{{Short description|Family of squids}} {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Pliocene|recent|Pliocene - recent<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statoliths of Cenozoic teuthoid cephalopods from North America {{!}} The Palaeontological Association |url=https://www.palass.org/publications/palaeontology-journal/archive/22/2/article_pp479-511 |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.palass.org}}</ref>}} | image = Lesser Flying Squid - Todaropsis eblanae.jpg | image_caption = Lesser flying squid (''Todaropsis eblanae'') | taxon = Ommastrephidae | authority = Steenstrup, 1857 | subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies | subdivision = Illicinae <br />Ommastrephinae <br />Todarodinae<br /> ...and see text }}
'''Ommastrephidae''' is a family of squid containing three subfamilies, 11 genera, and over 20 species. They are widely distributed globally and are extensively fished for food. One species, ''Todarodes pacificus'', comprised around half of the world's cephalopod catch annually.<ref name="fao"/>
Some members of Ommastrephidae are known for their jet-propelled flight, earning them the common name of "flying squid".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muramatsu |first1=K. |last2=Yamamoto |first2=J. |last3=Abe |first3=T. |last4=Sekiguchi |first4=K. |last5=Hoshi |first5=N. |last6=Sakurai |first6=Y. |title=Oceanic squid do fly |journal=Marine Biology |date=May 2013 |volume=160 |issue=5 |pages=1171–1175 |doi=10.1007/s00227-013-2169-9|s2cid=253742101 }}</ref>
==Description== thumb|left|Funnel grooves of ommastrephid subfamilies The ommastrephids are small to large squids, with mantle lengths ranging from that of the glass squid (''Hyaloteuthis pelagica'') at {{convert|9|cm|in|abbr=on}},<ref name="tol">Nesis, K. N. 1982. Abridged key to the cephalopod mollusks of the world's ocean. 385, ii pp. Light and Food Industry Publishing House, Moscow. (In Russian.). Translated into English by B. S. Levitov, ed. by L. A. Burgess (1987), Cephalopods of the world. T. F. H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ, 351pp.</ref> to the Humboldt squid (''Dosidicus gigas'') at {{convert|1.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>Glaubrecht, M. & M.A. Salcedo-Vargas 2004. The Humboldt squid ''Dosidicus gigas'' (Orbigny, 1835): History of the Berlin specimen, with a reappraisal of other (bathy-)pelagic gigantic cephalopods (Mollusca, Ommastrephidae, Architeuthidae). ''Zoosystematics and Evolution'' '''80'''(1): 53–69. {{doi|10.1002/mmnz.20040800105}}</ref> The mantle narrows towards the back and possesses large terminal fins.<ref name="wormuth">{{cite book|author=John H. Wormuth|title =The biogeography and numerical taxonomy of the oegopsid squid family Ommastrephidae in the Pacific Ocean|publisher =University of California Press|year =1976|pages=9–10|isbn =978-0-520-09540-3|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=qYVQ4b446LUC&q=Ommastrephidae&pg=PA9}}</ref> The family is characterized by an inverted T-shaped funnel locking cartilage.<ref name="tolweb">{{Cite web |last1=Young |first1=Richard E. |last2=Vecchione |first2=Michael |last3=Roeleveld |first3=Martina A. Compagno |year=2010 |title=Ommastrephidae Steenstrup 1857. Version 27 June 2010. |url=http://tolweb.org/Ommastrephidae/19418 |access-date=January 5, 2012 |publisher=The Tree of Life Web Project}}</ref><ref name="wormuth"/> They have an easily recognizable, slender, feather-shaped gladius with a hollow cone structure (the primary conus). Light organs (photophores) are present along the head and mantle of members of the subfamily Ommastrephinae.<ref name="tolweb" /><ref name="wormuth"/> [[File:Illex illecebrosus gladius.jpg|thumb|left|The gladius of ''Illex illecebrosus'']]
Ommastrephid arms have a double series of suckers. The enlarged tips (the clubs) of the tentacles have four rows of suckers, except in the genus ''Illex'', which has eight. Hooks are absent. One of the ventral arms develops into a secondary sexual organ (the hectocotylus) in males.<ref name="fao">{{cite book|author=John H. Wormuth|title =Cephalopods of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date . Vol. 2, Myopsid and Oegopsid Squids|chapter=Ommastrephidae: Flying Squids|editor1=P. Jereb |editor2=C.F.E. Roper |publisher =Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year =1976|issue=4|volume=2|pages=9–10|url =http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i1920e/i1920e.pdf}}</ref>
All ommastrephids are active predators. Their arms and tentacles bear sharp teeth and are used to grasp and bring prey to their beaked mouths.<ref name="lamprell">{{cite book|author1=K. L. Lamprell |author2=J.M. Healy |author3=A.M. Scheltema |author4=K. Gowlett-Holmes |author5=C.C. Lu |title =Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 17.2, Mollusca: Aplacophora, Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda, Cephalopoda|publisher =CSIRO Publishing|year =2001|page=274|isbn =978-0-643-06707-3|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=5e4aah3VXZQC&q=Ommastrephidae&pg=PA274}}</ref> They are very strong swimmers, and some species are known to glide out of water to escape predators.<ref name="tolweb" />
Ommastrephid paralarvae are distinctive for having fused tentacles, looking like a single "proboscis". It gradually splits into two as the paralarvae grow becoming completely separated once they reach mantle lengths of {{convert|5|to|10|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="tolweb" /><ref name="lamprell"/>
==Distribution and habitat== Ommastrephids usually occur in pelagic waters, but can also be found in neritic habitats.<ref name="tolweb" /> They are found worldwide.<ref name="fao"/><ref name="lamprell"/>
==Taxonomy== [[File:Sanc1001 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg|thumb|Northern shortfin squid<br />(''Illex illecebrosus'')]] [[File:Dosidicus gigas.jpg|thumb|Humboldt squid<br />(''Dosidicus gigas'')]] [[File:Ommastrephes bartramii (Neon flying squid), Northern Hawaiian waters.jpg|thumb|Neon flying squid<br />(''Ommastrephes bartramii'')]] [[File:Martialia hyadesii.jpg|thumb|Sevenstar flying squid<br />(''Martialia hyadesii'')]] [[File:Todarodes pacificus.jpg|thumb|Japanese flying squid<br />(''Todarodes pacificus'')]] Ommastrephidae was first established by the Danish zoologist Japetus Steenstrup in 1857. It is classified under the suborder Oegopsina of the order Teuthida (squids). It is divided into five subfamilies which are further subdivided into 11 genera and more than 20 species.
The following subfamilies, genera, and species are classified in the family Ommastrephidae: *'''Family Ommastrephidae''' :*'''Subfamily Illicinae''' ::*Genus ''Illex'' :::* ''Illex argentinus'', Argentine shortfin squid :::* ''Illex coindetii'', southern shortfin squid :::* ''Illex illecebrosus'', northern shortfin squid :::* ''Illex oxygonius'', sharptail shortfin squid :*'''Subfamily Ommastrephinae''' ::*Genus ''Dosidicus'' :::* ''Dosidicus gigas'', Humboldt squid, jumbo flying squid or jumbo squid ::*Genus ''Eucleoteuthis'' :::* ''Eucleoteuthis luminosa'', striped squid or luminous flying squid ::*Genus ''Hyaloteuthis'' :::* ''Hyaloteuthis pelagica'', glassy flying squid ::*Genus ''Ommastrephes'' :::* ''Ommastrephes bartramii'', neon flying squid or red flying squid :::* ''Ommastrephes brevimanus'' :::* ''Ommastrephes caroli'' :::* ''Ommastrephes cylindraceus'' ::*Genus ''Sthenoteuthis'' :::* ''Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis'', purpleback squid or purpleback flying squid :::* ''Sthenoteuthis pteropus'', orangeback squid or orangeback flying squid :*'''Subfamily Ornithoteuthinae''' ::*Genus ''Ornithoteuthis'' :::* ''Ornithoteuthis antillarum'', Atlantic bird squid :::* ''Ornithoteuthis volatilis'', shiny bird squid :*'''Subfamily Todarodinae''' ::*Genus ''Martialia'' :::*''Martialia hyadesii'', sevenstar flying squid ::*Genus ''Nototodarus'' :::* ''Nototodarus gouldi'', Gould's flying squid :::* ''Nototodarus hawaiiensis'', Hawaiian flying squid :::*''Nototodarus sloanii'', Wellington flying squid or New Zealand arrow squid ::*Genus ''Todarodes'' :::* ''Todarodes angolensis'', Angola flying squid :::*''Todarodes filippovae'', Antarctic flying squid :::* ''Todarodes pacificus'', Japanese flying squid or Japanese common squid :::* ''Todarodes pusillus'', little flying squid :::* ''Todarodes sagittatus'', European flying squid :'''Subfamily Todaropsinae''' ::*Genus ''Todaropsis'' :::* ''Todaropsis eblanae'', lesser flying squid
==See also== *Loliginidae
==References== {{Reflist|2}}
==External links== {{Commons category|Ommastrephidae}} {{Wikispecies|Ommastrephidae}} {{CephBase Family|Ommastrephidae}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20061111154218/http://www.tonmo.com/forums/forumdisplay.php?f=54 Ommastrephidae discussion forum at TONMO.com] *[http://www.tolweb.org/Ommastrephidae/19418 Tree of Life web project: Ommastrephidae] *[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=can-squid-fly Scientific American: Can a Squid Fly Out of the Water?]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1377192}} {{Authority control}}
Category:Ommastrephidae Category:Cranchioidea Category:Cephalopod families