Hypervolemia

{{Distinguish|volume overload|water overload}} {{More science citations needed|date=September 2018}} {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = Hypervolemia | synonyms = Fluid overload, hypervolaemia, hypervolæmia | image = Capillary microcirculation.svg | caption = A diagram showing the formation of interstitial fluid from the bloodstream | pronounce = | field = | symptoms = | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }}

'''Hypervolemia''', also known as '''fluid overload''', is the medical condition where there is too much fluid in the blood. The opposite condition is hypovolemia, which is too little fluid volume in the blood. Fluid volume excess in the intravascular compartment occurs due to an increase in total body sodium content and a consequent increase in extracellular body water. The mechanism usually stems from compromised regulatory mechanisms for sodium handling as seen in congestive heart failure (CHF), kidney failure, and liver failure. It may also be caused by excessive intake of sodium from foods, intravenous (IV) solutions and blood transfusions, medications, or diagnostic contrast dyes. Treatment typically includes administration of diuretics and limit the intake of water, fluids, sodium, and salt.

==Signs and symptoms== The excess fluid, primarily salt and water, builds up in various locations in the body and leads to an increase in weight, swelling in the legs and arms (peripheral edema), and/or fluid in the abdomen (ascites). Eventually, the fluid enters the air spaces in the lungs (pulmonary edema) reduces the amount of oxygen that can enter the blood, leading to anemia and causes shortness of breath (dyspnea) or enters pleural space by transudation (pleural effusion which also causes dyspnea), which is the best indicator of estimating central venous pressure is increased. It can also cause swelling of the face. Fluid can also collect in the lungs when lying down at night, possibly making nighttime breathing and sleeping difficult (paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea).{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}

===Complications=== Congestive heart failure is the most common result of fluid overload. Also, it may be associated with hyponatremia (hypervolemic hyponatremia).<ref>[http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec12/ch156/ch156d.html#sec12-ch156-ch156d-714 The MERCK MANUALS > Hyponatremia] Last full review/revision May 2009 by James L. Lewis, III, MD</ref>

==Causes== '''Excessive sodium and/or fluid intake''': * IV therapy containing sodium<ref name=Hagerstwon>Page 62 (Fluid imbalances) in: {{cite book |title=Portable Fluids and Electrolytes (Portable Series) |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstwon, MD |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-58255-678-9 }}</ref> * As a transfusion reaction to a rapid blood transfusion.<ref name=Hagerstwon/><ref name="urlComplications of Transfusion: Transfusion Medicine: Merck Manual Professional">{{cite web |url=http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec11/ch146/ch146e.html#sec11-ch146-ch146d-1100 |title=Complications of Transfusion: Transfusion Medicine: Merck Manual Professional |access-date=2009-02-09}}</ref> * High intake of sodium<ref name=Hagerstwon/>

'''Sodium and water retention''': * Heart failure<ref name=Hagerstwon/> * Liver cirrhosis<ref name=Hagerstwon/> * Nephrotic syndrome<ref name=Hagerstwon/> * Corticosteroid therapy<ref name=Hagerstwon/> * Hyperaldosteronism<ref name=Hagerstwon/> * Low protein intake<ref name=Hagerstwon/>

'''Fluid shift into the intravascular space''': * Fluid remobilization after burn treatment<ref name=Hagerstwon/> * Administration of hypertonic fluids, e.g. mannitol<ref name=Hagerstwon/> or hypertonic saline solution * Administration of plasma proteins, such as albumin<ref name=Hagerstwon/>

==Treatment== {{Unreferenced-medical section|date=September 2018}} Treatment includes diuretics, particularly loop diuretics.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Claure-Del Granado |first1=Rolando |last2=Mehta |first2=Ravindra L. |title=Fluid overload in the ICU: evaluation and management |journal=BMC Nephrology |date=December 2016 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=109 |doi=10.1186/s12882-016-0323-6|pmid=27484681 |pmc=4970195 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==See also== * Volume status * Volume overload * Fluid balance * Edema * Anasarca (swelling of skin) * Pleural effusion (excess fluid in the pleural cavity) * Diuretics * Aquapheresis * Low pressure receptor zones

==References== {{Reflist}}

== External links == {{Medical resources | DiseasesDB = | ICD10 = {{ICD10|E|87|7|e|70}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|276.6}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = | eMedicineTopic = | MeshID = }}

Category:Endocrine diseases