{{Short description|Diet limiting fluid consumption}} A '''fluid restriction diet''' is a diet which limits the amount of daily fluid consumption. Besides beverages, many foods also include fluids which needs to be taken into consideration. A fluid-restrictive diet assists in preventing the build-up of fluids in the body. Reducing fluid intake can alleviate stress on the body and may reduce additional complications. A fluid restriction diet is generally medically advised for patients with "heart problems, renal disease, liver damage including cirrhosis, endocrine and adrenal gland issues, elevated stress hormones and hyponatremia".<ref name="inte_">{{Cite web| title = Fluid Restricted Diet| work = intermountainphysician.org| year = 2016| access-date = 16 December 2019| url = https://intermountainphysician.org/_layouts/Custom/KnowledgeRepository/KrDocumentFetch.aspx?target=document&ncid=520429033&tfrm=default| archive-date = 12 August 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200812165058/https://intermountainphysician.org/_layouts/Custom/KnowledgeRepository/KrDocumentFetch.aspx?target=document&ncid=520429033&tfrm=default| url-status = dead}}</ref> Patients with heart failure are recommended to restrict fluid intake down to 2 quarts per day.<ref name="MoserRiegel2001">{{cite book|author1=Debra K. Moser|author2=Barbara Riegel|title=Improving Outcomes in Heart Failure: An Interdisciplinary Approach|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KFHVPbbRjlYC&pg=PA310|year=2001|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=978-0-8342-1644-0|pages=310–}}</ref>

Foods such as gelatin, ice cream, yogurt, soups, sauces and watery fruit need to be limited. It is recommended that patients on fluid restriction maintain a log to track daily fluid intake.<ref name="winc_Flui">{{Cite web| title = Fluid Restricted Diet| work = Winchester Hospital| access-date = 16 December 2019| url = https://www.winchesterhospital.org/health-library/article?id=570139}}</ref> Symptoms of fluid build up due to underlying heart issues include, increased blood pressure, difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, bloating, swelling and nausea.<ref name="heal_">{{Cite web| title = Controlling fluid intake in heart failure| author = NEMO| work = health.qld.gov.au| year = 2017| access-date = 16 December 2019| url = https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/150119/cardiac_fluid.pdf}}</ref>

Patients with terminal illness may refuse both nutrition and hydration.<ref>{{cite journal| pmid=7605733 | doi=10.1177/104990919501200205 | volume=12 | issue=2 | title=Patient refusal of nutrition and hydration: walking the ever-finer line | year=1995 | journal=Am J Hosp Palliat Care | pages=8, 9–13 | author=Byock I| s2cid=46385519 }}</ref>

==Effectiveness== Partial fluid restriction can be used as therapy, but has the disadvantages of being difficult to maintain, and it is often ineffective.<ref name=Gheorghiade>{{cite journal|title=Vasopressin V2 Receptor Blockade With Tolvaptan Versus Fluid Restriction in the Treatment of Hyponatremia|doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.10.050|pmid=16563917|year=2006|last1=Gheorghiade|first1=Mihai|last2=Gottlieb|first2=Stephen S.|last3=Udelson|first3=James E.|last4=Konstam|first4=Marvin A.|last5=Czerwiec|first5=Frank|last6=Ouyang|first6=John|last7=Orlandi|first7=Cesare|journal=The American Journal of Cardiology|volume=97|issue=7|pages=1064–1067}}</ref> Drugs causing increased diuresis (diuretics) is generally an alternative, and have less risk of causing decreased glomerular filtration rate through the kidneys and resultant decreased kidney function. Fluid restriction is occasionally a practice in management of heart failure. However, according to a scientific review in 2009, there is no evidence of benefit of fluid restriction in patients with clinically stable heart failure otherwise receiving optimal pharmacological treatment.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tai MK |title=Evidence-based practice of fluid restriction in patients with heart failure |language=zh |journal=Hu Li Za Zhi |volume=56 |issue=5 |pages=23–9 |year=2009 |pmid=19760574 }}</ref> Rather, diuretics are preferred in heart failure, mainly ACE inhibitors, with substantial evidence of improving survival and quality of life in heart failure patients.<ref name="CONSENSUS">{{cite journal|author=The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. |title=Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=316 |pages=1429–35 |year=1987 |pmid=2883575|issue=23 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198706043162301}}</ref><ref name="SOLVD">{{cite journal|author=The SOLVD Investigators. |title=Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=325 |pages=293–302 |year=1991 |pmid=2057034|issue=5 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199108013250501|doi-access=free }}</ref> Theoretically, fluid restriction could also correct the electrolyte imbalance in hyponatremia, but again, diuretics, mainly vasopressin receptor antagonists, show better efficiency.<ref name=Gheorghiade/> Nevertheless, in hyponatremia secondary to SIADH, long-term fluid restriction (of 1,200–1,800 mL/day) in addition to diuretics is standard treatment.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Water and Electrolyte Regulation|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-79565-0_40|isbn=978-3-540-79564-3|title=Neurosurgery|year=2010|last1=Schürer|first1=Ludwig|last2=Wolf|first2=Stefan|last3=Lumenta|first3=Christianto B.|pages=611–615}}</ref>

== See also == * Drinking * List of diets

==References== {{reflist|2}}

{{Diets}}

Category:Diets