Acer campestre

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant in the lychee family Sapindaceae}} {{Speciesbox | image = Acer campestre in Appennino2.jpg | genus = Acer | parent = Acer sect. Platanoidea | species = campestre | authority = L. | range_map = Acer campestre range.svg | range_map_caption = Distribution | synonyms = {{ collapsible list | * ''Acer affine'' Hoffmanns. ex Walp. * ''Acer affine'' Opiz * ''Acer bedoi'' Borbás * ''Acer campestre'' f. ''aegaeicum'' Drenk. * ''Acer campestre'' f. ''boomii'' Geerinck * ''Acer campestre'' f. ''ferrugineum'' Jovan. * ''Acer campestre'' f. ''josifovicii'' (Gajic & Diklic) Jovan. * ''Acer campestre'' f. ''jovanovicii'' Gajic & Drenk. * ''Acer campestre'' f. ''latilobum'' Jovan. * ''Acer campestre'' f. ''platypterum'' Jovan. * ''Acer collinum'' Ten. * ''Acer erythrocarpum'' Opiz ex Rouy & Fouc. * ''Acer haplolobum'' Borbás * ''Acer heterolobum'' Opiz * ''Acer heterotomum'' Borbás * ''Acer marucum'' Walp. * ''Acer microphyllum'' Opiz * ''Acer orthopteron'' Masson ex Opiz * ''Acer palmatisectum'' Ortmann * ''Acer polycarpon'' Opiz * ''Acer praecox'' Opiz * ''Acer quinquelobatum'' J.Wagner ex Opiz * ''Acer robustum'' Opiz * ''Acer suberosum'' Dumort. * ''Acer tauricum'' Dippel * ''Acer tauschianum'' Opiz * ''Euacer affine'' Opiz * ''Euacer austriacum'' Opiz * ''Euacer campestre'' (L.) Opiz * ''Euacer eriocarpon'' Opiz * ''Euacer erythrocarpon'' Opiz * ''Euacer kablikianum'' Opiz * ''Euacer leiocarpon'' Opiz * ''Euacer molle'' Opiz * ''Euacer obtusilobum'' Opiz * ''Euacer orthopteron'' Opiz * ''Euacer pallens'' Opiz * ''Euacer palmatisectum'' Opiz * ''Euacer polycarpon'' Opiz * ''Euacer quinquelobatum'' Opiz * ''Euacer rubescens'' Opiz * ''Euacer rubrotinctum'' Opiz * ''Euacer scharkense'' Opiz * ''Euacer stenopteron'' Opiz * ''Euacer subquinquelobatum'' Opiz }} | synonyms_ref =<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:781250-1#synonyms |title=''Acer campestre'' L. |author= |date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=31 July 2020 }}</ref> }} thumb '''''Acer campestre''''', known as the '''field maple''',<ref>{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=2021-03-03 }}</ref> is a flowering plant species in the family Sapindaceae. It is native to much of continental Europe, Britain, southwest Asia from Turkey to the Caucasus, and north Africa in the Atlas Mountains. It has been widely planted, and is introduced outside its native range in Europe and areas of USA and Western Australia with suitable climate.

==Description== It is a deciduous tree reaching {{convert|15|–|25|m|abbr=on}} tall, with a trunk up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} in diameter, with finely fissured, often somewhat corky bark. The shoots are brown, with dark brown winter buds. The leaves are in opposite pairs, {{convert|5|–|16|cm|abbr=on}} long (including the {{convert|3|–|9|cm|abbr=on}} petiole) and {{convert|5|–|10|cm|abbr=on}} broad, with five blunt, rounded lobes with a smooth margin. Usually monoecious, the flowers are produced in spring at the same time as the leaves open, yellow-green, in erect clusters {{convert|4|–|6|cm|abbr=on}} across, and are insect-pollinated. The fruit is a samara with two winged achenes aligned at 180°, each achene is {{convert|8|–|10|mm|abbr=on}} wide, flat, with a {{convert|2|cm|adj=on|abbr=on}} wing.<ref name="Rushforth-1999"/><ref name="Mitchell-1974"/>

The two varieties, not accepted as distinct by all authorities, are:<ref name="Rushforth-1999"/><ref name="Euro+Med Plantbase"/> * ''Acer campestre'' var. ''campestre'' - downy fruit * ''Acer campestre'' var. ''leiocarpum'' (Opiz) Wallr. (syn. ''A. campestre'' subsp. ''leiocarpum'') - hairless fruit

The closely related ''Acer miyabei'' replaces it in eastern Asia.<ref name="Rushforth-1999"/>

==Distribution== The native range of field maple includes much of Europe, including Denmark, Poland and Belarus, England north to southern Scotland (where it is the only native maple), southwest Asia from Turkey to the Caucasus, and north Africa in the Atlas Mountains.<ref name="Rushforth-1999">Rushforth, K. (1999). ''Trees of Britain and Europe''. Collins {{ISBN|0-00-220013-9}}.</ref><ref name="Mitchell-1974">Mitchell, A. F. (1974). ''A Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe''. Collins {{ISBN|0-00-212035-6}}</ref><ref name="Euro+Med Plantbase">Euro+Med Plantbase Project: [http://ww2.bgbm.org/_EuroPlusMed/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameId=811&PTRefFk=500000 ''Acer campestre''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928003449/http://ww2.bgbm.org/_EuroPlusMed/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameId=811&PTRefFk=500000 |date=2007-09-28 }}</ref><ref name="FloraEuropaea">{{cite web|url=http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Acer&SPECIES_XREF=campestre&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK=|title=''Acer campestre''|publisher=Flora Europaea|access-date=August 29, 2007}}</ref><ref name="Flora of NW Europe">Flora of NW Europe: [http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/BIS/flora.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=3147 ''Acer campestre'']{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=dvf>Den virtuella floran: [https://web.archive.org/web/20211027225915/http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/acera/acer/acercamv.jpg ''Acer campestre'' distribution map]</ref><ref name="Ducci-2004">{{cite journal|author1=Nagy, L.|author2=Ducci, F.|title=Acer campestre - Field maple|journal=EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for Genetic Conservation and Use|date=2004|pages=6 p| url=http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin//templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/1033_Technical_guidelines_for_genetic_conservation_and_use_for_field_maple__Acer_campestre_.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019212207/http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin/templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/1033_Technical_guidelines_for_genetic_conservation_and_use_for_field_maple__Acer_campestre_.pdf |archivedate=2016-10-19}}</ref> In many areas, the original native range is obscured by widespread planting and introductions.<ref name="Biological Records Centre and Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland">{{cite web |title=Online atlas of the British and Irish flora, ''Acer campestre'' (Field maple) |url=https://www.brc.ac.uk/plantatlas/index.php?q=plant/acer-campestre |publisher=Biological Records Centre and Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland }}</ref> In North America it is known as '''hedge maple'''<ref name="USDA Plants Profile">{{cite web|url= https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ACCA5|title=''Acer campestre''|publisher=USDA Plants Profile|access-date=August 29, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs/TMI/Plantlist/ac_estre.html|title=''Acer campestre''|publisher=Ohio State University|access-date=August 29, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901163622/http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs/TMI/Plantlist/ac_estre.html|archive-date=September 1, 2006|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> and in Australia, it is sometimes called '''common maple.'''<ref>Department of Agriculture, Western Australia: [http://www.padil.gov.au/viewPest.aspx?id=165 Pests and Diseases Image Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819104821/http://www.padil.gov.au/viewPest.aspx?id=165 |date=2008-08-19 }}</ref> In Nottinghamshire, England it was known locally as '''dog oak'''.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The English dialect dictionary|last = Wright|first = Joseph|publisher = Oxford University Press|volume = 6|location = London|pages = 109}}</ref>

==Ecology== Field maple is an intermediate species in the ecological succession of disturbed areas; it typically is not among the first trees to colonise a freshly disturbed area, but instead seeds in under the existing vegetation. It is very shade-tolerant during the initial stages of its life, but it has higher light requirements during its seed-bearing years. It exhibits rapid growth initially, but is eventually overtaken and replaced by other trees as the forest matures. It is most commonly found on neutral to alkaline soils, but more rarely on acidic soil.<ref name="Ducci-2004"/>

Diseases include a leaf spot fungus ''Didymosporina aceris'', a mildew ''Uncinula bicornis'', a canker ''Nectria galligena'', and verticillium wilt ''Verticillium alboatrum''. The leaves are also sometimes damaged by gall mites in the genus ''Aceria'', and the aphid ''Periphyllus villosus''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.baumportal.de/eng/Tree_profile/field_maple.htm |title=Field maple images and diseases |access-date=2007-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928013349/http://www.baumportal.de/eng/Tree_profile/field_maple.htm |archive-date=2007-09-28 }}</ref>

== Cultivation and uses == The field maple is widely grown as an ornamental tree in parks and large gardens. The wood is white, hard and strong, and used for furniture, flooring, wood turning and musical instruments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.british-trees.com/treeguide/maples/nbnsys0000003193.htm|title=Field maple_Woodland Trust|access-date=2010-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913021530/http://www.british-trees.com/treeguide/maples/nbnsys0000003193.htm|archive-date=2010-09-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> though the small size of the tree and its relatively slow growth make it an unimportant wood.<ref name="Rushforth-1999"/> It has an OPALS rating of 7.<ref name="Ogren-2000">{{cite book|last=Ogren|first=Thomas Leo|title=Allergy-Free Gardening|date=2000|publisher=Ten Speed Press|location=Berkeley, California|isbn=1580081665|page=[https://archive.org/details/allergyfreegarde00thom/page/30 30]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/allergyfreegarde00thom/page/30}}</ref>

It is locally naturalised in parts of the United States<ref name="USDA Plants Profile"/> and more rarely in New Zealand.<ref>''Trans. and Proc. Roy. Soc. New Zealand'' 36: 203-225 [http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_36/rsnz_36_00_001140.html Plants naturalised in the County of Ashburton]</ref> The hybrid maple ''Acer'' × ''zoeschense'' has ''A. campestre'' as one of its parents.<ref name="Mitchell-1974"/>

The tree has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.<ref name="RHS">{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/166/Acer-campestre/Details | title = ''Acer campestre'' | website = www.rhs.org | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 27 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = November 2018 | page = 1 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | website = www.rhs.org | access-date = 27 February 2020}}</ref>

===Cultivars=== Over 30 cultivars of ''Acer campestre'' are known, selected for their foliage or habit, or both; several have been lost to cultivation.<ref name="van Gelderen-1999">{{cite book|author1=van Gelderen, C.J. |author2=van Gelderen, D.M.|year=1999|title=''Maples for Gardens: A Color Encyclopedia''|url=https://archive.org/details/maplesforgardens0000geld |url-access=registration }}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=15em}} * 'Carnival' * 'Commodore' * 'Compactum' * 'Eastleigh Weeping' * 'Elegant' * 'Elsrijk' * 'Evenly Red' * 'Fastigiatum' * 'Green Weeping' * 'Leprechaun' * 'Lienco' * 'Marjolein' * 'Nanum' * 'Pendulum' * 'Postelense' * 'Pulverulentum' * 'Punctatissimum' * 'Puncticulatum' * 'Queen Elisabeth' * 'Red Shine' * 'Royal Ruby' * 'Ruby Glow' * 'Schwerinii' * 'Senator' * 'Silver Celebration' * 'Silver Dawn' * 'Streetwise' * 'Tauricum' * 'Tomentosum' * 'William Caldwell' * 'Zorgvlied' {{div col end}}

==Bonsai== ''Acer campestre'' (and the similar ''A. monspessulanum'') are popular among ''bonsai'' enthusiasts. The dwarf cultivar 'Microphyllum' is especially useful in this regard. ''A. campestre'' ''bonsai'' have an appearance distinct from those selected from some other maples such as ''A. palmatum'' with more frilly, translucent, leaves. The shrubby habit and smallish leaves of ''A. campestre'' respond well to techniques encouraging ramification and leaf reduction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonsai-bci.com/species/acercamp.html |title=''A. campestre'' |publisher=Bonsai Club International |access-date=November 26, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061111043423/http://www.bonsai-bci.com/species/acercamp.html |archive-date=November 11, 2006 }}</ref><ref name="D'Cruz-2012">{{cite web|first=Mark|last=D'Cruz|title=Ma-Ke Bonsai Care Guide for Acer campestre|publisher=Ma-Ke Bonsai|url=http://makebonsai.com/guide/bonsailink.asp?quicklink=5101&name=Acer_campestre|access-date=April 15, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315170118/http://makebonsai.com/guide/bonsailink.asp?quicklink=5101&name=Acer_campestre|archive-date=March 15, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Gallery== <gallery> Image:Acer campestre 001.jpg|Field maple leaf Image:Acer campestre 002.jpg|Leaves and flowers Image:Acer campestre 003.jpg|Field maple, Germany Image:Acer campestre 004.jpg|Leaves Image:Acer campestre 007.jpg|Foliage in spring Image:Acer campestre 009.jpg|Field maple, Hesse, Germany Image:Acer campestre 010.jpg|Field maple leaf Image:Acer campestris1.jpg|Fruits Image:Acer_campestrie_L_ag1.jpg|Field maple Image:Acer-campestre-flowers.JPG|Field maple flowers Image:Field maple.JPG|Field maple in autumn, France Image:Acer campestre 006.jpg|Field maple, Germany Image:Entzia - Acer Campestre 02.jpg|Field maple, Spain Image:FeldahornBlatt.jpg|Leaves and inflorescence Image:Acer-campestre.JPG|Leaves and fruits Image:Acer campestre (4).JPG|Trunk Image:Acer campestre Weinsberg 20070419 1.jpg|Maple field tree, Weinsberg Image:Acer campestre 005.jpg|Leaf </gallery>

==References== {{Reflist}}

==Further reading== {{Commons}} * {{cite journal|last1=Chybicki|first1=Igor J.|last2=Waldon-Rudzionek|first2=Barbara|last3=Meyza|first3=Katarzyna|title=Population at the edge: increased divergence but not inbreeding towards northern range limit in Acer campestre|journal=Tree Genetics & Genomes|date=December 2014|volume=10|issue=6|pages=1739–1753|doi=10.1007/s11295-014-0793-2|doi-access=free}}

campestre Category:Flora of North Africa Category:Garden plants of Asia Category:Garden plants of Europe Category:Plants used in bonsai Category:Trees of Asia Category:Trees of Western Asia Category:Trees of Europe Category:Plants described in 1753 Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus