Fibrillation

{{Short description|Rapid, irregular contraction of muscle fibers}} {{for|the video game|Fibrillation (video game)}} {{more citations needed|date=September 2012}}  '''Fibrillation''' is the rapid, irregular, and unsynchronized contraction of muscle fibers. An important occurrence is with regard to the heart.

==Cardiology== There are two major classes of cardiac fibrillation: atrial fibrillation and ventricular fibrillation. * Atrial fibrillation is an irregular and uncoordinated contraction of the cardiac muscle of atria. It can be a chronic condition, usually treated with anticoagulation and sometimes with conversion to normal sinus rhythm. In this condition the normal electrical pulses coming from the sinoatrial node are overwhelmed by disorganized electrical impulses usually originating in the roots of the pulmonary veins, leading to irregular conduction of impulses to the ventricles which generate the heartbeat.<ref name="Reddy Taha Kundumadam Khan 2017 pp. 545–550">{{cite journal | last1=Reddy | first1=Vivek | last2=Taha | first2=Wael | last3=Kundumadam | first3=Shanker | last4=Khan | first4=Mazhar | title=Atrial fibrillation and hyperthyroidism: A literature review | journal=Indian Heart Journal | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=69 | issue=4 | date=2017-07-05 | issn=0019-4832 | pmid=28822529 | pmc=5560908 | doi=10.1016/j.ihj.2017.07.004 | pages=545–550}}</ref><ref name="Dalen Alpert 2017 pp. 264–267">{{cite journal | last1=Dalen | first1=James E. | last2=Alpert | first2=Joseph S. | title=Silent Atrial Fibrillation and Cryptogenic Strokes | journal=The American Journal of Medicine | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=130 | issue=3 | year=2017 | issn=0002-9343 | pmid=27756556 | doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.09.027 | pages=264–267| doi-access=free }}</ref> * Ventricular fibrillation is an irregular and uncoordinated contraction of the cardiac muscle of ventricles. It is a common cause of cardiac arrest and is usually fatal if not reversed by defibrillation.<ref name="Visser van der Heijden Doevendans Loh 2016 p. ">{{cite journal | last1=Visser | first1=Marloes | last2=van der Heijden | first2=Jeroen F. | last3=Doevendans | first3=Pieter A. | last4=Loh | first4=Peter | last5=Wilde | first5=Arthur A. | last6=Hassink | first6=Rutger J. | title=Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation | journal=Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology | publisher=Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) | volume=9 | issue=5 | year=2016 | issn=1941-3149 | pmid=27103090 | doi=10.1161/circep.115.003817 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Krummen Ho Villongco Hayase 2016 pp. 373–390">{{cite journal | last1=Krummen | first1=David E | last2=Ho | first2=Gordon | last3=Villongco | first3=Christopher T | last4=Hayase | first4=Justin | last5=Schricker | first5=Amir A | title=Ventricular fibrillation: triggers, mechanisms and therapies | journal=Future Cardiology | publisher=Future Medicine Ltd | volume=12 | issue=3 | year=2016 | issn=1479-6678 | pmid=27120223 | doi=10.2217/fca-2016-0001 | pages=373–390}}</ref><ref name="Luo Jin Zhang Huang pp. 19–30">{{cite journal | last1=Luo | first1=Qingzhi | last2=Jin | first2=Qi | last3=Zhang | first3=Ning | last4=Huang | first4=Shangwei | last5=Han | first5=Yanxin | last6=Lin | first6=Changjian | last7=Ling | first7=Tianyou | last8=Chen | first8=Kang | last9=Pan | first9=Wenqi | last10=Wu | first10=Liqun | title=Antifibrillatory effects of renal denervation on ventricular fibrillation in a canine model of pacing-induced heart failure | journal=Experimental Physiology | publisher=Wiley | volume=103 | issue=1 | date=2017-11-28 | issn=0958-0670 | pmid=29094471 | doi=10.1113/ep086472 | pages=19–30| doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Ludhwani Jagtap 2018">{{cite journal | last1=Ludhwani | first1=Dipesh | last2=Jagtap | first2=Mandar | title=Rhythm, Ventricular Fibrillation | website=NCBI Bookshelf | date=2018-12-19 | pmid=30725805 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537120/ | access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref>

Fibrillation may sometimes be used after heart surgery to stop the heart from beating while any minor leaks are stitched up.

==Musculoskeletal== Fibrillation also occurs with individual skeletal muscle fibers.<ref>{{DorlandsDict|three/000039912|fibrillation}}</ref> This happens when muscle fibers lose contact with their innervating axon producing a spontaneous action potential, "fibrillation potential" that results in the muscle fiber's contraction. These contractions are not visible under the skin and are detectable through needle electromyography (EMG) and ultrasound.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pillen S, Nienhuis M, van Dijk JP, Arts IM, van Alfen N, Zwarts MJ | year = 2009 | title = Muscles alive: ultrasound detects fibrillations | journal = Clin Neurophysiol | volume = 120 | issue = 5| pages = 932–6 | doi = 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.01.016 | pmid = 19356976 | s2cid = 7201008 }}</ref> Fibrillations can occur in healthy individuals. If the fibrillations have irregular potentials, then they don't have pathological significance.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc = 492832 | pmid=925696 | volume=40 | issue=8 | title=Benign fibrillation potentials in normal muscle and their correlation with endplate and denervation potentials | year=1977 | journal=J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry | pages=765–8 | author=Stöhr M | doi=10.1136/jnnp.40.8.765}}</ref> In other cases they are a major symptom in acute and severe peripheral nerve disorders, in myopathies in which muscle fibers are split or inflamed, and in lower motor neuron lesions.

They contrast with fasciculations that are ''visible'' spontaneous contractions involving ''small groups'' of muscle fibers. Fasciculations can be seen in lower motor neuron lesions as well, but they also do not necessarily denote pathology.

==Terminology== The word ''fibrillation'' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|f|ɪ|b|r|ᵻ|l|ˈ|eɪ|ʃ|ən}}) is related to the word ''fibril'' in the sense of muscle fibrils, the proteins that make up each muscle fiber (muscle cell).

==References== {{reflist}}

Category:Cardiac arrhythmia Category:Symptoms and signs: Nervous system