Flaying

[[Image:Last judgement.jpg|thumb|225px|Michelangelo's ''The Last Judgment'' - St Bartholomew holding the knife of his martyrdom and his flayed skin; it is conjectured that Michelangelo included a self-portrait depicting himself as St Bartholomew after he had been flayed alive.]]

'''Flaying''', also known as '''skinning''', is a method of slow torture or execution in which skin is removed from the body.

==Scope== A dead animal may be flayed when preparing it to be used as human food, or for its hide or fur. This is more commonly called skinning.

Flaying of humans is used as a method of torture or execution, depending on how much of the skin is removed. This is often referred to as flaying alive. There are also records of people being flayed after death, generally as a means of debasing the corpse of a prominent enemy or criminal, sometimes related to metaphysical ideas (e.g., to deny an afterlife); sometimes the skin is used, again for deterrence, esoteric or ritualistic purposes, etc. (e.g., scalping).{{citation needed| date= October 2017}}

==Causes of death== Dermatologist Ernst G. Jung notes that the typical causes of death due to flaying are shock, critical loss of blood or other body fluids, hypothermia, or infections, and that the actual death is estimated to occur from a few hours up to a few days after the flaying.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=LAnRRHPMmlcC&pg=PA69 p.69 ''Kleine Kulturgeschichte der Haut'']. p. 69. Ernst G. Jung (2007).</ref> Hypothermia is possible because skin provides natural insulation and is essential for maintaining body temperature.

==History==

=== Assyrian tradition === [[File:Flaying of rebels.jpg|thumb|250px|Assyrians flaying their prisoners alive]] Ernst G. Jung, in his ''Kleine Kulturgeschichte der Haut'' ("A short cultural history of the skin"), provides an essay in which he outlines the Neo-Assyrian tradition of flaying human beings.<ref>Paragraph based on the essay "''Von Ursprung des Schindens in Assyrien''" in ''Jung'' (2007), [https://books.google.com/books?id=LAnRRHPMmlcC&pg=PA67 p.67-70]</ref> Already from the times of Ashurnasirpal II (r. 883–859 BC), the practice is displayed and commemorated in both carvings and official royal edicts. The carvings show that the actual flaying process might begin at various places on the body, such as at the crus (lower leg), the thighs, or the buttocks. [[File:Shield showing three flaying knives, symbol of St. Bartholomew.jpg|left|170px|thumb|Shield showing three flaying knives, symbol of Bartholomew the Apostle]] In their royal edicts, the Neo-Assyrian kings seem to gloat over the terrible fate they imposed upon their captives, and that flaying seems, in particular, to be the fate meted out to rebel leaders. Jung provides some examples of this triumphant rhetoric. From Ashurnasirpal II:{{quote|I have made a pillar facing the city gate, and have flayed all the rebel leaders; I have clad the pillar in the flayed skins. I let the leaders of the conquered cities be flayed, and clad the city walls with their skins. The captives I have killed by the sword and flung on the dung heap.{{Citation needed |reason=source not clear |date=November 2016}}}}

The Rassam cylinder in the British Museum describes this: "Their corpses they hung on stakes, they took off their skins and covered the city wall with them."<ref>Luckenbill, Daniel David (1927). ''Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia, Volume II''. pp. 294-295.</ref>

=== Other examples === Searing or cutting the flesh from the body was sometimes used as part of the public execution of traitors in medieval Europe. A similar mode of execution was used as late as the early 18th century in France; one such episode is graphically recounted in the opening chapter of Michel Foucault's ''Observe and Punish'' Surveiller et Punir.(1979).

In 1303, the treasury of Westminster Abbey was robbed while holding a large sum of money belonging to King Edward I. After the arrest and interrogation of 48 monks, three of them, including the subprior and sacrist, were found guilty of the robbery and flayed. Their skin was attached to three doors as a warning against robbers of church and state.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Andrews |first1=William |title=The Church Treasury of History, Custom, Folk-Lore, etc. |date=1898 |publisher=Williams Andrews & Co. |location=London|pages=158–167 |url=http://www.elfinspell.com/England/Andrews/TheChurchTreasury/HumanSkinOnChurchDoors.html |access-date=4 May 2015}}</ref> At St Michael & All Angels Church in Copford in Essex, England, it is claimed that human skin was found attached to an old door, though evidence seems elusive.<ref name="Wall">Wall, J. Charles (1912), ''Porches and Fonts.'' Wells Gardner and Darton, London. pp. 41-42.</ref>

In Chinese history, Sun Hao, Fu Sheng and Gao Heng were known for removing skin from people's faces.<ref>. [http://www.chinamonitor.org/article/kuxing/zgkx.htm 中国死刑观察--中国的酷刑]</ref> The Hongwu Emperor flayed corrupt officials who embezzled more than 60 taels of silver.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eywedu.com/lishiyanjiu/lsyj2001/lsyj20010414.html |title=也谈"剥皮实草"的真实性 |publisher=Eywedu.com |access-date=2013-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521185121/http://www.eywedu.com/lishiyanjiu/lsyj2001/lsyj20010414.html |archive-date=2015-05-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://fjtct.now.cn:7751/zjjxs.com/msfq/msfq/msfq-6.htm 覃垕曬皮] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211212501/http://fjtct.now.cn:7751/zjjxs.com/msfq/msfq/msfq-6.htm |date=2007-12-11 }}</ref> Hai Rui suggested that his emperor flay corrupt officials. The Zhengde Emperor flayed six rebels,<ref>History of Ming, vol.94</ref> and Zhang Xianzhong also flayed many people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://book.sina.com.cn/nzt/history/his/lishizhenxiang/71.shtml |title=写入青史总断肠(2) |publisher=Book.sina.com.cn |access-date=2013-07-11}}</ref> Lu Xun said the Ming dynasty was begun and ended by flaying.<ref>鲁迅. ''且介亭雜文·病後雜談''</ref>

== See also == * Anthropodermic bibliopegy (books bound in human skin) * Degloving * Écorché * Excarnation * Lingchi * Scalping

==References== {{Reflist}}

==Bibliography== *{{cite book|last=Jung|first=Ernst G.|title="Von Ursprung des Schindens in Assyrien", in "Kleine Kulturgeschichte Der Haut" |year=2007|publisher=Springer Verlag|isbn=9783798517578}}

==External links== {{Commons category}} *[http://www.mystudios.com/art/italian/titian/titian-flaying-of-marsyas.jpg 1575 Painting: The Flaying of Marsyas, by Titian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524133102/http://www.mystudios.com/art/italian/titian/titian-flaying-of-marsyas.jpg |date=2019-05-24 }}.

Category:Corporal punishments Category:Execution methods Category:Torture Category:Skin *