{{Short description|Ancient English custom allowing widows to retain their husband's land}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
'''Free bench''' was a customary legal right in certain parts of England, allowing a widow to retain tenancy of her deceased husband's copyhold land, provided she remained unmarried and, in many places, chaste. Unlike dower, which was a legal entitlement under common law, free bench arose from manorial custom and varied significantly between manors.
:"Free Bench (Lat. ''francus bancus''). The widow's right to a copyhold. It is not a dower or gift, but a free right independent of the will of the husband. Called bench because, upon acceding to the estate, she becomes a tenant of the manor, and one of the benchers, i.e. persons who sit on the bench occupied by the ''pares curiæ'' (Peers of Court)".<ref>Brewer, E. Cobham. ''The Dictionary of Phrase and Fable''.</ref>
The widow of a tenant was usually permitted to retain her free bench as long as she remained chaste. If there was evidence of sexual misconduct or she declared an intention to remarry, her rights to the land were forfeited.
The rules governing free bench were not uniform and depended on local custom. Some manors did not recognize the right at all.
In a few instances, local customs included ritual acts by which a widow could regain her tenancy despite having violated the conditions. One such case, recorded in No. 614 of ''The Spectator'', describes a widow who was required to ride into court on a black ram, holding its tail, and recite the following lines:
:"Here I am, :Riding upon a black ram, :Like a whore as I am; :And for my crincum crancum (wicked conduct),<ref>{{cite news |title=The Extinction of Copyholds |issue=20522 |publisher=Western Morning News |date=29 December 1925}}</ref> :Have lost my bincum bancum (widow's land), :And for my tail's game :Have done this worldly shame; :Therefore I pray you, Mr Steward, :Let me have my land again."
==Legrewite== A similar practice to ''freebench'' sometimes applied to the children, who had to follow the conditions of their father. The lord had to look narrowly after the morals and marriages of the daughters of his farmers. A case of female incontinence was punished by a fine called '' 'Legrewite' '' or '' 'Leyr-wite' '' [From leyr derives 'lair'. l< OE leger= lying (down), a bed + wite = a fine],<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Dictionary of Medieval Terms and Phrases [D.S.Brewer 2004]|url=https://issuu.com/tungxdbt/docs/a_dictionary_of_medieval_terms_and_phrases__d.s.br|access-date=2021-08-03|website=Issuu|date=13 May 2013 |language=en}}</ref> and the birth of an illegitimate child was followed by another called '' 'childwite' '', which in one of the manors of Bury Monastery was fixed at 2s. 8d.: it was due from the guardian, who might be the father or the brother, of the unfortunate damsel. In some cases the young woman went through a grotesque act of penance. At Faringdon, a tenant's daughter, on being convicted of incontinence, forfeited forty pence (no small sum) in the reign of Henry III, to the lord of the manor; which was only remitted on condition of the offender's appearing in the lord's court, carrying a black sheep on her back, and making confession of her shame.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=deEuAAAAIAAJ&q=tolskedy&pg=PA33 | title=The Law Magazine and Law Review: Or, Quarterly Journal of Jurisprudence| year=1862}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| publisher = E. Nash| last = Fea| first = Allan| title = Quiet roads and sleepy villages| location = London| accessdate = 2016-08-12| date = 1913| url = https://archive.org/details/quietroadssleepy00feaa|page=[https://archive.org/details/quietroadssleepy00feaa/page/161 161]}}</ref>
==Manors where this custom is recorded== *Chaddleworth, Berkshire. *Enborne, Berkshire *Talskiddy, Cornwall. *Cardinham, Cornwall. *Torre, Devon. *Kilmersdon, Somerset
==See also== * Manorialism * Manor house * Feudalism
==References== {{reflist}} *Richard Carew's ''Survey of Cornwall''.
==External links== {{EB1911 Poster|Freebench}} *http://www.exclassics.com/newgate/ng281.htm *https://web.archive.org/web/20061126172700/http://www.btinternet.com/~coppinhomepage/ *[http://www.berkshirehistory.com/legends/oldcustoms.html Berkshire History]
Category:Feudalism in England Category:English legal terminology Category:English law