller |first=Bodo |title=Festschrift für Johannes Hubschmid zum 65. Geburtsag. Beiträge zur allgemeinen, indogermanischen und romanischen Sprachwissenschaft. |date=1982 |editor-last=Winkelmann |editor-first=Otto |pages=603–620 |chapter=Geostatistik der gallischen/keltischen Substratwörter in der Galloromania}}</ref> Known Gaulish loans are skewed toward certain semantic fields, such as plant life ({{Lang|ga|chêne}}, {{Lang|ga|bille}}, etc.), animals ({{Lang|ga|mouton}}, {{Lang|ga|cheval}}, etc.), nature ({{Lang|ga|boue}}, etc.), domestic activities (ex. {{Lang|ga|berceau}}), farming and rural units of measure ({{Lang|ga|arpent}}, {{Lang|ga|lieue}}, {{Lang|ga|borne}}, {{Lang|ga|boisseau}}), weapons,<ref name=HolmesSchutz30>{{Cite book |first1=Urban |last1=Holmes |first2=Alexander |last2=Herman Schutz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jbjX4ebc2lsC&q=gAULISH&pg=PR5 |title=A History of the French Language |date=June 1938 |publisher=Biblo & Tannen Publishers |isbn=978-0-8196-0191-9 |page=30 |quote="...sixty-eight or more Celtic words in standard Latin; not all of these came down into Romance.... did not survive among the people. Vulgar speech in Gaul used many others... at least 361 words of Gaulish provenance in French and Provençal. These Celtic words fell into more homely types than... borrowings from Germanː agriculture... household effects... animals... food and drink... trees... body -- 17 (''dor'' < ''durnu''), dress... construction... birds... fish... insects... ''pièce'' < *''pettia'', and the remainder divided among weapons, religion, literature, music, persons, sickness and mineral. It is evident that the peasants were the last to hold to their Celtic. The count on the Celtic element was made by Leslie Moss at the University of North Carolina... based on unanimity of agreement among the best lexicographers... |access-date=10 June 2021 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918104350/https://books.google.com/books?id=jbjX4ebc2lsC&q=gAULISH&pg=PR5 |url-status=live }}</ref> and products traded regionally rather than further afield.{{sfn|Roegiest|2006|p=82}} This semantic distribution has been attributed to peasants being the last to hold onto Gaulish.{{sfn|Roegiest|2006|p=82}}<ref name=HolmesSchutz30 />

=== Old French === {{Main|Old French}}

The beginning of French in Gaul was greatly influenced by Germanic invasions into the country. These invasions had the greatest impact on the northern part of the country and on the language there.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=HarvardKey – Login |url=https://www.pin1.harvard.edu/cas/login;jsessionid=BB951275000142B63AD17A43564E70A5?service=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pin1.harvard.edu%2Fpin%2Fauthenticate%2FHUL_ACC_MGMT_SVC%3Bjsessionid%3DBB951275000142B63AD17A43564E70A5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813193930/https://www.pin1.harvard.edu/cas/login;jsessionid=BB951275000142B63AD17A43564E70A5?service=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pin1.harvard.edu%2Fpin%2Fauthenticate%2FHUL_ACC_MGMT_SVC%3Bjsessionid%3DBB951275000142B63AD17A43564E70A5 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=16 May 2019 |website=pin1.harvard.edu}}</ref> A language divide began to grow across the country. The population in the north spoke {{lang|fr|langues d'oïl}} while the population in the south spoke {{lang|fr|langues d'oc}}.<ref name=":02" /> One {{lang|fr|langue d'oïl}} became Old French. The Old French period spanned between the late 8th<ref name="French first attested">{{cite book |last1=Battye |first1=Adrian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RnUGCAAAQBAJ&dq=History+of+French+language&pg=PP1 |title=The French Language Today |last2=Hintze |first2=Marie-Anne |last3=Rowlett |first3=Paul |date=2000 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-90328-1 |edition=2nd |pages=12}} [2-4; we might wonder whether there's a point at which it's appropriate to talk of the beginnings of French, that is, when it was deemed no longer make to think of the varieties spoken in Gaul as Latin. Although a precise date can't be given, there is a general consensus (see Wright 1982, 1991, Lodge 1993) that an awareness of a vernacular, distinct from Latin, emerged at the end of the eighth century.]</ref> and mid-14th centuries. Old French shared many characteristics with Latin. For example, Old French used different word orders, just as Latin did, because it had a case system retaining the distinction between nominative subjects and oblique non-subjects.<ref name="Lahousse_2012">{{Cite journal |last1=Lahousse |first1=Karen |last2=Lamiroy |first2=Béatrice |year=2012 |title=Word order in French, Spanish and Italian:A grammaticalization account |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/329255 |url-status=live |journal=Folia Linguistica |language=en |volume=46 |issue=2 |doi=10.1515/flin.2012.014 |issn=1614-7308 |s2cid=146854174 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427075923/https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/329255 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |access-date=7 January 2021|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The period is marked by a heavy superstrate influence from the Germanic Frankish language, which non-exhaustively included the use in upper-class speech and higher registers of V2 word order,<ref>Rowlett, P. 2007. The Syntax of French. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Page 4</ref> a large percentage of the vocabulary (now at around 15% of modern French vocabulary<ref>Pope, Mildred K. (1934). From Latin to Modern French with Especial Consideration of Anglo-Norman Phonology and Morphology. Manchester: Manchester University Press.</ref>) including the impersonal singular pronoun {{lang|fr|on}} (a calque of Germanic ''man''), and the name of the language itself.

Up until its later stages, Old French, alongside the {{lang|fr|langue d'oc}} called Old Occitan, maintained a relic of the old nominal case system of Latin longer than most other Romance languages (with the notable exception of Romanian which still currently maintains a case distinction), differentiating between an oblique case and a nominative case. The phonology was characterized by heavy syllabic stress, which led to the emergence of various complicated diphthongs such as {{lang|fr|-eau}}, which would later be leveled as monophthongs.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

The earliest evidence of what became Old French can be seen in the Oaths of Strasbourg and the ''Sequence of Saint Eulalia'', while Old French literature began to be produced in the eleventh century, with major early works often focusing on the lives of saints (such as the ''Vie de Saint Alexis''), or wars and royal courts, notably including the ''Chanson de Roland'', the Matter of Britain, as well as a cycle focused on William of Orange.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

During the period of the Crusades, French became so dominant in the Mediterranean Sea that it became the ''lingua franca'' (literally 'Frankish language'). Due to increased contact with Arabs (who referred to the Crusaders as {{Lang|fr|Franj}}), numerous Arabic loanwords entered French, such as {{Lang|fr|amiral}} (admiral), {{Lang|fr|alcool}} (alcohol), {{Lang|fr|coton}} (cotton) and {{Lang|fr|sirop}} (syrup), as well as scientific terms such as {{Lang|fr|algébre}} (algebra), {{Lang|fr|alchimie}} (alchemy) and {{Lang|fr|zéro}} (zero).<ref name="google.fr">{{Cite book |last1=Nadeau |first1=Jean-Benoit |author-link=Jean-Benoît Nadeau |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&pg=PT34 |title=The Story of French |last2=Barlow |first2=Julie |author-link2=Julie Barlow |publisher=St. Martin's Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4299-3240-0 |pages=34ff |access-date=4 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175328/https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&pg=PT34#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Middle French === {{Main|Middle French}}

Within Old French many dialects emerged but the Francien dialect is one that not only continued but also thrived during the Middle French period between the mid-14th to the early 17th centuries.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Dictionnaire du Moyen Français (1330–1500)|url=http://zeus.atilf.fr/dmf/|publisher=ATILF – CNRS & Université de Lorraine}}</ref><ref name=":02" /> Modern French grew out of this Francien dialect.<ref name=":02" /> The status of French as a global language of administration and diplomacy is not merely a product of modern history, but the result of a process of state-building that began in the Crusader states.<ref name=":11" />

The transition towards French as a formal language began in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Facing a crisis of authority during the War of the Lombards of the mid-13th century, the nobility replaced Latin with Outremer French—a koiné of Parisian, Norman, and Picard dialects—to codify the ''Assizes of Jerusalem''. For the knights and jurists of Outremer, this refined vernacular became a vital tool for legal security in matters of property and inheritance, distinguishing them from Byzantines, Muslims, and newly arrived European crusaders. The military elite, who often lacked academic training in Latin, standardized laws they could read and debate in their native tongue.<ref name=":11" />

This made Jerusalem the first state to implement French for legal and administrative security, three decades before France itself. This administrative model "rebounded" to Europe through Louis IX, who, after his stay in the Levant (1250–1254), professionalized the French chancery. This trajectory reached its legal peak with the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts (1539), where Francis I mandated French as the exclusive language for all legal acts and official communications, effectively ending the official role of Latin and centralizing the state around the Parisian standard.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Ingrand-Varenne|first=Estelle|url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-04318599v1/document|title=French Inscriptions in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem: From the Written Word to the Museum|date=1 December 2023|publisher=HAL Authorization|year=|pages=241–262}}</ref>

Grammatically, during the period of Middle French, noun declensions were lost and there began to be standardized rules. Robert Estienne published the first Latin-French dictionary, which included information about phonetics, etymology, and grammar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Victor |first=Joseph M. |title=Charles de Bovelles, 1479–1553: An Intellectual Biography |publisher=Librairie Droz |year=1978 |page=28}}</ref> Politically, the first government authority to adopt Modern French as the official language was the Aosta Valley in 1536, three years before France itself.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://zigzag-francophonie.eu/ITALIE-Le-Val-d-Aoste|title=La Vallée d'Aoste : enclave francophone au sud-est du Mont Blanc.|access-date=11 September 2013|archive-date=4 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204062709/http://zigzag-francophonie.eu/ITALIE-Le-Val-d-Aoste|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Modern French === During the 17th century, French replaced Latin as the most important language of diplomacy and international relations (lingua franca). It retained this role until approximately the middle of the 20th century, when it was replaced by English as the United States became the dominant global power following the Second World War.<ref name="andaman.org">[http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/reprints/weber/rep-weber.htm The World's 10 Most Influential Languages]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312042140/http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/reprints/weber/rep-weber.htm |date=12 March 2008 }}. ''Top Languages''. Retrieved 11 April 2011.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Battye |first1=Adrian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pya2KY8upAUC&pg=PA2 |title=The French Language Today: A Linguistic Introduction |last2=Hintze |first2=Marie-Anne |last3=Rowlett |first3=Paul |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-203-41796-6 |language=en |access-date=2 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918104351/https://books.google.com/books?id=pya2KY8upAUC&pg=PA2 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Stanley Meisler of the ''Los Angeles Times'' said that the fact that the Treaty of Versailles was written in English as well as French was the "first diplomatic blow" against the language.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Meisler |first=Stanley |date=1 March 1986 |title=Seduction Still Works: French – a Language in Decline |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-03-01-mn-13048-story.html |access-date=18 October 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702203738/http://articles.latimes.com/1986-03-01/news/mn-13048_1_french-language/2 |archive-date=2 July 2015}}</ref>

During the Grand Siècle (17th century), France, under the rule of powerful leaders such as Cardinal Richelieu and Louis XIV, enjoyed a period of prosperity and prominence among European nations. Richelieu established the {{lang|fr|Académie française|italic=no}} to protect the French language. By the early 1800s, Parisian French had become the primary language of the aristocracy in France.

Near the beginning of the 19th century, the French government began to pursue policies with the end goal of eradicating the many minorities and regional languages (''patois'') spoken in France. This began in 1794 with Henri Grégoire's "Report on the necessity and means to annihilate the patois and to universalize the use of the French language".<ref>{{cite web |date=18 November 2003 |title=Rapport Grégoire an II |url=http://www.languefrancaise.net/dossiers/dossiers.php?id_dossier=66 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061123134600/http://www.languefrancaise.net/dossiers/dossiers.php?id_dossier=66 |archive-date=23 November 2006 |access-date=11 June 2007 |website=Languefrancaise.net |language=fr}}</ref> When public education was made compulsory, only French was taught and the use of any other (''patois'') language was punished. The goals of the public school system were made especially clear to the French-speaking teachers sent to teach students in regions such as Occitania and Brittany. Instructions given by a French official to teachers in the department of Finistère, in western Brittany, included the following: "And remember, Gents: you were given your position in order to kill the Breton language".<ref name="Labouysse_2007">{{Cite book |last=Labouysse |first=Georges |title=L'Imposture. Mensonges et manipulations de l'Histoire officielle |publisher=Institut d'études occitanes |year=2007 |isbn=978-2-85910-426-9 |location=France}}</ref> The prefect of Basses-Pyrénées in the French Basque Country wrote in 1846: "Our schools in the Basque Country are particularly meant to replace the Basque language with French..."<ref name="Labouysse_2007" /> Students were taught that their ancestral languages were inferior and they should be ashamed of them; this process was known in the Occitan-speaking region as {{lang|oc|Vergonha}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joubert |first=Aurélie |year=2010 |title=A Comparative Study of the Evolution of Prestige Formations and of Speakers' Attitudes in Occitan and Catalan |url=https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/54504513/FULL_TEXT.PDF |publisher=University of Manchester |access-date=5 August 2024 |archive-date=3 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050754/https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/54504513/FULL_TEXT.PDF |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== French in the 21st century === In the 21st century, the French language has undergone significant transformations in both linguistic and sociopolitical contexts. Linguistically, French is increasingly shaped by regional variations, particularly those emerging from sub-Saharan Africa. Youth sociolects and vernacular influences, such as Camfranglais in Cameroon and Nouchi in Côte d'Ivoire, have given rise to hybrid linguistic forms that not only dominate local informal communication but are also gaining traction in Francophone popular culture, music, and social media across the broader Francosphere.<ref>{{Citation |last=Vigouroux |first=Cécile B. |title=French in African Contact Settings |date=2022-05-31 |work=The Cambridge Handbook of Language Contact |pages=540–582 |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316796146.023 |access-date=2025-08-02 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781316796146.023 |isbn=978-1-009-10598-9|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Boutin |first=Akissi Béatrice |title=Exploring Hybridity in Ivorian French and Nouchi |date=2021 |work=Youth Language Practices and Urban Language Contact in Africa |pages=159–181 |editor-last=Hurst-Harosh |editor-first=Ellen |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/youth-language-practices-and-urban-language-contact-in-africa/exploring-hybridity-in-ivorian-french-and-nouchi/71CBA38840CFCC2BDE8712FDF5755877 |access-date=2025-08-02 |series=Cambridge Approaches to Language Contact |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-17120-6 |editor2-last=Brookes |editor2-first=Heather |editor3-last=Mesthrie |editor3-first=Rajend |archive-date=31 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831094141/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/youth-language-practices-and-urban-language-contact-in-africa/exploring-hybridity-in-ivorian-french-and-nouchi/71CBA38840CFCC2BDE8712FDF5755877 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kie��ling |first=Roland |title=Urban Contact Dialects and Language Change |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780429487958 |edition=1st |publication-date=2022 |pages=540–582 |chapter=Camfranglais}}</ref> While there is significant variation in spoken French, written French stays largely consistent. While French is a significant language on the internet ranking fourth, only approximately 65.5% of Francophones have access to the internet.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=THE FRENCH LANGUAGE WORLDWIDE Overview 2022 |url=https://observatoire.francophonie.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Livret_OIF2_Anglais-VF.pdf |website=Organisation internationale de la Francophonie}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=LA LANGUE FRANÇAISE DANS LE MONDE |url=https://www.francophonie.org/sites/default/files/2023-03/Rapport-La-langue-francaise-dans-le-monde_VF-2022.pdf |website=Organisation internationale de la Francophonie |access-date=2 August 2025 |archive-date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118183348/https://www.francophonie.org/sites/default/files/2023-03/Rapport-La-langue-francaise-dans-le-monde_VF-2022.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 21st century, French remains a major language for business, diplomacy, and culture though its use, geography, and sociopolitical context continues to shift with declines in some areas (including academia) and growth in others.<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=October 2021 |first=Jane Marshall 02 |title=Decline of French research investigated by Le Monde |url=https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20211002064909710 |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=University World News |language=en}}</ref>

On a global scale, the number of French speakers continues to rise, largely attributable to demographic growth in sub-Saharan Africa, where French serves as an official, educational, and administrative language in numerous states. French now serves as a language of instruction in the educational systems serving approximately 93 million pupils from 36 countries and governments worldwide, 24 of which are located in the Africa–Indian Ocean and Middle East regions, either as the sole language or in combination with others.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":10" /> Notably, 80% of students attending French-language schools are in Africa, where French is commonly used both for teaching and as a shared means of communication among different communities.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":10" /> The majority of Francophones in the sub-Saharan region and the Maghreb are young, and are found in the 15–24 age group.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":10" /> This growth contrasts with the declining presence of French in parts of Asia, particularly in former French colonies such as Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, where it has been largely replaced by local languages and English in both public life and education, though significant immigrant populations from these regions continue in France and other francophone regions.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-30 |title=From Saigon to the Paris suburbs: French-Vietnamese reflect on the legacy of war |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20250430-from-saigon-to-the-paris-suburbs-french-vietnamese-reflect-on-the-legacy-of-war |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref>

In sociopolitical terms, French remains deeply entangled in debates over language, identity, and historical legacy. In the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, and Cameroon, (among others) French remains the undisputed language of government, formal education, and major media. The 2022 OIF report highlights that in Kinshasa, Brazzaville, Abidjan, and Yaoundé, French serves as the dominant vehicular language, so entrenched that many urban children acquire it alongside local vernaculars as a de facto first language.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":10" /> Several Sahelian states have formally curtailed French as part of postcolonial language-planning. Many governments and residents perceive it to be a remnant of colonial rule, in a complex context of cultural and political sovereignty discussions, local and Russian propaganda, political and military conflicts, and other factors.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ritzen |first=Yarno |title=The 'ghost reporters' writing pro-Russian propaganda in West Africa |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2025/3/20/the-ghost-reporters-writing-pro-russian-propaganda-in-west-africa |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-19 |title=Conquering minds: A deep dive into the media offensive of a France-based Russian propagandist {{!}} RSF |url=https://rsf.org/en/conquering-minds-deep-dive-media-offensive-france-based-russian-propagandist |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=rsf.org |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250809162648/https://rsf.org/en/conquering-minds-deep-dive-media-offensive-france-based-russian-propagandist |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Russia's Growing Footprint in Africa's Sahel Region |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2023/02/russias-growing-footprint-in-africas-sahel-region?lang=en |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace | date=28 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wolinski |first=Sofia Josephine |date=2025-03-24 |title=Russia in Africa: Private Military Proxies in the Sahel |url=https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2025/03/24/russia-in-africa-private-military-proxies-in-the-sahel/ |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-25 |title=Junta Rule in the Sahel: Decolonization and Destabilization |url=https://hir.harvard.edu/junta-rule-sahel/ |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=Harvard International Review |language=en |archive-date=30 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250730055944/https://hir.harvard.edu/junta-rule-sahel/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In July 2023, Mali's constitutional referendum demoted French from "official" to merely "working" status while elevating thirteen indigenous tongues to constitutional parity.<ref name=Africanews /> Burkina Faso's transitional authorities have announced similar plans to strip French of its official role, framing these moves as assertions of cultural sovereignty as well as a closer relationship to Russian than France.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-28 |title=The end of an era for the French language? |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/french-language-colonial-africa-b2486607.html |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=The Independent |language=en |archive-date=23 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523085648/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/french-language-colonial-africa-b2486607.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Yet in both Bamako and Ouagadougou, French endures as the lingua franca of higher education, national media, and interethnic commerce. The language being primarily spoken by secondary-language speakers who have mixed use of the language but reflecting the complicated role of the language in these contexts amidst French military withdrawal in Africa, rising nationalism, shifting alliances, and other factors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russian propaganda: How Moscow uses disinformation in Africa – DW – 02/03/2025 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/how-russias-propaganda-machine-sows-disinformation-in-africa/a-71453082 |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=dw.com |language=en |archive-date=30 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250730095949/https://www.dw.com/en/how-russias-propaganda-machine-sows-disinformation-in-africa/a-71453082 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=After the Failure in the Sahel, Rethinking French Policy in Africa {{!}} Ifri |url=https://www.ifri.org/en/memos/after-failure-sahel-rethinking-french-policy-africa |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=www.ifri.org}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":10" />

In longstanding Francophone strongholds, policymakers now seek a more balanced multilingual landscape. Senegal's government has expanded Wolof-language programming on public television and begun renaming colonial-era names in Dakar, even though French remains the sole constitutional language and continues to dominate academia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-04 |title=In Senegal, the bastion of the region's Francophonie, French is giving way to local languages |url=https://apnews.com/article/senegal-francophonie-french-wolof-de364cda29f5ead569ab76f1bcba56d3 |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> This reflects a real commitment seen in Senegal and elsewhere to shift from French to local languages or English.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lawal |first=Shola |title=From street names to textbooks, Senegal is rewriting French colonial memory |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2025/2/6/from-street-names-to-textbooks-senegal-is-rewriting-french-colonial-memory |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In Senegal, the Bastion of the Region's Francophonie, French Is Giving Way to Local Languages |url=https://english.aawsat.com/node/5067785 |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=english.aawsat.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-02 |title='Time to move on': France faces gradual decline of influence in Africa |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20250102-france-faces-gradual-decline-of-influence-in-africa |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> Algeria has mandated Arabic-medium instruction in formerly Francophone private schools and introduced English tracks at its universities, framed as part of a broader multilingual strategy but in the context of diplomatic issues with France, yet French persists in judicial proceedings, international business, and everyday urban speech in Algiers and Oran and debate continues internally on language in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-10 |title=Algeria forces Francophone schools to adopt Arabic curriculum but says all languages are welcome |url=https://apnews.com/article/algeria-french-language-schools-arabic-curriculum-2392cf1863c39a66a14e9892627fc1d8 |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-29 |title=As France's influence in Africa ebbs, Algeria expands English-language learning |url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2023-09-29/algeria-expands-english-learning-france-influence-ebbs |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Politics of Language in Algerian Education |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/2023/07/the-politics-of-language-in-algerian-education?lang=en |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |date=20 July 2023 |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418193904/https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/90230 |url-status=live }}</ref> Meanwhile, in Morocco and Tunisia, French continues to enjoy high prestige, both governments maintain bilingual curricula in secondary and tertiary education, and French remains the lingua franca of tourism, scientific research, and many private-sector enterprises.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":10" /> Québec has doubled down on French through Bill 96 (An Act respecting French, the official and common language of Québec), assented on 1 June 2022. Bill 96 reaffirms French as the province's sole official language, tightens requirements for French language services and commercial signage, and expands the Charter of the French Language's scope which are measures designed to counter anglophone pressures and reinforce cultural identity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Modernization of the Charter of the French language |url=https://www.quebec.ca/en/government/policies-orientations/french-language/modernization-charter-french-language |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722004445/https://www.quebec.ca/en/government/policies-orientations/french-language/modernization-charter-french-language |archive-date=22 July 2025 |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=Gouvernement du Québec |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Similarly, countries such as Madagascar, Central African Republic, Chad, and Haiti, have legally committed to French alongside local languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madagascar 2010 Constitution - Constitute |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Madagascar_2010 |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=www.constituteproject.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Haiti 1987 (rev. 2012) Constitution - Constitute |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Haiti_2012 |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=www.constituteproject.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Central African Republic 2016 Constitution - Constitute |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Central_African_Republic_2016 |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=www.constituteproject.org |language=en}}</ref>

Overall, French remains a practical and widely accepted medium of communication, particularly where linguistic diversity demands a neutral lingua franca.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":10" /> Despite regional tensions or reductions in certain contexts, French continues to expand as a global language of diplomacy, development, and multilateral cooperation.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":10" /> Several non-Francophone countries, including Rwanda, Ethiopia, Ghana, and even countries outside Africa such as Moldova and the United Arab Emirates, have joined or expanded their involvement in the {{lang|fr|Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|italic=no}} (OIF).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portail de l'Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF) |url=https://www.francophonie.org/ |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=Organisation internationale de la Francophonie |language=fr |archive-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601233227/https://www.francophonie.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Their participation reflects an interest in leveraging French for international diplomacy, educational exchange, and regional economic integration.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Francophone countries reflect strategically on their trade priorities |url=https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news25_e/tra_30apr25_e.htm |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=www.wto.org |language=en}}</ref> French is also used for collaboration on public health, economic development, business and local governance including through the Association internationale des maires francophones (AIMF) and other organizations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO and the International Organisation of the Francophonie (IOF) sign Memorandum of Understanding to strengthen access to health in Francophone countries |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/14-04-2021-who-and-the-international-organisation-of-the-francophonie-(iof)-sign-memorandum-of-understanding-to-strengthen-access-to-health-in-francophone-countries |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=www.who.int |language=en |archive-date=1 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250901130144/https://www.who.int/news/item/14-04-2021-who-and-the-international-organisation-of-the-francophonie-(iof)-sign-memorandum-of-understanding-to-strengthen-access-to-health-in-francophone-countries |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Promoting economic ties with Francophone community a priority of Việt Nam: leader |url=https://vietnamnews.vn/politics-laws/1664333/promoting-economic-ties-with-francophone-community-a-priority-of-viet-nam-leader.html |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=vietnamnews.vn |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Association internationale des Maires francophones |url=https://www.aimf.asso.fr/ |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=AIMF |language=fr-FR |archive-date=11 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711000105/https://www.aimf.asso.fr/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Francophone collaboration today spans an increasingly diverse set of domains. In media, international broadcasters such as TV5Monde, Radio France Internationale (RFI), and France 24 play key roles in disseminating French-language content worldwide, especially across Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and the Caribbean.<ref>{{Cite web |last=étrangères |first=Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires |title=French-speaking media outlets in the world |url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/french-foreign-policy/francophony-and-the-french-language/french-speaking-media-outlets-in-the-world/ |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=France Diplomacy - Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs |language=en |archive-date=11 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811230834/https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/french-foreign-policy/francophony-and-the-french-language/french-speaking-media-outlets-in-the-world/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-24 |title=TV5Monde en discussion pour ouvrir son capital à plusieurs pays africains critiqués pour la liberté de la presse |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2024/04/24/tv5monde-en-discussion-pour-ouvrir-son-capital-a-plusieurs-pays-africains-critiques-pour-la-liberte-de-la-presse_6229594_3234.html |access-date=2025-08-02 |language=fr}}</ref> In education, institutions like the {{lang|fr|Agence universitaire de la Francophonie}} (AUF) and {{lang|fr|Espace Francophone pour la Recherche, Développement et l'Innovation}} support research and academic partnerships between Francophone universities across five continents.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MOHAMED.AQEIL |date=2024-11-01 |title=ICESCO and Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie Explore Avenues for Enhanced Cooperation |url=https://icesco.org/en/2024/11/01/icesco-and-agence-universitaire-de-la-francophonie-explore-avenues-for-enhanced-cooperation/ |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=ICESCO |language=en-US |archive-date=15 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815121452/https://icesco.org/en/2024/11/01/icesco-and-agence-universitaire-de-la-francophonie-explore-avenues-for-enhanced-cooperation/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Agence universitaire de la Francophonie |url=https://www.auf.org/ |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=AUF |language=fr-CA |archive-date=23 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523160248/https://www.auf.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In culture, the arts, and sports events like the Jeux de la Francophonie foster artistic exchange and culture and reflect increased francophone art and culture emerging outside of Europe and used in local communities around the world including new francophone social media, francophone cinema, TV, francophone literature, art, francophone music, and sport.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-01 |title=Boom times for francophone Africa's TV and film industry |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230201-boom-times-for-francophone-africa-s-tv-and-film-industry |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lauren.Peterson@groupsjr.com |date=2025-06-16 |title=Francophone Content on Spotify Continues to Thrive Around the World |url=https://newsroom.spotify.com/2025-06-16/francophone-content-on-spotify-continues-to-thrive-around-the-world/ |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=Spotify |language=en-US |archive-date=3 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250803093607/https://newsroom.spotify.com/2025-06-16/francophone-content-on-spotify-continues-to-thrive-around-the-world/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-23 |title=Musicians in French-speaking Africa eye global market through streaming |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/business-and-tech/20221123-musicians-in-french-speaking-africa-eye-global-market-through-streaming |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-14 |title=Africans are reshaping French one rap and joke at a time – Robert |url=https://kucera.news/2023/12/14/africans-are-reshaping-french-one-rap-and-joke-at-a-time/ |access-date=2025-08-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Future ===

==== Recent growth ==== Per the OIF, between 2022 and 2025, use of French experienced significant growth, increasing from 321 to between 348 and 396 million speakers (depending on the methodology used).<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=La Langue Francaise Dans Le Monde |url=https://www.francophonie.org/sites/default/files/2026-03/La_langue_francaise_dans_le_monde_Edition_2026.pdf |website=Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF)}}</ref> The first method counts all native speakers in countries considered natively Francophone (France, Monaco, and the Francohpone regions of Belgium, Switzerland, and Canada). In other countries where French is an official language, co-official language, or language of instruction only children aged 10 and older and adults aged 15 and older who are literate in French are counted. The second method additionally includes children aged 6–9 who are literate in French in countries of the Global South where French is an official language, co-official language, or language of instruction.<ref name=":13" /> Under this method there are 396 million French speakers, distributed across the five continents, nearly 65% of whom are in Africa.<ref name=":13" /> Given the second methodology, the OIF states that French is the fourth most spoken language in the world, with 170 million students enrolled in French language education or courses, and the language being the third most used for business and fourth most used on the internet.<ref name=":13" />

==== Factors in growth ==== Growth of French is caused by many factors including population growth in Africa, a youthful Francophone population, urbanization and improved educational access. In 2025, approximately 70% of Francophones live in urban areas as the world continues to urbanize.<ref name=":13" /> The Francophone population is young. In 2025, around 150 million young Francophones represent 30.6% of the total population. In 2024, more than 170 million pupils in 36 countries around the world received education in French or learned French in institutional settings, in contexts of French as a native, or French as a second language. The number of learners of French as a foreign language worldwide is estimated at 51 million learners.<ref name=":13" /> Primary education remains the main point of growth for French, particularly in countries such as Niger, Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Mali, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where school enrollment rates have risen quickly since 2010.<ref name=":13" /> In Côte d'Ivoire the number of Francophones is growing rapidly, at a pace higher than demographic growth. French language use increased from 7.4 million in 2010 to 17.1 million in 2025 (+131%) while the country's population grew from 22 to 33 million (52%) during the same period.<ref name=":13" /> In the Democratic Republic of the Congo the number of French speakers grew from rom 31 million in 2010 to 68 million in 2025.<ref name=":13" />

French usage is also growing to formal organizational initiatives, business, and culture. The Agency for French Education Abroad has 600 locations and 397,000 students as of 2025. The ''Alliance Francaise'' network has almost 1,000 locations with 824 main branches and 160 affiliated branches spread across 138 countries. Within this system, there are 450,000 students including 420,000 students of French and 33,000 students in other courses. Combined with the Institut de France (IF) there are 912,000 students enrolled in language centers outside of France. Due to France's Campus France program, over 440,000 international students study in France and students studying at numerous other universities in the Agence universitaire de la Francophonie''.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Francophonie Day 2026: French is now the fourth most widely spoken language worldwide {{!}} France Diplomatie |url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/presse-et-ressources/decouvrir-et-informer/actualites/journee-internationale-de-la-francophonie-2026-le-francais-devient-la-4eme-langue-la-plus-parlee-au |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=www.diplomatie.gouv.fr}}</ref>

According to a demographic projection led by the {{lang|fr|Réseau Démographie de l'Agence universitaire de la Francophonie}}, the total number of French speakers will reach approximately 500 million in 2025 and over 1 billion by 2050, largely due to rapid population growth in sub-Saharan Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2022 |title=Qui parle français dans le monde |url=https://observatoire.francophonie.org/qui-parle-francais-dans-le-monde/ |access-date=23 October 2025 |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324065348/https://observatoire.francophonie.org/qui-parle-francais-dans-le-monde/ |url-status=live }} (in French)</ref> in 2026, the OIF estimated French will be spoken by between 466 million and 666 million people by 2050, the majority of which 9 of 10 will live in Africa.<ref name=":13" />

== Geographic distribution == {{Main|Francophonie|Geographical distribution of French speakers}}

thumb|Distribution of native French speakers in 6 countries in 2023

=== Europe === {{Main|European French}}

[[File:Knowledge French EU map.svg|thumb|Knowledge of French in the European Union and candidate countries<ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf EUROPA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617020142/http://www.tns-opinion.com/ |date=17 June 2017 }}, data for EU25, published before 2007 enlargement.</ref>]] Spoken by 19.71% of the European Union's population, French is the third most widely spoken language in the EU, after English and German and the second-most-widely taught language after English.<ref name="nativeLanguages" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore language knowledge in Europe |url=http://languageknowledge.eu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917153120/http://languageknowledge.eu/ |archive-date=17 September 2016 |access-date=24 November 2014 |website=languageknowledge.eu}}</ref>

Under the Constitution of France, French has been the official language of the Republic since 1992,<ref name="Benet-MartínezHong2014">{{Citation |last1=Novoa |first1=Cristina |title=The Oxford Handbook of Multicultural Identity |year=2014 |page=468 |editor-last=Benet-Martínez |editor-first=Verónica |series=Oxford Library of Psychology |chapter=Applied Perspectives: Policies for Managing Cultural Diversity |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAqKAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA468 |place=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-979669-4 |lccn=2014006430 |oclc=871965715 |last2=Moghaddam |first2=Fathali M. |editor2-last=Hong |editor2-first=Ying-Yi |mode=cs1}}</ref> although the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts made it mandatory for legal documents in 1539. France mandates the use of French in official government publications, public education except in specific cases, and legal contracts; advertisements must bear a translation of foreign words.

In Belgium, French is an official language at the federal level along with Dutch and German. At the regional level, French is the sole official language of Wallonia (excluding a part of the East Cantons, which are German-speaking) and one of the two official languages—along with Dutch—of the Brussels-Capital Region, where it is spoken by the majority of the population (approx. 80%), often as their primary language.<ref name="philippevanparijs">{{Cite journal |author-link=Philippe Van Parijs|last=Van Parijs|first=Philippe|title=Belgium's new linguistic challenge |url=http://www.statbel.fgov.be/studies/ac699_en.pdf |journal=KVS Express (Supplement to Newspaper de Morgen) March–April 2006 |pages=Article from [http://www.kvs.be/kvs_express/KVS_EXPRESS_13_WEB.pdf original source (pdf 4.9 MB)] pp. 34–36 republished by the Belgian Federal Government Service (ministry) of Economy – Directorate–general Statistics Belgium |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613234540/http://www.statbel.fgov.be/studies/ac699_en.pdf |archive-date=13 June 2007 |access-date=5 May 2007|df=dmy}}</ref>

French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland, along with German, Italian, and Romansh, and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland, called Romandy, of which Geneva is the largest city. The language divisions in Switzerland do not coincide with political subdivisions, and some cantons have bilingual status: for example, cities such as Biel/Bienne and cantons such as Valais, Fribourg and Bern. French is the native language of about 23% of the Swiss population, and is spoken by 50%<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abalain |first=Hervé |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abit8Yd6J-cC&pg=PA92 |title=Le français et les langues |publisher=Editions Jean-paul Gisserot |year=2007 |isbn=978-2-87747-881-6 |access-date=10 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918104351/https://books.google.com/books?id=abit8Yd6J-cC&pg=PA92 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> of the population.

Along with Luxembourgish and German, French is one of the three official languages of Luxembourg, where it is generally the preferred language of business as well as of the different public administrations. It is also the official language of Monaco.

At a regional level, French is acknowledged as an official language in the Aosta Valley region of Italy (the first government authority to adopt Modern French as the official language in 1536, three years before France itself),<ref>{{cite news |last1=Caniggia |first1=Mauro |last2=Poggianti |first2=Luca |date=25 October 2012 |title=La Vallée d'Aoste: enclave francophone au sud-est du Mont Blanc |url=http://zigzag-francophonie.eu/ITALIE-Le-Val-d-Aoste |publisher=Zigzag magazine |language=fr |access-date=2013-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204062709/http://zigzag-francophonie.eu/ITALIE-Le-Val-d-Aoste |archive-date=2013-12-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in which is spoken as a first language by 1.25% of the population and as a second one by approximately 50%.<ref>''Une Vallée d'Aoste bilingue dans une Europe plurilingue / Una Valle d'Aosta bilingue in un'Europa plurilingue'', Aoste, Fondation Émile Chanoux, 2003.</ref> French dialects remain spoken by minorities on the Channel Islands; it is also spoken in Andorra and is the main language after Catalan in El Pas de la Casa. The language is taught as the primary second language in the German state of Saarland, with French being taught from pre-school and over 43% of citizens being able to speak French.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2014 |title=Allemagne: le français, bientôt la deuxième langue officielle de la Sarre |url=http://www.francetvinfo.fr/allemagne-le-francais-bientot-la-deuxieme-langue-officielle-de-la-sarre_587877.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822012043/http://www.francetvinfo.fr/allemagne-le-francais-bientot-la-deuxieme-langue-officielle-de-la-sarre_587877.html |archive-date=22 August 2017 |access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 January 2014 |title=German region of Saarland moves towards bilingualism |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25834960 |url-status=live |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014054905/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25834960 |archive-date=14 October 2018}}</ref>

=== Africa === {{clear}} {{Main|African French}}

thumb|upright|Official status of French in Africa {{as of|2025|lc=y}}: {{legend|#00AAE2|Countries in which it is an official ''de jure'' language}} {{legend|#02007F|Regions in which is spoken as a native language}} thumb|upright|Countries of Africa by percentage of French speakers in 2023 {{legend|#c6dbef|0–10% Francophone}} {{legend|#9ecae1|11–20% Francophone}} {{legend|#6baed6|21–30% Francophone}} {{legend|#4292c6|31–40% Francophone}} {{legend|#2171b5|41–50% Francophone}} {{legend|#084594|>50% Francophone}}

The majority of the world's French-speaking population lives in Africa; while it is an official language in 18 countries, it is not spoken as a first language by the majority, acting mainly as a second one or a lingua franca due to the many indigenous languages spoken in the territories.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-04-07|title=Why the future of French is African|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47790128|access-date=2021-04-24|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411215818/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47790128|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a 2023 estimate from the {{lang|fr|Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|italic=no}}, an estimated 167 million African people spread across 35 countries and territories{{efn|29 full members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF): Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, DR Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Seychelles, Togo, and Tunisia. One associate member of the OIF: Ghana. Two observers of the OIF: Gambia and Mozambique. One country not member or observer of the OIF: Algeria. Two French territories in Africa: Réunion and Mayotte.}} can speak French as either a first or a second language;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Observatoire de la langue française de l'Organisation internationale de la Francophonie |title=Francoscope. « 327 millions de francophones dans le monde en 2023 » |url=https://www.odsef.fss.ulaval.ca/sites/odsef.fss.ulaval.ca/files/uploads/Pr%C3%A9sentation_FRANCOSCOPE_2023-03-15_Finale.pdf |access-date=2024-02-05 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415152637/https://www.odsef.fss.ulaval.ca/sites/odsef.fss.ulaval.ca/files/uploads/Pr%C3%A9sentation_FRANCOSCOPE_2023-03-15_Finale.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="2023_speakers">{{Cite web |last=Observatoire démographique et statistique de l'espace francophone (ODSEF) |title=Estimation du pourcentage et des effectifs de francophones (2023-03-15) |url=https://www.outils-odsef-fss.ulaval.ca/francoscope/tab/tab.html |access-date=2024-02-05 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124215019/https://outils-odsef-fss.ulaval.ca/francoscope/tab/tab.html |url-status=live }}</ref> only 1.2 million of these spoke it as a first language according to Ethnologue.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=French|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/fra|access-date=2021-01-15|website=Ethnologue.com|archive-date=28 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228014015/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/fra|url-status=live}}</ref> This number does not include the people living in non-Francophone African countries who have learned French as a foreign language. There is not a single African French, but multiple forms that diverged through contact with various indigenous African languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annonces import export Francophone |url=http://www.cecif.com/?page=la_francophonie#francaisafrique |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117012244/http://www.cecif.com/?page=la_francophonie#francaisafrique |archive-date=17 January 2013 |access-date=2 March 2007 |website=cecif.com}}</ref> Language and slang from francophone Africa, particularly as popularized through music, are playing a growing role in influencing French across the francophone world.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Peltier |first1=Elian |last2=Bashizi |first2=Arlette |last3=Morales |first3=Hannah Reyes |date=2023-12-12 |title=How Africans Are Changing French — One Joke, Rap and Book at a Time |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/12/world/africa/africa-french-language.html |access-date=2025-06-13 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

While spoken mainly as a second language, French is increasingly being spoken as a native language in Francophone Africa among some communities in urban areas or the elite class. This is especially true in the cities of Abidjan,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Language and National Identity in Africa |publisher=y Oxford University Press Language and National Identity in Asia |year=2008 |isbn=9780199286751 |editor-last=Simpson |editor-first=Andrew}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Ploog |first=Katja |date=25 September 2002 |title=Le français à Abidjan : Pour une approche syntaxique du non-standard Broché – 25 septembre 2002 |id={{ASIN|2271059682|country=fr}} }}</ref> Kinshasa, and Lubumbashi,<ref name="Carson">{{Cite journal |last=Carson |first=Ben |year=2023 |title='A Metamorphosed Language': Tracing Language Attitudes Towards Lubumbashi Swahili and French in the DRC |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/40382/1/Final_SWPL21_Carson.pdf |journal=SOAS Working Papers in Linguistics |volume=21 |pages=30–45}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Lu |first=Marcus |date=August 31, 2024 |title=Mapped: Top 15 Countries by Native French Speakers |url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/mapped-top-15-countries-by-native-french-speakers/ |access-date=6 September 2024 |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909055645/https://www.visualcapitalist.com/mapped-top-15-countries-by-native-french-speakers/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Hulstaert |first=Karen |date=2018-11-02 |title="French and the school are one" – the role of French in postcolonial Congolese education: memories of pupils |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326888188 |journal=Paedagogica Historica |language=en |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=822–836 |doi=10.1080/00309230.2018.1494203 |issn=0030-9230}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Katabe |first1=Isidore M. |last2=Tibategeza |first2=Eustard R. |date=2023-01-17 |title=Language-in-Education Policy and Practice in the Democratic Republic of Congo |url=https://www.ej-lang.org/index.php/ejlang/article/view/58 |journal=European Journal of Language and Culture Studies |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=4–12 |doi=10.24018/ejlang.2023.2.1.58 |issn=2796-0064 |doi-access=free |archive-date=14 September 2024 |access-date=6 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914123909/https://www.ej-lang.org/index.php/ejlang/article/view/58 |url-status=live }}</ref> Douala,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Fonyuy |first=Kelen Ernesta |date=October 24, 2024 |title=Revitalizing Cameroon Indigenous Languages Usage in Empowering Realms |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/ab9d0f98-1724-4994-9c01-72582a009845/content}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Rosendal |first=Tove |year=2008 |title=Multilingual Cameroon Policy, Practice, Problems and Solutions |url=http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/34485/1/8.pdf }}</ref> Libreville,<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Ndinga-Koumba-Binza |first=H.S. |date=2011-06-22 |title=From foreign to national: a review of the status of the French language in Gabon |url=https://literator.org.za/index.php/literator/article/view/15 |journal=Literator |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=135–150 |doi=10.4102/lit.v32i2.15 |issn=2219-8237|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Ursula |first=Reutner |date=December 2023 |title=Manual of Romance Languages in Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/376319724 }}</ref> Antananarivo,<ref name="Øyvind_2024">{{Cite web |last=Øyvind |first=Dahl |date=June 19, 2024 |title=Linguistic policy challenges in Madagascar |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/225930576.pdf |access-date=June 19, 2024 |website=core.ac.uk |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619230228/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/225930576.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Cotonou,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fahrney |first=Megan |date=28 February 2025 |title=Emphasis on French and English accelerates decline of local language in Benin |url=https://globalvoices.org/2025/02/28/emphasis-on-french-and-english-accelerates-decline-of-local-language-in-benin/ }}</ref> and Brazzaville.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Massoumou |first=Omer |date=April 12, 2025 |title=The Republic of Congo Francophone Country |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/707596878/The-Republic-of-Congo-francophone-country |access-date=12 April 2025 |archive-date=12 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250412175454/https://www.scribd.com/document/707596878/The-Republic-of-Congo-francophone-country |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in contrast to Central Africa and most of West Africa where French had been entrenched, countries in North Africa and the Sahel have generally distanced themselves from the language due to colonial connections.<ref>{{cite web | title=The expansion of the French language lies in Africa | work=University World News | url=https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20120801162231952 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250829072438/https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20120801162231952 |archive-date=2025-08-29}}</ref> For example, Algeria intermittently attempted to remove the use of French in favor of a strong native language (see Arabization), and French was removed as an official language in Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger in 2023, 2024, and 2025, respectively.<ref name=Africanews>{{Cite web |date= 26 July 2023|title=Mali drops French as official language |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/26/mali-drops-french-as-official-language/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Africanews |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Africanews2>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-07 |title=Burkina abandons French as an official language |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/12/07/burkina-abandons-french-as-an-official-language/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Africanews |language=en |archive-date=10 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110033556/https://www.africanews.com/2023/12/07/burkina-abandons-french-as-an-official-language/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=hasual>{{cite web|url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/lifestyle/niger-downgrades-french-as-it-distances-from-its-colonial-past-with-a-new-official/xl6ldbr|title=Niger downgrades French as it distances from its colonial past with a new official language|date=8 April 2025|first=Chinedu|last=Okafor|access-date=8 April 2025|work=Business Insider|archive-date=9 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709214651/https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/lifestyle/niger-downgrades-french-as-it-distances-from-its-colonial-past-with-a-new-official/xl6ldbr|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite these changes and the emergence of English as a global lingua franca, French today remains a major language in the Sahel and the societies of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Battenburg | first1=John | title=English Versus French: Language Rivalry in Tunisia | journal=World Englishes | date=1997 | volume=16 | issue=2 | pages=281–290 | doi=10.1111/1467-971X.00062 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-971X.00062 | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Due to the rise of French in Africa, the total French-speaking population worldwide is expected to reach 700 million people in 2050.<ref name="2023_data_sheet">{{cite web|url=https://www.prb.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/2023-World-Population-Data-Sheet-Booklet.pdf|title=2023 World Population Data Sheet|author=Population Reference Bureau|access-date=2024-02-05|archive-date=20 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220122534/https://www.prb.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/2023-World-Population-Data-Sheet-Booklet.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=World Population Prospects: The 2022 Revision |url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx |access-date=2024-02-05 |format=XLSX |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306213755/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20%28Standard%29/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Cross |first=Tony |title=French language growing, especially in Africa |date=2010-03-19 |url=http://www.english.rfi.fr/africa/20100319-french-language-growing-especially-africa |publisher=Radio France Internationale |access-date=2013-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325094856/http://www.english.rfi.fr/africa/20100319-french-language-growing-especially-africa |url-status=live |archive-date=25 March 2010}}</ref> French was the fastest growing language on the continent (in terms of either official or foreign languages).<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2004 |title=Agora: La francophonie de demain |url=https://www.ledevoir.com/non-classe/69236/agora-la-francophonie-de-demain |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918104416/https://www.ledevoir.com/non-classe/69236/agora-la-francophonie-de-demain |archive-date=18 September 2023 |access-date=2011-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bulletin de liaison du réseau démographie |url=http://www.demographie.auf.org/IMG/pdf/BULLETIN_No_22.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426011333/http://www.demographie.auf.org/IMG/pdf/BULLETIN_No_22.pdf |archive-date=26 April 2012 |access-date=2011-06-14}}</ref> Sub-Saharan Africa is the region where the French language is most likely to expand, because of the expansion of education and rapid population growth.<ref>[http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/France-priorities_1/francophony-french-language_1113/french-language_1934/french-language-in-the-world_3441/the-french-language-in-the-world-an-expanding-community_4289.html France-Diplomatie] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727195522/http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/France-priorities_1/francophony-french-language_1113/french-language_1934/french-language-in-the-world_3441/the-french-language-in-the-world-an-expanding-community_4289.html |date=27 July 2009 }} "Furthermore, the demographic growth of Southern hemisphere countries leads us to anticipate a new increase in the overall number of French speakers."</ref> It is also where the language has evolved the most in recent years.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.cecif.com/?page=la_francophonie "Le français, langue en évolution. Dans beaucoup de pays francophones, surtout sur le continent africain, une proportion importante de la population ne parle pas couramment le français (même s'il est souvent la langue officielle du pays). Ce qui signifie qu'au fur et à mesure que les nouvelles générations vont à l'école, le nombre de francophones augmente : on estime qu'en 2015, ceux-ci seront deux fois plus nombreux qu'aujourd'hui.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117012244/http://www.cecif.com/?page=la_francophonie |date=17 January 2013 }}"</ref><ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.cecif.com/?page=la_francophonie#francaisafrique c) Le sabir franco-africain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117012244/http://www.cecif.com/?page=la_francophonie#francaisafrique |date=17 January 2013 }}: {{lang|fr|"C'est la variété du français la plus fluctuante. Le sabir franco-africain est instable et hétérogène sous toutes ses formes. Il existe des énoncés où les mots sont français mais leur ordre reste celui de la langue africaine. En somme, autant les langues africaines sont envahies par les structures et les mots français, autant la langue française se métamorphose en Afrique, donnant naissance à plusieurs variétés."}}</ref> Some vernacular forms of French in Africa can be difficult to understand for French speakers from other countries,<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/centrafrique.htm République centrafricaine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070405113112/http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/centrafrique.htm |date=5 April 2007 }}: {{lang|fr|Il existe une autre variété de français, beaucoup plus répandue et plus permissive : le français local. C'est un français très influencé par les langues centrafricaines, surtout par le sango. Cette variété est parlée par les classes non-instruites, qui n'ont pu terminer leur scolarité. Ils usent ce qu'ils connaissent du français avec des emprunts massifs aux langues locales. Cette variété peut causer des problèmes de compréhension avec les francophones des autres pays, car les interférences linguistiques, d'ordre lexical et sémantique, sont très importantes.}} (''One example of a variety of African French that is difficult to understand for European French speakers'').</ref> but written forms of the language are very closely related to those of the rest of the French-speaking world. {{clear}}

=== Americas === {{Further|Languages of North America|Languages of South America|Languages of the Caribbean|French language in Canada}}

==== Canada ==== {{multiple image | direction = vertical | image1 = French language distribution in Canada.png | caption1 = French language distribution in Canada {{legend|#0049a2|Regions where French is the main language and an official language at both the federal and provincial level}} {{legend|#006aFF|Regions where French is an official language at the federal level but not a majority native language or an official language at the provincial level}} | image2 = Arret.jpg | caption2 = The "arrêt" signs (French for "stop") are used in the Canadian province of Québec, while the English stop, which is also a valid French word, is used in France and other French-speaking countries and regions. }} French is the second most commonly spoken language in Canada and one of two federal official languages alongside English. As of the 2021 Canadian census, it was the native language of 7.7 million people (21% of the population) and the second language of 2.9 million (8% of the population).<ref name="2021-census">{{cite web |title=Profile table |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Quebec&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124,2021A000224&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&HEADERlist=15,13,18,12,16,14,17,45,46,47 |website=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population |date=9 February 2022 |publisher=Statistics Canada |access-date=2024-11-13 |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204155116/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?HEADERlist=15%2C13%2C18%2C12%2C16%2C14%2C17%2C45%2C46%2C47&Lang=E&SearchText=Quebec&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124%2C2021A000224&GENDERlist=1%2C2%2C3&STATISTIClist=1%2C4 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Qu'est-ce que la Francophonie">{{Cite web |title=Francophonie ("Qu'est-ce que la Francophonie?") |url=http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/francophonie/francophonie.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713040533/http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/francophonie/francophonie.htm |archive-date=13 July 2015 |access-date=6 July 2015 |website=axl.cefan.ulaval.ca}}</ref> Although French is spoken throughout Canada, it is mostly present in Quebec, with significant Francophone populations also being found in New Brunswick, especially the region of Acadia, and parts of Northern and Eastern Ontario.<ref>{{cite web | title=Is bilingualism doomed? | url=https://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/september-2022/bilingualism-doomed-in-canada/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826145328/https://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/september-2022/bilingualism-doomed-in-canada/ |archive-date=2025-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Language and power in Canada|author=Maxwell F. Yalden}}</ref>

French is the sole official language in the province of Quebec, where some 80% of the population speak it as a native language and 95% are capable of conducting a conversation in it.<ref name="2021-census"/> Quebec is also home to the city of Montreal, which is the world's fourth-largest French-speaking city, by number of first language speakers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Montreal |url=https://www.olympiccities.org/montreal/ |website=World Union of Olympic Cities |access-date=2024-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007092422/https://www.olympiccities.org/montreal/ |archive-date=2024-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Péladeau |first1=Pierrot |title=Montréal n'est pas la deuxième ville française du monde |url=https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2014/09/13/montreal-nest-pas-la-deuxieme-ville-francaise-du-monde |access-date=2024-11-13 |work=Journal de Montréal |date=2014-09-13 |language=fr-ca |archive-date=7 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207071037/https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2014/09/13/montreal-nest-pas-la-deuxieme-ville-francaise-du-monde |url-status=live }}</ref> New Brunswick and Manitoba are the only officially bilingual provinces, though full bilingualism is enacted only in New Brunswick, where about one third of the population is Francophone. French is also an official language of all of the territories (Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon). Out of the three, Yukon has the most French speakers, making up just under 4% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2010 |title=Detailed Mother Tongue (186), Knowledge of Official Languages (5), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) (2006 Census) |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=89201&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=701&Temporal=2006&Theme=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&GID=838089 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202091813/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=89201&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=701&Temporal=2006&Theme=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&GID=838089 |archive-date=2 February 2009 |access-date=22 February 2011 |publisher=2.statcan.ca}}</ref> Furthermore, while French is not an official language in Ontario, the French Language Services Act ensures that provincial services are available in the language. The Act applies to areas of the province where there are significant Francophone communities, namely Eastern Ontario and Northern Ontario. Elsewhere, sizable French-speaking minorities are found in southern Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and the Port au Port Peninsula in Newfoundland and Labrador, where the unique Newfoundland French dialect was historically spoken. Smaller pockets of French speakers exist in all other provinces. The Ontarian city of Ottawa, the Canadian capital, is also effectively bilingual, as it has a large population of federal government workers, who are required to offer services in both French and English,<ref>{{cite web |title=Services and communications from federal institutions |url=https://www.clo-ocol.gc.ca/en/language-rights/services-communications-federal-institutions |website=Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages of Canada |publisher=Government of Canada |access-date=2024-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114030845/https://www.clo-ocol.gc.ca/en/language-rights/services-communications-federal-institutions |archive-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> and is just across the river from the Quebecois city of Gatineau.

==== United States ==== [[File:French in the United States.png|thumb|French language spread in the United States. Counties marked in lighter pink are those where 6–12% of the population speaks French at home; medium pink, 12–18%; darker pink, over 18%. French-based creole languages are not included.]] According to the United States Census Bureau (2011), French is the fourth<ref>{{Cite web |title=Language Use in the United States: 2011, American Community Survey Reports, Camille Ryan, Issued August 2013 |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/acs-22.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205101044/http://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/acs-22.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2016 |access-date=18 February 2018}}</ref> most spoken language in the United States after English, Spanish, and Chinese, when all forms of French are considered together and all dialects of Chinese are similarly combined. French is the second-most spoken language (after English) in the states of Maine and Vermont. In Louisiana, it is tied with Spanish for second-most spoken if Louisiana French and all creoles such as Haitian are included. French is the third most spoken language (after English and Spanish) in the states of Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire.<ref name="factfinder2.census.gov">{{Cite web |title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over : Universe: Population 5 years and over: 2007–2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates?? |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_5YR_B16001&prodType=table |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212054904/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_5YR_B16001&prodType=table |archive-date=2020-02-12 |access-date=2015-03-14 |publisher=Factfinder2.census.gov}}</ref> Louisiana is home to many distinct French dialects, collectively known as Louisiana French. New England French, essentially a variant of Canadian French, is spoken in parts of New England. Missouri French was historically spoken in Missouri and Illinois (formerly known as Upper Louisiana), but is nearly extinct today.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ammon |first1=Ulrich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=geh261xgI8sC |title=Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties |last2=International Sociological Association |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-89925-356-5 |pages=306–08 |access-date=14 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918104854/https://books.google.com/books?id=geh261xgI8sC |archive-date=18 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> French also survived in isolated pockets along the Gulf Coast of what was previously French Lower Louisiana, such as Mon Louis Island, Alabama and DeLisle, Mississippi (the latter only being discovered by linguists in the 1990s) but these varieties are severely endangered or presumed extinct. In 2024–2025, Louisiana has around 4,300 pupils enrolled in 32 French immersion schools, and nearly 22,800 learners of French as a foreign language.<ref name=":13" />

==== Caribbean ==== French is one of two official languages in Haiti alongside Haitian Creole. It is the principal language of education, administration, business, and public signage and is spoken by all educated Haitians. It is also used for ceremonial events such as weddings, graduations, and church masses. The vast majority of the population speaks Haitian Creole as their first language; the rest largely speak French as a first language.<ref name="DeGraff2015">{{Cite web |last1=DeGraff |first1=Michel |last2=Ruggles |first2=Molly |date=1 August 2014 |title=A Creole Solution for Haiti's Woes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/02/opinion/a-creole-solution-for-haitis-woes.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906084134/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/02/opinion/a-creole-solution-for-haitis-woes.html |archive-date=6 September 2015 |website=The New York Times |page=A17 |issn=0362-4331 |quote=Under the 1987 Constitution, adopted after the overthrow of Jean‑Claude Duvalier's dictatorship, {{bracket|Haitian}} Creole and French have been the two official languages, but most of the population speaks only Creole fluently.}}</ref> As a French Creole language, Haitian Creole draws the large majority of its vocabulary from French, with influences from West African languages, as well as several European languages. It is closely related to Louisiana Creole and the creole from the Lesser Antilles.<ref>Ministère de l'Éducation nationale</ref>

French is the sole official language of all the overseas territories of France in the Caribbean that are collectively referred to as the French West Indies, namely Guadeloupe, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin, and Martinique.

==== Other Caribbean French Creoles ==== In the countries of Dominica, Grenada, St Lucia, Trinidad<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trinidad and Tobago Endangered Languages |url=https://sta.uwi.edu/rdifund/projects/ttel/patois_history.asp |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=sta.uwi.edu |archive-date=3 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250903001719/https://sta.uwi.edu/rdifund/projects/ttel/patois_history.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> Venezuela <ref>{{Cite web |title=UWI Today |url=https://sta.uwi.edu/uwitoday/archive/april_2013/article5.asp |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=sta.uwi.edu |archive-date=14 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250914163712/https://sta.uwi.edu/uwitoday/archive/april_2013/article5.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> and Panama<ref>{{Cite web |title=Language in Panama |url=https://www.frommers.com/destinations/panama/in-depth/language/ |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=Frommers |language=en}}</ref> French based creoles are used in lesser capacities,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Campbell |first=Curlan |date=2022-06-04 |title=Grenadian author captures French Antillean Creole (Patois) in new book {{!}} NOW Grenada |url=https://nowgrenada.com/2022/06/grenadian-author-captures-french-antillean-creole-patois-in-new-book/ |access-date=2025-09-14 |language=en-GB}}</ref> being secondary languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lesser Antillean French Creole Language (ACF) – L1 & L2 Speakers, Status, Map, Endangered Level & Official Use {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/acf/ |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}</ref> It should be understood that Creoles are distinct from French although they are occasionally intelligible (depending on the Creole and how much French influence the language received). The Creoles of Venezuela and Panama are dying/severely endangered. In Trinidad and Grenada creole (known colloquially as Patwa) are only spoken by elders although revitalisation efforts are growing. In Dominica and St Lucia standard French is also used unofficially as a third language and some people use French and French creoles interchangeably.

==== Other territories ==== French is the official language of both French Guiana on the South American continent,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guyana – World Travel Guide |url=http://www.worldtravelguide.net/french-guiana/history-language-culture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018224639/http://www.worldtravelguide.net/french-guiana/history-language-culture |archive-date=18 October 2016 |access-date=17 October 2016}}</ref> and of Saint Pierre and Miquelon,<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2021 |title=Saint Pierre and Miquelon |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-pierre-and-miquelon/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202195959/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-pierre-and-miquelon/ |archive-date=2 February 2021 |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=The World Factbook}}</ref> an archipelago off the coast of Newfoundland in North America.

=== Asia === {{See also|French language in Vietnam|French language in Laos|French language in Cambodia}} French was the official language of the colony of French Indochina, comprising modern-day Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. All three countries are full members of La Francophonie (OIF). It continues to be an administrative language in Laos and Cambodia, although its influence has waned in recent decades.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Richardson |first=Michael |date=16 October 1993 |title=French Declines in Indochina, as English Booms |language=en |work=International Herald Tribune |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/16/style/IHT-french-declines-in-indochina-as-english-booms.html |url-status=live |access-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009172258/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/16/style/IHT-french-declines-in-indochina-as-english-booms.html |archive-date=9 October 2018}}</ref> In 2025, there were about 712,000 speakers in Vietnam, 400,000 in Cambodia, and 215,000 in Laos.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Cambodia Clings to Heritage as French Language Gains Ground |url=https://cambodianess.com/article/cambodia-clings-to-heritage-as-french-language-gains-ground |first1= Paul |last1=Valdebouze |date=March 22, 2026 |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=Cambodianess |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260430204349/https://cambodianess.com/article/cambodia-clings-to-heritage-as-french-language-gains-ground |archive-date= April 30, 2026 }}</ref>

==== Cambodia ==== In Cambodia, there are about 400,000 French speakers and almost 125,000 Cambodians were learning French in 2018.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=France and Cambodia |url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/information-by-country/cambodia/france-and-cambodia |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=France Diplomatie |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260428005249/https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/information-by-country/cambodia/france-and-cambodia |archive-date= April 28, 2026 }}</ref> In 2025, 400,000 students were learning French and around 3,000 schoolchildren were enrolled in bilingual courses across the country and between 7,000 and 8,000 graduate students take French classes as part of training in specialized fields such as medicine or law.<ref name="cambodgemag.com">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-17 |title=Inauguration of the National Center for French Learning: A Living Bridge to Francophone Excellence |url=https://www.cambodgemag.com/en/post/inauguration-of-the-national-center-for-french-learning-a-living-bridge-to-francophone-excellence |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=Cambodgemag |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":14"/> The OIF has also promoted the teaching of the French language in Cambodia, notably through its Teacher Mobility Program, which facilitates the placement of French-speaking educators from other countries in Cambodian institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Volunteer Teachers to Bolster French Education |url=https://cambodianess.com/article/volunteer-teachers-to-bolster-french-education |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=Cambodianess |language=en}}</ref> The National Center for French Learning was opened in 2025.<ref name="cambodgemag.com"/>

The 20th Sommet de la Francophonie will be held in Cambodia, in November 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gargiulo |first=Christophe |date=2026-03-20 |title=French at 348 Million Speakers: A Language on the Move, from Africa to Phnom Penh |url=https://www.cambodgemag.com/en/post/french-at-348-million-speakers-a-language-on-the-move-from-africa-to-phnom-penh |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=Cambodgemag |language=en}}</ref> The summit will mark the transfer of the Francophonie presidency from France to Cambodia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Horng |first=Pengly |date=2026-04-01 |title=Shared French language connects people, says foreign minister - Khmer Times |url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/501872994/shared-french-language-connects-people-says-foreign-minister/ |access-date=2026-04-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Norodom Monineath, the Queen Mother of Cambodia, authored the foreword to a report emphasizing the significance of the OIF and the Observatoire de la Langue Française. In her remarks, she described Cambodia's role as host of the summit as a distinct honor for both herself and the nation.<ref name=":14"/>

The Lycée Français René-Descartes in Phnom Penh has over a thousand students, the majority of which are Cambodian, is part of the Agency for French Education Abroad (AEFE) among other francophone schools affiliated with the AEFE including the EFI French International School.<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=French in Cambodia: between cultural heritage and contemporary challenges |url=https://jumelages-partenariats.com/en/actualites.php?n=23022 |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=jumelages-partenariats.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-28 |title=EFI French International School of Phnom Penh |url=https://www.efi.asia/en/ |access-date=2026-04-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Other organizations include the Institut Français du Cambodge an Alliance Française, and The French Chamber of Commerce in Cambodia<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-27 |title=Cambodia |url=https://www.ccifcambodge.org/en.html |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=CCI France Cambodge |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Institute |url=https://www.ifcambodge.com/en/institut/ |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=Institut Français du Cambodge |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alliance Française de Siem Reap |url=https://afsiemreap.com/ |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=afsiemreap.com}}</ref> Cambodia has French media including ''L'Echo du Cambodge'' and ''Le Toque''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-01-18 |title=French-Language News Publications Slowly Rising Again - The Cambodia Daily |url=https://english.cambodiadaily.com/2012/01/18/french-language-news-publications-slowly-rising-again/ |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=english.cambodiadaily.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Laos ==== In Laos, there are approximately 215,000 francophones.<ref name=":14" /> Approximately 75,000 students are learning French as a second language and 3,000 students are in bilingual courses. Approximately 3% of Laotians can speak French.<ref name=":13" /> The ''Ecole Francophone de Luang Prabang'' offers French and Lao education.

==== Lebanon ==== {{See also|French language in Lebanon}} [[File:Bienvenue a Rechmaya.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|Town sign in Standard Arabic and French at the entrance of Rechmaya in Lebanon]]

A former French mandate, Lebanon designates Arabic as the sole official language, while a special law regulates cases when French can be publicly used. Article 11 of Lebanon's Constitution states that "Arabic is the official national language. A law determines the cases in which the French language is to be used".<ref name="article_11">{{Cite web |last=Axel Tschentscher, LL.M. |title=Article 11 of the Lebanese Constitution |url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/le00000_.html#A011_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235845/http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/le00000_.html#A011_ |archive-date=16 January 2013 |access-date=17 January 2013 |publisher=Servat.unibe.ch}}</ref> The French language in Lebanon is a widespread second language among the Lebanese people, and is taught in many schools along with Arabic and English. French is used on Lebanese pound banknotes, on road signs, on Lebanese license plates, and on official buildings (alongside Arabic).

Today, French and English are secondary languages of Lebanon, with about 40% of the population being Francophone and 40% Anglophone.{{sfn|OIF|2014|p=217}} The use of English is growing in the business and media environment. Out of about 900,000 students, about 500,000 are enrolled in Francophone schools, public or private, in which the teaching of mathematics and scientific subjects is provided in French.{{sfn|OIF|2014|p=218}} Actual usage of French varies depending on the region and social status. One-third of high school students educated in French go on to pursue higher education in English-speaking institutions. English is the language of business and communication, with French being an element of social distinction, chosen for its emotional value.{{sfn|OIF|2014|p=358}}

==== India ==== {{See also|Indian French}} French was the official language of French India, consisting of the geographically separate enclaves referred to as Puducherry. It continued to be an official language of the territory even after its cession to India in 1956 until 1965.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news |date=14 September 2014 |title=English to continue as link language in Puducherry: Court |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/English-to-continue-as-link-language-in-Puducherry-Court/articleshow/42400463.cms |url-status=live |access-date=16 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021143645/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/English-to-continue-as-link-language-in-Puducherry-Court/articleshow/42400463.cms |archive-date=21 October 2021}}</ref> A small number of older locals still retain knowledge of the language, although it has now given way to Tamil and English.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com" /><ref>[https://www.france24.com/en/20130318-pondicherry-the-French-outpost-in-India Pondicherry, the French outpost in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016075001/https://www.france24.com/en/20130318-pondicherry-the-French-outpost-in-India |date=16 October 2021 }}, France 24</ref>

===== Vietnam ===== In colonial Vietnam, the elites primarily spoke French, while many servants who worked in French households spoke a French pidgin known as "Tây Bồi" (now extinct). After French rule ended, South Vietnam continued to use French in administration, education, and trade.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chiman |first=Aly |date=1 February 2007 |title=The Role of English in Vietnam's Foreign Language Policy: A Brief History |url=https://www.worldwide.rs/en/role-english-vietnams-foreign-language-policy-brief-history/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225034415/https://www.worldwide.rs/en/role-english-vietnams-foreign-language-policy-brief-history/ |archive-date=25 February 2021 |access-date=26 February 2021 |website=worldwide.rs}}</ref> However, since the Fall of Saigon and the opening of a unified Vietnam's economy, French has gradually declined in modern Vietnam: it has been effectively displaced as the first foreign language of choice by English, and slightly under 1% of the population was fluent in French in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gouvernement.fr/partage/10625-discours-du-premier-ministre-devant-la-communaite-francaise-a-ho-chi-minh-ville |title=Discours du Premier ministre devant la communauté Française au Viêtnam |language=French |website= gouvernement.fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802090746/https://www.gouvernement.fr/partage/10625-discours-du-premier-ministre-devant-la-communaite-francaise-a-ho-chi-minh-ville |archive-date=2021-08-02}}</ref> Nevertheless, it continues to be taught as the other main foreign language in the Vietnamese educational system and is regarded as a cultural language.<ref>Kirkpatrick, Andy and Anthony J. Liddicoat, ''The Routledge International Handbook of Language Education Policy in Asia.'', Routledge, 2019, p. 192</ref> In 2025, approximately 40,000 students and 6,500 university students are enrolled in French.<ref name=":13" />

=== Oceania === [[File:CFP 500 recto.jpg|thumb|upright|A 500-CFP franc (€4.20; US$5.00) banknote, used in French Polynesia, New Caledonia and Wallis and Futuna]] French is an official language of the Pacific Island nation of Vanuatu, where 31% of the population was estimated to speak it in 2023.<ref name="2023_speakers" /> It is the sole official language in the French special collectivity of New Caledonia and the overseas collectivities of Wallis and Futuna and French Polynesia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vernaudon |first=Jacques |date=2020-07-01 |title=Les langues polynésiennes et kanak, des « langues de France » en contexte de décolonisation |url=https://journals.openedition.org/glottopol/488 |journal=Glottopol. Revue de sociolinguistique en ligne |language=fr |issue=34 |doi=10.4000/glottopol.488 |issn=1769-7425|doi-access=free }}</ref>

In New Caledonia, 97% of the population can speak, read and write French<ref>{{Cite web |title=P9-1 – Population de 14 ans et plus selon la connaissance du français, le sexe, par commune, "zone" et par province de résidence |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/ir/rpnc04/dd/excel/rpnc04_P9-1.xls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918104854/https://www.insee.fr/fr/accueil |archive-date=18 September 2023 |access-date=3 October 2009 |publisher=Government of France |language=fr |format=XLS}}</ref> while in French Polynesia this figure is 95%,<ref name="PF_2017">{{Cite web |last=Institut Statistique de Polynésie Française (ISPF) |title=Recensement 2017 – Données détaillées Langues |url=http://ispf.pf/bases/Recensements/2017/Donnees_detaillees/Langues.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407144500/http://ispf.pf/bases/Recensements/2017/Donnees_detaillees/Langues.aspx |archive-date=7 April 2019 |access-date=2019-04-07}}</ref> and in Wallis and Futuna, it is 84%.<ref name="WF_2018">{{Cite web |last=STSEE |title=Les premiers résultats du recensement de la population 2018 – Principaux_tableaux_population_2018 |url=http://www.statistique.wf/wp-content/plugins/download-attachments/includes/download.php?id=921 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608211620/http://www.statistique.wf/wp-content/plugins/download-attachments/includes/download.php?id=921 |archive-date=8 June 2019 |access-date=2019-04-07 |language=fr |format=ODS}}</ref> In French Polynesia and to a lesser extent Wallis and Futuna, where oral and written knowledge of the French language has become almost universal, French increasingly tends to displace the native Polynesian languages as the language most spoken at home. In French Polynesia, the percentage of the population who reported that French was the language they use the most at home rose from 67% at the 2007 census to 74% at the 2017 census.<ref name="PF_2007">{{Cite web |last=Institut Statistique de Polynésie Française (ISPF) |title=Recensement 2007 – Données détaillées Langues |url=http://ispf.pf/bases/Recensements/2007/Details/Langues.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218054513/http://ispf.pf/bases/Recensements/2007/Details/Langues.aspx |archive-date=18 February 2020 |access-date=2019-04-07}}</ref><ref name="PF_2017" /> In Wallis and Futuna, the percentage of the population who reported that French was the language they use the most at home rose from 10% at the 2008 census to 13% at the 2018 census.<ref name="WF_2018" /><ref name="WF_2008">{{Cite web |title=Tableau Pop_06_1: Population selon le sexe, la connaissance du français et l'âge décennal |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/irweb/rpwf08/dd/excel/rpwf08_Pop_06.xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604180112/http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/irweb/rpwf08/dd/excel/rpwf08_Pop_06.xls |archive-date=2011-06-04 |access-date=3 October 2009 |publisher=Government of France |language=fr |format=XLS}}</ref>

== Varieties == {{Main|Varieties of French}}

{{unreferenced section|date=January 2026}}{{div col|colwidth=22em}} * African French ** Maghreb French (North African French) * Aostan French * Belgian French * Cambodian French * Canadian French ** Acadian French ** Newfoundland French ** New England French ** Ontario French ** Quebec French * French French ** Guianese French ** Meridional French * Haitian French * Indian French * Jersey Legal French * Lao French * Louisiana French ** Cajun French * Missouri French * South East Asian French * Swiss French * Vietnamese French * West Indian French {{div col end}} thumb|center|upright=2.25|Varieties of the French language in the world

== Current status and importance == According to the OIF, approximately 321 million people worldwide are "able to speak the language" {{as of|2022|lc=y}},<ref name="Francophonie">{{Cite web |title=La langue française dans le monde |url=https://www.francophonie.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/Synth%C3%A8se_La_langue_fran%C3%A7aise_dans_le_monde_2022.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317150259/https://www.francophonie.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/Synth%C3%A8se_La_langue_fran%C3%A7aise_dans_le_monde_2022.pdf |archive-date=17 March 2022 |access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref> without specifying the criteria for this estimation or whom it encompasses.<ref name="ontheuplocalfr2014">{{Cite web |date=6 November 2014 |title=French language is on the up, report reveals |url=http://www.thelocal.fr/20141106/french-speakers-world-language-english |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901065140/http://www.thelocal.fr/20141106/french-speakers-world-language-english |archive-date=1 September 2015 |access-date=30 August 2015 |website=thelocal.fr}}</ref> French is regarded as an influential world language because of its wide use in the worlds of journalism, jurisprudence, education, and diplomacy,<ref>Kai Chan, Distinguished Fellow, INSEAD Innovation and Policy Initiative, [https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/12/these-are-the-most-powerful-languages-in-the-world/ "These are the most powerful languages in the world"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324152019/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/12/these-are-the-most-powerful-languages-in-the-world/ |date=24 March 2019 }}, World Economic Forum, December 2016</ref> though its use, geography, and sociopolitical context continues to shift with declines in some areas, including academia, and growth in others.<ref name=":10" /> Given the demographic prospects of the French-speaking nations of Africa, researcher Pascal-Emmanuel Gobry wrote in 2014 that French "could be the language of the future";<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gobry |first=Pascal-Emmanuel |date=21 March 2014 |title=Want To Know The Language of the Future? The Data Suggests It Could Be...French |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pascalemmanuelgobry/2014/03/21/want-to-know-the-language-of-the-future-the-data-suggests-it-could-be-french/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924181751/http://www.forbes.com/sites/pascalemmanuelgobry/2014/03/21/want-to-know-the-language-of-the-future-the-data-suggests-it-could-be-french/ |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=2018-11-18 |website=Forbes}}</ref> despite this growth in parts of Central and West Africa, where it had been entrenched as an official, administrative and educational language in numerous states, countries in North Africa and the Sahel have generally distanced themselves from the language due to colonial connections: some countries such as Algeria intermittently attempted to eradicate the use of French, and it was removed as an official language in Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger in 2023, 2024, and 2025, respectively.<ref name=Africanews/><ref name=Africanews2/> Its use is also largely declined in parts of Asia, particularly in former French colonies such as Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, where it has been replaced by local languages and English in both public life and education.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":10" />

In diplomacy, French is one of the six official languages of the United Nations (and one of the UN Secretariat's only two working languages<ref name="dawnmarley">Rodney Ball, Dawn Marley, ''The French-Speaking World: A Practical Introduction to Sociolinguistic Issues'', Taylor & Francis, 2016, page 6</ref>), one of twenty official and three procedural languages of the European Union, an official language of NATO, the International Olympic Committee, the Council of Europe, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Organization of American States (alongside Spanish, Portuguese and English), the Eurovision Song Contest, one of eighteen official languages of the European Space Agency, World Trade Organization and the least used of the three official languages in the North American Free Trade Agreement countries. It is also a working language in nonprofit organisations such as the Red Cross (alongside English, German, Spanish, Portuguese, Arabic and Russian), Amnesty International (alongside 32 other languages of which English is the most used, followed by Spanish, Portuguese, German, and Italian), {{lang|fr|Médecins sans Frontières|italic=no}} (used alongside English, Spanish, Portuguese and Arabic), and {{lang|fr|Médecins du Monde|italic=no}} (used alongside English).<ref>{{Cite web |last=The French Ministry of Foreign affairs |title=France-Diplomatie |url=http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/article_imprim.php3?id_article=15179 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119053541/http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/article_imprim.php3?id_article=15179 |archive-date=19 January 2012 |access-date=26 July 2011 |website=France Diplomatie: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development}}</ref>

Significant as a judicial language, French is one of the official languages of such major international and regional courts, tribunals, and dispute-settlement bodies as the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights, the Caribbean Court of Justice, the Court of Justice for the Economic Community of West African States, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the International Court of Justice, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea the International Criminal Court and the World Trade Organization Appellate Body. It is the sole internal working language of the Court of Justice of the European Union, and makes with English the European Court of Human Rights's two working languages.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Mathilde |last=Cohen |title=On the Linguistic Design of Multinational Courts – The French Capture |journal=International Journal of Constitutional Law |volume=14 |issue=2 |date=April 2016 |pages=498–517 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/mow023 |doi=10.1093/icon/mow023 |access-date=20 June 2024 |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722173000/https://academic.oup.com/icon/article/14/2/498/2526798 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the European Union, French was the dominant language within all institutions until the 1990s. After several enlargements of the EU (1995, 2004), French significantly lost ground in favour of English, which is more widely spoken and taught in most EU countries. French currently remains one of the three working languages, or "procedural languages", of the EU, along with English and German. It is the second-most widely used language within EU institutions after English, but remains the preferred language of certain institutions or administrations such as the Court of Justice of the European Union, where it is the sole internal working language, or the Directorate-General for Agriculture. Since 2016, Brexit has rekindled discussions on whether or not French should again hold greater role within the institutions of the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2019 |title=Focus – EU after Brexit: Will the French language make a comeback? |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20191017-eu-after-brexit-will-the-french-language-make-a-comeback-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002121351/https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20191017-eu-after-brexit-will-the-french-language-make-a-comeback-1 |archive-date=2 October 2020 |access-date=16 September 2020 |publisher=France 24}}</ref>

In 1997, George Weber published, in ''Language Today'', a comprehensive academic study entitled "The World's 10 most influential languages". In the article, Weber ranked French as, after English, the second-most ''influential'' language of the world, ahead of Spanish. His criteria were the numbers of native speakers, the number of secondary speakers (especially high for French among fellow world languages), the number of countries using the language and their respective populations, the economic power of the countries using the language, the number of major areas in which the language is used, and the linguistic prestige associated with the mastery of the language (Weber highlighted that French in particular enjoys considerable linguistic prestige). In a 2008 reassessment of his article, Weber concluded that his findings were still correct since "the situation among the top ten remains unchanged."<ref name="weber">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130507110651/http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/reprints/weber/rep-weber.htm The World's 10 most influential languages], George Weber, 1997, ''Language Today'', retrieved on scribd.com</ref>

Knowledge of French is often considered to be a useful skill by business owners in the United Kingdom; a 2014 study found that 50% of British managers considered French to be a valuable asset for their business, thus ranking French as the most sought-after foreign language there, ahead of German (49%) and Spanish (44%).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burns |first=Judith |date=2014-06-22 |title=Foreign languages 'shortfall' for business, CBI says |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/education-27948049 |url-status=live |access-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230172911/https://www.bbc.com/news/education-27948049 |archive-date=30 December 2018}}</ref> MIT economist Albert Saiz calculated a 2.3% premium for those who have French as a foreign language in the workplace.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Johnson |date=9 December 2017 |title=Johnson: What is a foreign language worth? |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2014/03/language-study |url-status=live |access-date=9 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209204031/https://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2014/03/language-study |archive-date=9 December 2017}}</ref>

In 2011, ''Bloomberg Businessweek'' ranked French the third most useful language for business, after English and Standard Mandarin Chinese.<ref name="Lauerman2011">{{Citation |last=Lauerman |first=John |title=Mandarin Chinese Most Useful Business Language After English |date=30 August 2011 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-08-30/mandarin-chinese-most-useful-business-language-after-english-1- |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329042844/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-08-30/mandarin-chinese-most-useful-business-language-after-english-1-#content |url-status=live |place=New York |quote=French, spoken by 68 million people worldwide and the official language of 27 countries, was ranked second {{bracket|to Mandarin}}. |archive-date=29 March 2015 |mode=cs1}}</ref>

== Phonology == {{Main|French phonology}}

{{unreferenced section|date=January 2026}}thumb|Spoken French (Africa) {| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center |+Consonant phonemes in French !colspan=2| !Bilabial !Labiodental !Dental/ Alveolar !Palatal/ Postalveolar !Velar !Uvular |- !colspan=2| Nasal | {{IPA link|m}} | | {{IPA link|n}} | {{IPA link|ɲ}} | ({{IPA link|ŋ}}) | |- !rowspan=2| Stop ! {{small|voiceless}} | {{IPA link|p}} | | {{IPA link|t}} | | {{IPA link|k}} | |- ! {{small|voiced}} | {{IPA link|b}} | | {{IPA link|d}} | | {{IPA link|ɡ}} | |- !rowspan=2| Fricative ! {{small|voiceless}} | | {{IPA link|f}} | {{IPA link|s}} |ʃ | | rowspan=2 |{{IPA link|ʁ}} |- ! {{small|voiced}} | | {{IPA link|v}} | {{IPA link|z}} |ʒ | |- !rowspan=2|Approximant !{{small|plain}} | | | | {{IPA link|j}} | | |- !{{small|labial}} |w | | | {{IPA link|ɥ}} | | |- ! colspan="2" | Lateral Approximant | | | {{IPA link|l}} | | | |} '''Vowel phonemes in French''' {| |- style="vertical-align: top;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Oral |- ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" | Front ! rowspan="2" | Central ! rowspan="2" | Back |- ! {{small|unrounded}} ! {{small|rounded}} |- class="nounderlines" ! Close | {{IPA link|i}} | {{IPA link|y}} | | {{IPA link|u}} |- class="nounderlines" ! Close-mid | {{IPA link|e}} | {{IPA link|ø}} | rowspan="2" | ({{IPA link|ə}}) | {{IPA link|o}} |- class="nounderlines" ! Open-mid | {{IPA link|ɛ}}/({{IPA link|ɛː}}) | {{IPA link|œ}} | {{IPA link|ɔ}} |- class="nounderlines" ! Open | {{IPA link|a}} | | | ({{IPA link|ɑ}}) |} | valign="top" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Nasal ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" | Front ! rowspan="2" | Back |- ! {{small|unrounded}} ! {{small|rounded}} |- class="nounderlines" ! Open-mid | {{IPA link|ɛ̃}} | ({{IPA link|œ̃}}) | {{IPA link|ɔ̃}} |- class="nounderlines" ! Open | | | {{IPA link|ɑ̃}} |} |} Although there are many French regional accents, foreign learners normally use only one variety of the language. * There are a maximum of 17 vowels in French, not all of which are used in every dialect: {{IPA|/a/, /ɑ/, /e/, /ɛ/, /ɛː/, /ə/, /i/, /o/, /ɔ/, /y/, /u/, /œ/, /ø/,}} plus the nasalized vowels {{IPA|/ɑ̃/, /ɛ̃/, /ɔ̃/}} and {{IPA|/œ̃/}}. In France, the vowels {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, {{IPA|/ɛː/}} and {{IPA|/œ̃/}} are tending to be replaced by {{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/ɛ/}} and {{IPA|/ɛ̃/}} in many people's speech, but the distinction of {{IPA|/ɛ̃/}} and {{IPA|/œ̃/}} is present in Meridional French. In Quebec and Belgian French, the vowels {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/ɛː/}} and {{IPA|/œ̃/}} are present. * Voiced stops (i.e., {{IPA|/b, d, ɡ/}}) are typically produced fully voiced throughout. * Voiceless stops (i.e., {{IPA|/p, t, k/}}) are unaspirated. * The velar nasal {{IPA|/ŋ/}} can occur in final position in borrowed (usually English) words: {{lang|fr|parking, camping, swing}}. * The palatal nasal {{IPA|/ɲ/}}, which is written ⟨gn⟩, can occur in word initial position (e.g., {{lang|fr|gnon}}), but it is most frequently found in intervocalic, onset position or word-finally (e.g., {{lang|fr|montagne}}). * French has three pairs of homorganic fricatives distinguished by voicing, i.e., labiodental {{IPA|/f/~/v/}}, dental {{IPA|/s/~/z/}}, and palato-alveolar {{IPA|/ʃ/~/ʒ/}}. {{IPA|/s/~/z/}} are dental, like the plosives {{IPA|/t/~/d/}} and the nasal {{IPA|/n/}}. * French has one rhotic whose pronunciation varies considerably among speakers and phonetic contexts. In general, it is described as a voiced uvular fricative, as in {{IPA|[ʁu]}} ''{{Wikt-lang|fr|roue}}'', "wheel". Vowels are often lengthened before this segment. It can be reduced to an approximant, particularly in final position (e.g., ''fort''), or reduced to zero in some word-final positions. For other speakers, a uvular trill is also common, and an apical trill {{IPA|[r]}} occurs in some dialects. The cluster /ʁw/ is generally pronounced as a labialised voiced uvular fricative {{ipa|[ʁʷ]}}, such as in {{ipa|[ʁʷa]}} {{lang|fr|roi}}, "king", or {{ipa|[kʁʷaʁ]}} {{lang|fr|croire}}, "to believe". * Lateral and central approximants: The lateral approximant {{IPA|/l/}} is unvelarised in both onset ({{lang|fr|lire}}) and coda position ({{lang|fr|il}}). In the onset, the central approximants {{IPA|[w]}}, {{IPA|[ɥ]}}, and {{IPA|[j]}} each correspond to a high vowel, {{IPA|/u/}}, {{IPA|/y/}}, and {{IPA|/i/}} respectively. There are a few minimal pairs where the approximant and corresponding vowel contrast, but there are also many cases where they are in free variation. Contrasts between {{IPA|/j/}} and {{IPA|/i/}} occur in final position as in {{IPA|/pɛj/}} ''{{Wikt-lang|fr|paye}}'', "pay", vs. {{IPA|/pɛi/}} ''{{Wikt-lang|fr|pays}}'', "country". * The lateral approximant /l/ can be delateralised when word- or morpheme-final and preceded by /i/, such as in /tʁavaj/ {{lang|fr|travail}}, "work", or when a word ending in ⟨al⟩ is pluralised, giving ⟨aux⟩ /o/. French pronunciation follows strict rules based on spelling, but French spelling is often based more on history than phonology. The rules for pronunciation vary between dialects, but the standard rules are: * Final single consonants, in particular ''s'', ''x'', ''z'', ''t'', ''d'', ''n'', ''p'' and ''g'', are normally silent. (A consonant is considered "final" when no vowel follows it even if one or more consonants follow it.) The final letters ''f'', ''k'', ''q'', and ''l'', however, are normally pronounced. The final '''c''' is sometimes pronounced, as in '''{{lang|fr|italic=no|bac}}''', '''{{lang|fr|italic=no|sac}}''', '''{{lang|fr|italic=no|roc}}''', but can also be silent, as in '''{{lang|fr|italic=no|blanc}}''' or '''{{lang|fr|italic=no|estomac}}'''. The final ''r'' is usually silent when it follows an ''e'' in a word of two or more syllables, but it is pronounced in some words ({{lang|fr|hiver}}, {{lang|fr|super}}, {{lang|fr|cancer}} etc.). ** When the following word begins with a vowel, however, a silent consonant ''may'' once again be pronounced, to provide a ''liaison'' or "link" between the two words. Some liaisons are ''mandatory'', for example the ''s'' in {{lang|fr|les amants}} or {{lang|fr|vous avez}}; some are ''optional'', depending on dialect and register, for example, the first ''s'' in {{lang|fr|deux cents euros}} or {{lang|fr|euros irlandais}}; and some are ''forbidden'', for example, the ''s'' in {{lang|fr|beaucoup d'hommes aiment}}. The ''t'' of {{lang|fr|et}} is never pronounced and the silent final consonant of a noun is only pronounced in the plural and in set phrases like {{lang|fr|pied-à-terre}}. ** Doubling a final ''n'' and adding a silent ''e'' at the end of a word (e.g., {{lang|fr|chien}} → {{lang|fr|chienne}}) makes it clearly pronounced. Doubling a final ''l'' and adding a silent ''e'' (e.g., {{lang|fr|gentil}} → {{lang|fr|gentille}}) adds a [j] sound if the ''l'' is preceded by the letter ''i''. * Some monosyllabic function words ending in ''a'' or ''e'', such as {{lang|fr|je}} and {{lang|fr|que}}, drop their final vowel when placed before a word that begins with a vowel sound (thus avoiding a hiatus). The missing vowel is replaced by an apostrophe. (e.g., {{lang|fr|*je ai}} is instead pronounced and spelled {{lang|fr|j'ai}}). This gives, for example, the same pronunciation for {{lang|fr|l'homme qu'il a vu}} ("the man whom he saw") and {{lang|fr|l'homme qui l'a vu}} ("the man who saw him"). However, in Belgian French the sentences are pronounced differently; in the first sentence the syllable break is as "{{lang|fr|qu'il-a|italic=no}}", while the second breaks as "{{lang|fr|qui-l'a|italic=no}}". It can also be noted that, in Quebec French, the second example ({{lang|fr|l'homme qui l'a vu}}) has more emphasis on {{lang|fr|l'a vu}}.

== Writing system ==

=== Alphabet === {{Main|French alphabet|French braille}}

{{unreferenced section|date=January 2026}} French is written with the 26 letters of the basic Latin script, with four diacritics appearing on vowels (circumflex accent, acute accent, grave accent, diaeresis) and the cedilla appearing in "ç".

There are two ligatures, "œ" and "æ", but they are often replaced in contemporary French with "oe" and "ae", because the ligatures do not appear on the AZERTY keyboard layout used in French-speaking countries. However, this{{ambiguous|date=May 2025}} is nonstandard in formal and literary texts.

=== Orthography === {{Main|French orthography|Reforms of French orthography}}

French spelling, like English spelling, tends to preserve obsolete pronunciation rules. This is mainly due to extreme phonetic changes since the Old French period, without a corresponding change in spelling. Moreover, some conscious changes were made to restore Latin orthography (as with some English words such as "debt"): * Old French {{lang|fro|doit}} > French {{lang|fr|doigt}} "finger" (Latin {{lang|la|digitus}}) * Old French {{lang|fro|pie}} > French {{lang|fr|pied}} "foot" [Latin {{lang|la|pes}} (stem: {{lang|la|ped-}})]

French orthography is morphophonemic. While it contains 130 graphemes that denote only 36 phonemes, many of its spelling rules are likely due to a consistency in morphemic patterns such as adding suffixes and prefixes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fejzo |first=Anila |year=2016 |title=The contribution of morphological awareness to the spelling of morphemes and morphologically complex words in French |url=http://rdcu.be/uA31 |url-status=live |journal=Reading and Writing |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=207–228 |doi=10.1007/s11145-015-9586-8 |s2cid=254991244 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918104944/https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1007/s11145-015-9586-8?shared_access_token=fj3EbiOoyzam8UKhuwMLtPe4RwlQNchNByi7wbcMAY6fqyfpaJaRk9LHTIT6OGlsX30X2E-ygdp9IcmNMMJ-sUHcSCP8TabLegoxOiizuZUCJYNRFSat2jXB-gmvw2Aim8kDwrBN04SUgZBOarccG3rb8CWKC79DANVZ7NhL5Gw= |archive-date=18 September 2023 |access-date=2017-07-30|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Many given spellings of common morphemes usually lead to a predictable sound. In particular, a given vowel combination or diacritic generally leads to one phoneme. However, there is not a one-to-one relation of a phoneme and a single related grapheme, which can be seen in how {{lang|fr|tomber}} and {{lang|fr|tombé}} both end with the /e/ phoneme.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brissaud |first1=Catherine |last2=Chevrot |first2=Jean-Pierre |year=2011 |title=The late acquisition of a major difficulty of French inflectional orthography: The homophonic /E/ verbal endings |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00785731/file/Brissaud_Chevrot_2011_.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Writing Systems Research |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=129–44 |doi=10.1093/wsr/wsr003 |s2cid=15072817 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922175316/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00785731/file/Brissaud_Chevrot_2011_.pdf |archive-date=22 September 2019 |access-date=22 September 2019}}</ref> Additionally, there are many variations in the pronunciation of consonants at the end of words, demonstrated by how the ''x'' in {{lang|fr|paix}} is not pronounced though at the end of {{lang|fr|Aix}} it is.

As a result, it can be difficult to predict the spelling of a word based on the sound. Final consonants are generally silent, except when the following word begins with a vowel (see Liaison (French)). For example, the following words end in a vowel sound: {{lang|fr|pied}}, {{lang|fr|aller}}, {{lang|fr|les}}, {{lang|fr|finit}}, {{lang|fr|beaux}}. The same words followed by a vowel, however, may sound the consonants, as they do in these examples: {{lang|fr|beaux-arts}}, {{lang|fr|les amis}}, {{lang|fr|pied-à-terre}}.

French writing, as with any language, is affected by the spoken language. In Old French, the plural for {{lang|fro|animal}} was {{lang|fro|animals}}. The {{IPA|/als/}} sequence was unstable{{explain|date=March 2025}} and was turned into a diphthong {{IPA|/aus/}}. This change was then reflected in the orthography: {{lang|fro|animaus}}. The ''us'' ending, very common in Latin, was then abbreviated by copyists (monks) to the letter ''x'', resulting in a written form {{lang|fro|animax}}. As the French language further evolved, the pronunciation of ''au'' turned into {{IPA|/o/}} so that the ''u'' was reestablished in orthography for consistency, resulting in modern French {{lang|fr|animaux}} (pronounced first {{IPA|/animos/}} before the final {{IPA|/s/}} was dropped in contemporary French). The same is true for {{lang|fr|cheval}} pluralized as {{lang|fr|chevaux}} and many others. In addition, {{lang|fro|castel}} pl. {{lang|fro|castels}} became {{lang|fr|château}} pl. {{lang|fr|châteaux}}. * Nasal: ''n'' and ''m''. When ''n'' or ''m'' follows a vowel or diphthong, the ''n'' or ''m'' becomes silent and causes the preceding vowel to become nasalized (i.e., pronounced with the soft palate extended downward so as to allow part of the air to leave through the nostrils). Exceptions are when the ''n'' or ''m'' is doubled, or immediately followed by a vowel. The prefixes ''en-'' and ''em-'' are always nasalized. The rules are more complex than this but may vary between dialects. * Digraphs: French uses not only diacritics to specify its large range of vowel sounds and diphthongs, but also specific combinations of vowels, sometimes with following consonants, to show which sound is intended. * Gemination: Within words, double consonants are generally not pronounced as geminates in modern French (but geminates can be heard in the cinema or TV news from as recently as the 1970s, and in very refined elocution they may still occur). For example, {{lang|fr|illusion}} is pronounced {{IPA|[ilyzjɔ̃]}} and not {{IPA|[ilːyzjɔ̃]}}. However, gemination does occur between words; for example, {{lang|fr|une info}} ("a news item" or "a piece of information") is pronounced {{IPA|[ynɛ̃fo]}}, whereas {{lang|fr|une nympho}} ("a nymphomaniac") is pronounced {{IPA|[ynːɛ̃fo]}}. * Accents are used sometimes for pronunciation, sometimes to distinguish similar words, and sometimes based on etymology alone. ** Accents that affect pronunciation *** The acute accent ({{lang|fr|l'accent aigu}}) ''é'' (e.g., {{lang|fr|'''é'''cole}}—school) means that the vowel is pronounced {{IPA|/e/}} instead of the default {{IPA|/ə/}}. *** The grave accent ({{lang|fr|l'accent grave}}) ''è'' (e.g., {{lang|fr|él'''è'''ve}}—pupil) means that the vowel is pronounced {{IPA|/ɛ/}} instead of the default {{IPA|/ə/}}. *** The circumflex ({{lang|fr|l'accent circonflexe}}) ''ê'' (e.g. {{lang|fr|for'''ê'''t}}—forest) shows that an ''e'' is pronounced {{IPA|/ɛ/}} and that an ''ô'' is pronounced {{IPA|/o/}}. In standard French, it also signifies a pronunciation of {{IPA|/ɑ/}} for the letter ''â'', but this differentiation is disappearing. In the mid-18th century, the circumflex was used in place of ''s'' after a vowel, where that letter ''s'' was not pronounced. Thus, {{lang|fro|forest}} became {{lang|fr|forêt}}, {{lang|fro|hospital}} became {{lang|fr|hôpital}}, and {{lang|fro|hostel}} became {{lang|fr|hôtel}}. *** Diaeresis or {{lang|fr|tréma}} (''ë'', ''ï'', ''ü'', ''ÿ''): over ''e'', ''i'', ''u'' or ''y'', indicates that a vowel is to be pronounced separately from the preceding one: {{lang|fr|naïve}}, {{lang|fr|Noël}}. **** ö {{clarify|reason=Description of "ö" needed, e.g. as in "alcoöl''.|date=March 2025}} **** The combination of ''e'' with diaeresis following ''o'' ({{lang|fr|N'''oë'''l}} {{IPA|fr|ɔɛ|}}) is nasalized in the regular way if followed by ''n'' ({{lang|fr|Sam'''oë'''ns}} {{IPA|fr|wɛ̃|}}) **** The combination of ''e'' with diaeresis following ''a'' is either pronounced {{IPA|fr|ɛ|}} ({{lang|fr|Raph'''aë'''l}}, {{lang|fr|Isr'''aë'''l}} {{IPA|fr|aɛ|}}) or not pronounced, leaving only the ''a'' ({{lang|fr|St'''aë'''l}} {{IPA|fr|a|}}) and the ''a'' is nasalized in the regular way if ''aë'' is followed by ''n'' ({{lang|fr|Saint-S'''aë'''ns}} {{IPA|fr|ɑ̃|}}) **** A diaeresis on ''y'' only occurs in some proper names and in modern editions of old French texts. Some proper names in which ''ÿ'' appears include {{lang|fr|Aÿ}} (a commune in Marne, formerly {{lang|fr|Aÿ-Champagne}}), {{lang|fr|Rue des Cloÿs}} (an alley in Paris), {{lang|fr|Croÿ}} (family name and hotel on the Boulevard Raspail, Paris), {{lang|fr|{{ill|Château du Faÿ|fr}}}} (near Pontoise), {{lang|fr|Ghÿs}} (name of Flemish origin spelt {{lang|nl|Ghĳs}} where ''ĳ'' in handwriting looked like ''ÿ'' to French clerks), {{lang|fr|L'Haÿ-les-Roses}} (commune near Paris), Pierre Louÿs (author), Moÿ-de-l'Aisne (commune in Aisne and a family name), and {{lang|fr|Le Blanc de Nicolaÿ}} (an insurance company in eastern France). **** The diaeresis on ''u'' appears in the Biblical proper names {{lang|fr|Archélaüs}}, {{lang|fr|Capharnaüm}}, {{lang|fr|Emmaüs}}, {{lang|fr|Ésaü}}, and {{lang|fr|Saül}}, as well as French names such as Haüy. Nevertheless, since the 1990 orthographic changes, the diaeresis in words containing ''guë'' (such as {{lang|fr|aiguë}} or {{lang|fr|ciguë}}) may be moved onto the ''u'': {{lang|fr|aigüe}}, {{lang|fr|cigüe}}, and by analogy may be used in verbs such as {{lang|fr|j'argüe}}. **** In addition, words coming from German retain their umlaut (''ä'', ''ö'' and ''ü'') if applicable but use often French pronunciation, such as ''Kärcher'' (trademark of a pressure washer). *** The cedilla ({{lang|fr|la cédille}}) ''ç'' (e.g., {{lang|fr|gar'''ç'''on}}—boy) means that the letter ''ç'' is pronounced {{IPA|/s/}} in front of the back vowels ''a'', ''o'' and ''u'' (''c'' is otherwise {{IPA|/k/}} before a back vowel). ''C'' is always pronounced {{IPA|/s/}} in front of the front vowels ''e'', ''i'', and ''y''; thus ''ç'' is never found in front of front vowels. This letter is used when a front vowel after ⟨c⟩, such as in {{lang|fr|France}} or {{lang|fr|placer}}, is replaced with a back vowel. To retain the pronunciation of the ⟨c⟩, it is given a cedilla, as in {{lang|fr|français}} or {{lang|fr|plaçons}}. ** Accents with no pronunciation effect *** The circumflex does not affect the pronunciation of the letters ''i'' or ''u'', nor, in most dialects, ''a''. It usually indicates that an ''s'' came after it long ago, as in {{lang|fr|île}} (from former {{lang|fro|isle}}, compare with English word "isle"). The explanation is that some words share the same orthography, so the circumflex is put here to mark the difference between the two words. For example, {{lang|fr|dites}} (you say) / {{lang|fr|dîtes}} (you said), or even {{lang|fr|du}} (of the) / {{lang|fr|dû}} (past participle for the verb {{lang|fr|devoir}} = must, have to, owe; in this case, the circumflex disappears in the plural and the feminine). *** All other accents are used only to distinguish similar words, as in the case of distinguishing the adverbs {{lang|fr|là}} and {{lang|fr|où}} ("there", "where") from the article {{lang|fr|la}} ("the" feminine singular) and the conjunction {{lang|fr|ou}} ("or"), respectively.

Some proposals exist to simplify the existing writing system, but they still fail to gather interest.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://fonetik.fr/index-en.html Fonétik.fr writing system proposal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513070255/http://fonetik.fr/index-en.html |date=13 May 2012 }}.</ref><ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://sites.google.com/site/ortofasil/ Ortofasil writing system proposal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414052201/http://sites.google.com/site/ortofasil/ |date=14 April 2009 }}.</ref><ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.alfograf.net/ Alfograf writing system proposal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112135144/http://www.alfograf.net/ |date=12 January 2010 }}.</ref><ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://ortograf.net/ Ortograf.net writing system proposal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929182843/http://www.ortograf.net/ |date=29 September 2009 }}.</ref>

In 1990, a reform accepted some changes to French orthography. At the time the proposed changes were considered to be suggestions. In 2016, schoolbooks in France began to use the newer recommended spellings, with instruction to teachers that both old and new spellings be deemed correct.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-02-05 |title=End of the circumflex? Changes in French spelling cause uproar |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-35496893 |url-status=live |access-date=2017-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531103153/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-35496893 |archive-date=31 May 2018}}</ref>

== Grammar == {{Main|French grammar}}

French is a moderately inflected language. Nouns and most pronouns are inflected for number (singular or plural, though in most nouns the plural is pronounced the same as the singular even if spelled differently); adjectives, for number and gender (masculine or feminine) of their nouns; personal pronouns and a few other pronouns, for person, number, gender, and case; and verbs, for tense, aspect, mood, and the person and number of their subjects. Case is primarily marked using word order and prepositions, while certain verb features are marked using auxiliary verbs. According to the French lexicogrammatical system, French has a rank-scale hierarchy with clause as the top rank, which is followed by group rank, word rank, and morpheme rank. A French clause is made up of groups, groups are made up of words, and lastly, words are made up of morphemes.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Caffarel |first1=Alice |title=Language Typology: A Functional Perspective |last2=Martin |first2=J.R. |last3=Matthiessen |first3=Christian M.I.M |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |location=Amsterdam/Philadelphia}}</ref>

French grammar shares several notable features with most other Romance languages, including * the loss of Latin declensions * the loss of the neuter gender * the development of grammatical articles from Latin demonstratives * the loss of certain Latin tenses and the creation of new tenses from auxiliaries.

=== Nouns === {{unreferenced section|date=January 2026}} Every French noun is either masculine or feminine. Because French nouns are not inflected for gender, a noun's form cannot specify its gender. For nouns regarding the living, their grammatical genders often correspond to that which they refer to. For example, a male teacher is an {{lang|fr|enseignant}} while a female teacher is an {{lang|fr|enseignante}}. However, plural nouns that refer to a group that includes both masculine and feminine entities are always masculine. So a group of two male teachers would be {{lang|fr|enseignants}}. A group of two male teachers and two female teachers would still be {{lang|fr|enseignants}}. However, a group of two female teachers would be {{lang|fr|enseignantes}}. In many situations, including in the case of {{lang|fr|enseignant}}, both the singular and plural form of a noun are pronounced identically. The article used for singular nouns is different from that used for plural nouns and the article provides a distinguishing factor between the two in speech. For example, the singular {{lang|fr|le professeur}} or {{lang|fr|la professeure}} (the male or female teacher, professor) can be distinguished from the plural {{lang|fr|les professeur(e)s}} because {{lang|fr|le}} /lə/, {{lang|fr|la}} /la/, and {{lang|fr|les}} /le(s)/ are all pronounced differently. With {{lang|fr|enseignant}}, however, for both singular forms the {{lang|fr|le}}/{{lang|fr|la}} becomes {{lang|fr|l'}}, and so the only difference in pronunciation is that the ⟨t⟩ on the end of masculine form is silent, whereas it is pronounced in the feminine. If the word was to be followed by a word starting with a vowel, then liaison would cause the ⟨t⟩ to be pronounced in both forms, resulting in identical pronunciation. There are also some situations where both the feminine and masculine form of a noun are the same and the article provides the only difference. For example, {{lang|fr|le dentiste}} refers to a male dentist while {{lang|fr|la dentiste}} refers to a female dentist. Furthermore, a few nouns' meanings depend on their gender. For example, {{lang|fr|un livre}} (masculine) refers to a book, while {{lang|fr|une livre}} a (feminine) is a pound.

=== Verbs === {{Main|French verbs}}

==== Moods and tense-aspect forms ==== {{unreferenced section|date=January 2026}} The French language consists of both finite and non-finite moods. The finite moods include the indicative mood ({{lang|fr|indicatif}}), the subjunctive mood ({{lang|fr|subjonctif}}), the imperative mood ({{lang|fr|impératif}}), and the conditional mood ({{lang|fr|conditionnel}}). The non-finite moods include the infinitive mood ({{lang|fr|infinitif}}), the present participle ({{lang|fr|participe présent}}), and the past participle ({{lang|fr|participe passé}}).

===== Finite moods =====

====== Indicative (indicatif) ====== The indicative mood makes use of eight tense-aspect forms. These include the present ({{lang|fr|présent}}), the simple past ({{lang|fr|passé composé}} and {{lang|fr|passé simple}}), the past imperfective ({{lang|fr|imparfait}}), the pluperfect ({{lang|fr|plus-que-parfait}}), the simple future ({{lang|fr|futur simple}}), the future perfect ({{lang|fr|futur antérieur}}), and the past perfect ({{lang|fr|passé antérieur}}). Some forms are less commonly used today. In today's spoken French, the {{lang|fr|passé composé}} is used while the {{lang|fr|passé simple}} is reserved for formal situations or for literary purposes. Similarly, the {{lang|fr|plus-que-parfait}} is used for speaking rather than the older {{lang|fr|passé antérieur}} seen in literary works.

Within the indicative mood, the {{lang|fr|passé composé}}, {{lang|fr|plus-que-parfait}}, {{lang|fr|futur antérieur}}, and {{lang|fr|passé antérieur}} all use auxiliary verbs in their forms. {| class="wikitable" |+ {{lang|fr|Indicatif|italic=no}} |- !rowspan="2"| !colspan="2"| {{lang|fr|Présent}} !colspan="2"| {{lang|fr|Imparfait}} !colspan="2"| {{lang|fr|Passé composé}} !colspan="2"| {{lang|fr|Passé simple}} |- ! Singular ! Plural ! Singular ! Plural ! Singular ! Plural ! Singular ! Plural |- ! 1st person | {{lang|fr|j'aime}} | {{lang|fr|nous aimons}} | {{lang|fr|j'aimais}} | {{lang|fr|nous aimions}} | {{lang|fr|j'ai aimé}} | {{lang|fr|nous avons aimé}} | {{lang|fr|j'aimai}} | {{lang|fr|nous aimâmes}} |- ! 2nd person | {{lang|fr|tu aimes}} | {{lang|fr|vous aimez}} | {{lang|fr|tu aimais}} | {{lang|fr|vous aimiez}} | {{lang|fr|tu as aimé}} | {{lang|fr|vous avez aimé}} | {{lang|fr|tu aimas}} | {{lang|fr|vous aimâtes}} |- ! 3rd person | {{lang|fr|il/elle aime}} | {{lang|fr|ils/elles aiment}} | {{lang|fr|il/elle aimait}} | {{lang|fr|ils/elles aimaient}} | {{lang|fr|il/elle a aimé}} | {{lang|fr|ils/elles ont aimé}} | {{lang|fr|il/elle aima}} | {{lang|fr|ils/elles aimèrent}} |- | colspan="9" | |- !rowspan="2"| !colspan="2"| {{lang|fr|Futur simple}} !colspan="2"| {{lang|fr|Futur antérieur}} !colspan="2"| {{lang|fr|Plus-que-parfait}} !colspan="2"| {{lang|fr|Passé antérieur}} |- ! Singular ! Plural ! Singular ! Plural ! Singular ! Plural ! Singular ! Plural |- ! 1st person | {{lang|fr|j'aimerai}} | {{lang|fr|nous aimerons}} | {{lang|fr|j'aurai aimé}} | {{lang|fr|nous aurons aimé}} | {{lang|fr|j'avais aimé}} | {{lang|fr|nous avions aimé}} | {{lang|fr|j'eus aimé}} | {{lang|fr|nous eûmes aimé}} |- ! 2nd person | {{lang|fr|tu aimeras}} | {{lang|fr|vous aimerez}} | {{lang|fr|tu auras aimé}} | {{lang|fr|vous aurez aimé}} | {{lang|fr|tu avais aimé}} | {{lang|fr|vous aviez aimé}} | {{lang|fr|tu eus aimé}} | {{lang|fr|vous eûtes aimé}} |- ! 3rd person | {{lang|fr|il/elle aimera}} | {{lang|fr|ils/elles aimeront}} | {{lang|fr|il/elle aura aimé}} | {{lang|fr|ils/elles auront aimé}} | {{lang|fr|il/elle avait aimé}} | {{lang|fr|ils/elles avaient aimé}} | {{lang|fr|il/elle eut aimé}} | {{lang|fr|ils/elles eurent aimé}} |}

====== Subjunctive ({{lang|fr|subjonctif}}) ====== The subjunctive mood only includes four of the tense-aspect forms found in the indicative: present ({{lang|fr|présent}}), simple past ({{lang|fr|passé composé}}), past imperfective ({{lang|fr|imparfait}}), and pluperfect ({{lang|fr|plus-que-parfait}}).

Within the subjunctive mood, the passé composé and plus-que-parfait use auxiliary verbs in their forms. {| class="wikitable" |+ {{lang|fr|Subjonctif|italic=no}} |- !rowspan="2"| !colspan="2"| {{lang|fr|Présent}} !colspan="2"| {{lang|fr|Imparfait}} !colspan="2"| {{lang|fr|Passé composé}} !colspan="2"| {{lang|fr|Plus-que-parfait}} |- ! Singular ! Plural ! Singular ! Plural ! Singular ! Plural ! Singular ! Plural |- ! 1st person | {{lang|fr|j'aime}} | {{lang|fr|nous aimions}} | {{lang|fr|j'aimasse}} | {{lang|fr|nous aimassions}} | {{lang|fr|j'aie aimé}} | {{lang|fr|nous ayons aimé}} | {{lang|fr|j'eusse aimé}} | {{lang|fr|nous eussions aimé}} |- ! 2nd person | {{lang|fr|tu aimes}} | {{lang|fr|vous aimiez}} | {{lang|fr|tu aimasses}} | {{lang|fr|vous aimassiez}} | {{lang|fr|tu aies aimé}} | {{lang|fr|vous ayez aimé}} | {{lang|fr|tu eusses aimé}} | {{lang|fr|vous eussiez aimé}} |- ! 3rd person | {{lang|fr|il/elle aime}} | {{lang|fr|ils/elles aiment}} | {{lang|fr|il/elle aimât}} | {{lang|fr|ils/elles aimassent}} | {{lang|fr|il/elle ait aimé}} | {{lang|fr|ils/elles aient aimé}} | {{lang|fr|il/elle eût aimé}} | {{lang|fr|ils/elles eussent aimé}} |}

====== Imperative ({{lang|fr|imperatif}}) ====== The imperative is used in the present tense (with the exception of a few instances where it is used in the perfect tense). The imperative is used to give commands to you ({{lang|fr|tu}}), we/us ({{lang|fr|nous}}), and plural you ({{lang|fr|vous}}). {| class="wikitable" |+ {{lang|fr|Imperatif|italic=no}} |- !rowspan="2"| !colspan="2"| Présent |- ! Singular ! Plural |- ! 1st person | | {{lang|fr|aimons}} |- ! 2nd person | {{lang|fr|aime}} | {{lang|fr|aimez}} |}

====== Conditional ({{lang|fr|conditionnel}}) ====== The conditional makes use of the present ({{lang|fr|présent}}) and the past ({{lang|fr|passé}}).

The passé uses auxiliary verbs in its forms. {| class="wikitable" |+ {{lang|fr|Conditionnel|italic=no}} |- !rowspan="2"| !colspan="2"| {{lang|fr|Présent}} !colspan="2"| {{lang|fr|Passé}} |- ! Singular ! Plural ! Singular ! Plural |- ! 1st person | {{lang|fr|j'aimerais}} | {{lang|fr|nous aimerions}} | {{lang|fr|j'aurais aimé}} | {{lang|fr|nous aurions aimé}} |- ! 2nd person | {{lang|fr|tu aimerais}} | {{lang|fr|vous aimeriez}} | {{lang|fr|tu aurais aimé}} | {{lang|fr|vous auriez aimé}} |- ! 3rd person | {{lang|fr|il/elle aimerait}} | {{lang|fr|ils/elles aimeraient}} | {{lang|fr|il/elle aurait aimé}} | {{lang|fr|ils/elles auraient aimé}} |}

==== Voice ==== French uses both the active voice and the passive voice. The active voice is unmarked while the passive voice is formed by using a form of verb {{lang|fr|être}} ("to be") and the past participle.

Example of the active voice: * "{{lang|fr|Elle aime le chien.}}" She loves the dog. * "{{lang|fr|Marc a conduit la voiture.}}" Marc drove the car. Example of the passive voice: * "{{lang|fr|Le chien est aimé par elle.}}" The dog is loved by her. * "{{lang|fr|La voiture a été conduite par Marc.}}" The car was driven by Marc. However, unless the subject of the sentence is specified, generally the pronoun {{lang|fr|on}} "one" is used: * "{{lang|fr|On aime le chien.}}" The dog is loved. (Literally "one loves the dog.") * "{{lang|fr|On conduit la voiture.}}" The car is (being) driven. (Literally "one drives the car.")

Word order is subject–verb–object although a pronoun object precedes the verb. Some types of sentences allow for or require different word orders, in particular inversion of the subject and verb, as in "{{lang|fr|Parlez-vous français ?}}" when asking a question rather than "{{lang|fr|Vous parlez français ?}}" Both formulations are used, and carry a rising inflection on the last word. The literal English translations are "Do you speak French?" and "You speak French?", respectively. To avoid inversion while asking a question, "{{lang|fr|Est-ce que}}" (literally "is it that") may be placed at the beginning of the sentence. "{{lang|fr|Parlez-vous français ?}}" may become "{{lang|fr|Est-ce que vous parlez français ?}}" French also uses verb–object–subject (VOS) and object–subject–verb (OSV) word order. OSV word order is not used often and VOS is reserved for formal writings.<ref name="Lahousse_2012" />

== Vocabulary == {{Pie chart|caption=Root languages of loanwords<ref name="Walter_1998">Walter & Walter 1998.</ref>|label1=English|value1=25.10|color1=#69f|label2=Other Germanic languages|value2=20.65|color2=#30c|label3=Italian|value3=16.83|color3=#06f|label4=Other Romance languages|label5=Celtic|label6=Persian and Sanskrit|label7=Native American|label8=Other Asian languages|label9=Afro-Asiatic|label10=Balto-Slavic|label11=Basque|label12=Other languages|color4=#399|color5=#030|color6=#9cf|color7=#3f0|color8=#9c0|color9=#000|color10=#60f|color11=#360|color12=#fff|value4=15.26|value5=3.81|value6=2.67|value7=2.41|value8=2.12|value9=6.45|value10=1.31|value11=0.24|value12=3.43}} The majority of French words derive from Vulgar Latin or were constructed from Latin or Greek roots. In many cases, a single etymological root appears in French in a "popular" or native form, inherited from Vulgar Latin, and a learned form, borrowed later from Classical Latin. The following pairs consist of a native noun and a learned adjective: * brother: {{wikt-lang|fr|frère}} / {{wikt-lang|fr|fraternel}} from Latin {{wikt-lang|la|frater}} / {{wikt-lang|la|fraternalis}} * finger: {{wikt-lang|fr|doigt}} / {{wikt-lang|fr|digital}} from Latin {{wikt-lang|la|digitus}} / {{wikt-lang|la|digitalis}} * faith: {{wikt-lang|fr|foi}} / {{wikt-lang|fr|fidèle}} from Latin {{wikt-lang|la|fides}} / {{wikt-lang|la|fidelis}} * eye: {{wikt-lang|fr|œil}} / {{wikt-lang|fr|oculaire}} from Latin {{wikt-lang|la|oculus}} / {{wikt-lang|la|ocularis}}

More recently (1994) the linguistic policy (Toubon Law) of the French language academies of France and Quebec has been to provide French equivalents<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 October 2012 |title=French fight franglais with alternatives for English technology terms |work=Metro News |url=http://metro.co.uk/2012/10/01/french-fight-franglais-with-alternatives-for-english-technology-terms-590128/ |url-status=live |access-date=21 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517191211/http://metro.co.uk/2012/10/01/french-fight-franglais-with-alternatives-for-english-technology-terms-590128/ |archive-date=17 May 2013}}</ref> to (mainly English) imported words, either by using existing vocabulary, extending its meaning or deriving a new word according to French morphological rules. The result is often two (or more) co-existing terms for describing the same phenomenon. * {{lang|fr|mercatique}} / {{lang|fr|marketing}} * {{lang|fr|finance fantôme}} / {{lang|fr|shadow banking}} * {{lang|fr|bloc-notes}} / {{lang|fr|notepad}} * {{lang|fr|ailière}} / {{lang|fr|wingsuit}} * {{lang|fr|tiers-lieu}} / {{lang|fr|coworking}}

It is estimated that 12% (4,200) of common French words found in a typical dictionary such as the ''Petit Larousse'' or ''Micro-Robert Plus'' (35,000 words) are of foreign origin (where Greek and Latin learned words are not seen as foreign). About 25% (1,054) of these foreign words come from English and are fairly recent borrowings. The others are some 707 words from Italian, 550 from ancient Germanic languages, 481 from other Gallo-Romance languages, 215 from Arabic, 164 from German, 160 from Celtic languages, 159 from Spanish, 153 from Dutch, 112 from Persian and Sanskrit, 101 from Native American languages, 89 from other Asian languages, 56 from other Afro-Asiatic languages, 55 from Balto-Slavic languages, 10 from Basque and 144 (about 3%) from other languages.<ref name="Walter_1998" />

One study analyzing the similarity of seven Romance languages to Vulgar Latin in terms of accent vocalization estimated that among the languages analyzed, French was the most differentiated language from Vulgar Latin in this respect.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pei |first=Mario |title=Story of Language |publisher=Lippincott |year=1949 |isbn=978-0-397-00400-3 |author-link=Mario Pei}}</ref> The French language's lexical similarity to a selection of other Romance languages is 89% with Italian, 80% with Sardinian, 78% with Rhaeto-Romance, and 75% with Romanian, Spanish and Portuguese.<ref name="MED">{{Cite journal |last=Brincat |first=Joseph M. |year=2005 |title=Maltese – an unusual formula |url=http://macmillandictionaries.com/MED-Magazine/February2005/27-LI-Maltese.htm |url-status=live |journal=MED Magazine |issue=27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050905023705/http://www.macmillandictionary.com/med-magazine/February2005/27-LI-Maltese.htm |archive-date=5 September 2005 |access-date=22 February 2008}}</ref><ref name=e27/>

=== Numerals === The numeral system used in the majority of Francophone countries employs both decimal and vigesimal counting. After the use of unique names for the numbers 1–16, those from 17 to 69 are counted by tens, while twenty ({{lang|fr|vingt}}) is used as a base number in the names of numbers from 70 to 99. The French word for 80 is {{lang|fr|quatre-vingts}}, literally "four twenties", and the word for ''75'' is {{lang|fr|soixante-quinze}}, literally "sixty-fifteen". The vigesimal method of counting is analogous to the archaic English use of ''score'', as in "fourscore and seven" (87), or "threescore and ten" (70).

Belgian, Swiss, and Aostan French<ref name="Jean-Pierre Martin 1984">Jean-Pierre Martin, ''Description lexicale du français parlé en Vallée d'Aoste'', éd. Musumeci, Quart, 1984.</ref> as well as that used in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and Burundi, use different names for 70 and 90, namely {{lang|fr|septante}} and {{lang|fr|nonante}}. In Switzerland, depending on the local dialect, 80 can be {{lang|fr|quatre-vingts}} (Geneva, Neuchâtel, Jura) or {{lang|fr|huitante}} (Vaud, Valais, Fribourg). The Aosta Valley similarly uses {{lang|fr|huitante}}<ref name="Jean-Pierre Martin 1984" /> for 80. Conversely, Belgium and in its former African colonies use {{lang|fr|quatre-vingts}} for 80.

In Old French (during the Middle Ages), all numbers from 30 to 99 could be said in either base 10 or base 20, e.g. {{lang|fro|vint et doze}} (twenty and twelve) for 32, {{lang|fro|dous vinz et diz}} (two twenties and ten) for 50, {{lang|fro|uitante}} for 80, or {{lang|fro|nonante}} for 90.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Einhorn |first=E. |title=Old French: A Concise Handbook |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-521-09838-0 |location=Cambridge |page=110}}</ref>

The term {{lang|fr|octante}} was historically used in Switzerland for 80, but is now considered archaic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Septante, octante (huitante), nonante |url=http://www.langue-fr.net/spip.php?article202 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904065004/http://www.langue-fr.net/spip.php?article202 |archive-date=4 September 2010 |access-date=19 July 2009 |website=langue-fr.net |language=fr}}. See also the English Wikipedia article on Welsh language, especially the section "Counting system" and its note on the influence of Celtic in the French counting system.</ref>

French, like most European languages, uses a space to separate thousands.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Questions de langue: Nombres (écriture, lecture, accord) |url=http://académie-française.fr/la-langue-francaise/questions-de-langue#57_strong-em-nombres-criture-lecture-accord-em-strong |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101052809/http://xn--acadmie-franaise-npb1a.fr/la-langue-francaise/questions-de-langue#57_strong-em-nombres-criture-lecture-accord-em-strong |archive-date=1 January 2015 |access-date=15 November 2015 |publisher=Académie française |language=fr}}</ref> The comma ({{langx|fr|virgule|link=no}}) is used in French numbers as a decimal point, i.e. "2,5" instead of "2.5". In the case of currencies, the currency markers are substituted for decimal point, i.e. "5$7" for "5 dollars and 7 cents".

== Example text == Article 1 of the ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'' in French: :{{lang|fr|Tous les êtres humains naissent libres et égaux en dignité et en droits. Ils sont doués de raison et de conscience et doivent agir les uns envers les autres dans un esprit de fraternité.}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/udhr/pages/Language.aspx?LangID=frn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107194140/https://www.ohchr.org/en/udhr/pages/Language.aspx?LangID=frn |archive-date=7 January 2022 |access-date=7 January 2022 |website=ohchr.org}}</ref>

Article 1 of the ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'' in English: :''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights |url=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights |publisher=United Nations |access-date=7 January 2022 |archive-date=31 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731212304/https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights/https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also == {{Portal|France|Language}} * {{annotated link|Alliance Française}} * {{annotated link|AZERTY}} * {{annotated link|Français fondamental}} * {{annotated link|Francization}} * {{annotated link|Francophile}} * {{annotated link|Francophobia}} * {{annotated link|Francophonie}} * French language in Canada * French language in the United States * {{annotated link|French poetry}} * Glossary of French expressions in English * {{annotated link|Influence of French on English}} * {{annotated link|Language education}} * List of countries where French is an official language * List of English words of French origin * List of French loanwords in Persian * List of French words and phrases used by English speakers * List of German words of French origin * {{annotated link|Official bilingualism in Canada}} * Varieties of French

== Notes == {{notelist}}

== References == {{Reflist}}

===Works cited=== * {{Cite book |url=http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/projet/Rapport-OIF-2014.pdf |title=La langue française dans le monde 2014 |publisher=Nathan |year=2014 |isbn=978-2-09-882654-0 |language=fr |ref={{harvid|OIF|2014}} |access-date=5 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412002239/http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/projet/Rapport-OIF-2014.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2015 }} * {{cite book |first=Eugeen |last=Roegiest |title=Vers les sources des langues romanes: Un itinéraire linguistique à travers la Romania |location=Leuven, Belgium |publisher=Acco |year=2006}}

== Further reading == * {{Cite book |last=Marc Fumaroli |url=https://archive.org/details/whenworldspokefr00fuma |title=When the World Spoke French |publisher=New York Review of Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-59017-375-6 |translator-last=Richard Howard |url-access=registration}} * Nadeau, Jean-Benoît, and Julie Barlow (2006). ''The Story of French''. (First U.S. ed.) New York: St. Martin's Press. {{ISBN|0-312-34183-0}}. * Ursula Reutner (2017). ''Manuel des francophonies''. Berlin/Boston: de Gruyter. {{ISBN|978-3-11-034670-1}}

== External links == {{Sister project links |auto=1|wikt=Category:French language |commons=Category:French language |b=French |v=Topic:French |s=fr:Main Page |display=French language|d=Q150|iw=fr|voy=French phrasebook}}

=== Organisations === * [http://www.fondation-alliancefr.org/ Fondation Alliance française]: an international organisation for the promotion of French language and culture {{in lang|fr}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170201102539/http://www.fle.fr/en/ Agence de promotion du FLE]: Agency for promoting French as a foreign language

=== Courses and tutorials === * [http://www.laits.utexas.edu/fi/ Français interactif]: interactive French program, University of Texas at Austin * [http://www.laits.utexas.edu/tex/ Tex's French Grammar], University of Texas at Austin * [https://lingopolo.org/french/ Lingopolo French] * [http://www.thelanguagemachine.co.uk/french-lessons-in-london/ French lessons in London] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401083110/https://www.thelanguagemachine.co.uk/french-lessons-in-london/ |date=1 April 2022 }}, The Language machine

=== Online dictionaries === * Oxford Dictionaries [https://web.archive.org/web/20010516042450/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/ French Dictionary] * [http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english-french Collins Online English↔French Dictionary] * [http://www.cnrtl.fr/ Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales]: monolingual dictionaries (including the Trésor de la langue française), language corpora, etc. {{For|other unilingual dictionaries|fr:Dictionnaire}}

=== Grammar ===

==== Verbs ==== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120206085345/http://www.verbix.com/languages/french.shtml French verb conjugation] at Verbix

=== Vocabulary === * Swadesh list in English and French

==== Numbers ==== * {{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Paul |title=French, Numbers |url=http://www.numberphile.com/videos/french_numbers.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302235307/http://www.numberphile.com/videos/french_numbers.html |archive-date=2 March 2017 |access-date=7 April 2013 |website=Numberphile |publisher=Brady Haran}}

==== Books ==== * {{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120603081542/http://www.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/langue_francaise_monde_integral.pdf La langue française dans le monde 2010] (Full book freely accessible)

==== Articles ==== * "[http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/french-foreign-policy/francophony-1113/the-status-of-french-in-the-world/ The status of French in the world]". French Ministry of Foreign Affairs

{{Navboxes | list = {{France topics}} {{Languages of France}} {{Languages of Belgium}} {{Languages of Canada}} {{languages of Switzerland}} {{Gallo-Romance languages and dialects}} {{Romance languages}} {{Languages of Europe}} }} {{Authority control}}

Category:French language Category:Articles containing video clips Category:Fusional languages Category:Languages attested from the 9th century Category:Languages of France Category:Languages of Algeria Category:Languages of Belgium Category:Languages of Benin Category:Languages of Burkina Faso Category:Languages of Burundi Category:Languages of Cambodia Category:Languages of Cameroon Category:Languages of Canada Category:Languages of the Central African Republic Category:Languages of Chad Category:Languages of the Comoros Category:Languages of the Republic of the Congo Category:Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Category:Languages of Djibouti Category:Languages of French Guiana Category:Languages of French Polynesia Category:Languages of Gabon Category:Languages of Guadeloupe Category:Languages of Guinea Category:Languages of Haiti Category:Languages of Ivory Coast Category:Languages of Laos Category:Languages of Lebanon Category:Languages of Luxembourg Category:Languages of Madagascar Category:Languages of Mali Category:Languages of Martinique Category:Languages of Mauritania Category:Languages of Mauritius Category:Languages of Monaco Category:Languages of Morocco Category:Languages of New Caledonia Category:Languages of Niger Category:Languages of Réunion Category:Languages of Rwanda Category:Languages of Saint Martin (island) Category:Languages of Senegal Category:Languages of Seychelles Category:Languages of Switzerland Category:Languages of Togo Category:Languages of Tunisia Category:Immigrant languages of the United States Category:Languages of Vanuatu Category:Languages of Vietnam Category:Languages of Wallis and Futuna Category:Lingua francas Category:Subject–verb–object languages Category:Syllable-timed languages