Fibered manifold

{{Short description|Concept in differential geometry}} {{Use American English|date=March 2021}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2021}}

In differential geometry, in the category of differentiable manifolds, a '''fibered manifold''' is a surjective submersion <math display=block>\pi : E \to B\,</math> that is, a surjective differentiable mapping such that at each point <math>y \in E</math> the tangent mapping <math display=block>T_y \pi : T_{y} E \to T_{\pi(y)}B</math> is surjective, or, equivalently, its rank equals <math>\dim B.</math><ref>{{harvnb|Kolář|Michor|Slovák|1993|p=11}}</ref>

==History==

In topology, the words '''fiber''' ('''Faser''' in German) and '''fiber space''' ('''gefaserter Raum''') appeared for the first time in a paper by Herbert Seifert in 1932, but his definitions are limited to a very special case.<ref>{{harvnb|Seifert|1932}}</ref> The main difference from the present day conception of a fiber space, however, was that for Seifert what is now called the '''base space''' (topological space) of a fiber (topological) space <math>E</math> was not part of the structure, but derived from it as a quotient space of <math>E.</math> The first definition of '''fiber space''' is given by Hassler Whitney in 1935 under the name '''sphere space''', but in 1940 Whitney changed the name to '''sphere bundle'''.<ref>{{harvnb|Whitney|1935}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Whitney|1940}}</ref>

The theory of fibered spaces, of which vector bundles, principal bundles, topological fibrations and fibered manifolds are a special case, is attributed to Seifert, Hopf, Feldbau, Whitney, Steenrod, Ehresmann, Serre, and others.<ref>{{harvnb|Feldbau|1939}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Ehresmann|1947a}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Ehresmann|1947b}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Ehresmann|1955}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Serre|1951}}</ref>

==Formal definition==

A triple <math>(E, \pi, B)</math> where <math>E</math> and <math>B</math> are differentiable manifolds and <math>\pi : E \to B</math> is a surjective submersion, is called a '''fibered manifold'''.<ref>{{harvnb|Krupka|Janyška|1990|p=47}}</ref> <math>E</math> is called the '''total space''', <math>B</math> is called the '''base'''.

==Examples==

* Every differentiable fiber bundle is a '''fibered manifold'''. * Every differentiable covering space is a '''fibered manifold''' with discrete fiber. * In general, a fibered manifold need not be a fiber bundle: different fibers may have different topologies. An example of this phenomenon may be constructed by restricting projection to total space of any vector bundle over smooth manifold with removed base space embedded by global section, finitely many points or any closed submanifold not containing a fiber in general.

==Properties==

* Any surjective submersion <math>\pi : E \to B</math> is open: for each open <math>V \subseteq E,</math> the set <math>\pi(V) \subseteq B</math> is open in <math>B.</math> * Each fiber <math>\pi^{-1}(b) \subseteq E, b \in B</math> is a closed embedded submanifold of <math>E</math> of dimension <math>\dim E - \dim B.</math><ref>{{harvnb|Giachetta|Mangiarotti|Sardanashvily|1997|p=11}}</ref> * A fibered manifold admits local sections: For each <math>y \in E</math> there is an open neighborhood <math>U</math> of <math>\pi(y)</math> in <math>B</math> and a smooth mapping <math>s : U \to E</math> with <math>\pi \circ s = \operatorname{Id}_U</math> and <math>s(\pi(y)) = y.</math> * A surjection <math>\pi : E \to B</math> is a fibered manifold if and only if there exists a local section <math>s : B \to E</math> of <math>\pi</math> (with <math>\pi \circ s = \operatorname{Id}_B</math>) passing through each <math>y \in E.</math><ref>{{harvnb|Giachetta|Mangiarotti|Sardanashvily|1997|p=15}}</ref>

==Fibered coordinates==

Let <math>B</math> (resp. <math>E</math>) be an <math>n</math>-dimensional (resp. <math>p</math>-dimensional) manifold. A fibered manifold <math>(E, \pi, B)</math> admits '''fiber charts'''. We say that a chart <math>(V, \psi)</math> on <math>E</math> is a '''fiber chart''', or is '''adapted''' to the surjective submersion <math>\pi : E \to B</math> if there exists a chart <math>(U, \varphi)</math> on <math>B</math> such that <math>U = \pi(V)</math> and <math display=block>u^1 = x^1\circ \pi,\,u^2 = x^2\circ \pi,\,\dots,\,u^n = x^n\circ \pi\, ,</math> where <math display=block>\begin{align}\psi &= \left(u^1,\dots,u^n,y^1,\dots,y^{p-n}\right). \quad y_{0}\in V,\\ \varphi &= \left(x^1,\dots,x^n\right), \quad \pi\left(y_0\right)\in U.\end{align}</math>

The above fiber chart condition may be equivalently expressed by <math display=block>\varphi\circ\pi = \mathrm{pr}_1\circ\psi,</math> where <math display=block>{\mathrm {pr}_1} : {\R^n}\times{\R^{p-n}} \to {\R^n}\,</math> is the projection onto the first <math>n</math> coordinates. The chart <math>(U, \varphi)</math> is then obviously unique. In view of the above property, the '''fibered coordinates''' of a fiber chart <math>(V, \psi)</math> are usually denoted by <math>\psi = \left(x^i, y^{\sigma}\right)</math> where <math>i \in \{1, \ldots, n\},</math> <math>\sigma \in \{1, \ldots, m\},</math> <math>m = p - n</math> the coordinates of the corresponding chart <math>(U, \varphi)</math> on <math>B</math> are then denoted, with the obvious convention, by <math>\varphi = \left(x_i\right)</math> where <math>i \in \{1, \ldots, n\}.</math>

Conversely, if a surjection <math>\pi : E \to B</math> admits a '''fibered atlas''', then <math>\pi : E \to B</math> is a fibered manifold.

==Local trivialization and fiber bundles==

Let <math>E \to B</math> be a fibered manifold and <math>V</math> any manifold. Then an open covering <math>\left\{U_{\alpha}\right\}</math> of <math>B</math> together with maps <math display=block>\psi : \pi^{-1}\left(U_\alpha\right) \to U_\alpha \times V,</math> called '''trivialization maps''', such that <math display=block>\mathrm{pr}_1 \circ \psi_\alpha = \pi, \text{ for all } \alpha</math> is a '''local trivialization''' with respect to <math>V.</math><ref>{{harvnb|Giachetta|Mangiarotti|Sardanashvily|1997|p=13}}</ref>

A fibered manifold together with a manifold <math>V</math> is a fiber bundle with '''typical fiber''' (or just '''fiber''') <math>V</math> if it admits a local trivialization with respect to <math>V.</math> The atlas <math>\Psi = \left\{\left(U_{\alpha}, \psi_{\alpha}\right)\right\}</math> is then called a '''bundle atlas'''.

==See also==

* {{annotated link|Algebraic fiber space}} * {{annotated link|Connection (fibred manifold)}} * {{annotated link|Covering space}} * {{annotated link|Fiber bundle}} * {{annotated link|Fibration}} * {{annotated link|Natural bundle}} * {{annotated link|Quasi-fibration}} * {{annotated link|Seifert fiber space}}

==Notes==

==References==

* {{citation|last1=Kolář|first1=Ivan|last2=Michor|first2=Peter|last3=Slovák|first3=Jan|url=http://www.emis.de/monographs/KSM/kmsbookh.pdf|title=Natural operators in differential geometry|year=1993|publisher=Springer-Verlag|access-date=2011-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330154524/http://www.emis.de/monographs/KSM/kmsbookh.pdf|archive-date=2017-03-30|url-status=dead}} * {{citation|last1 = Krupka|first1=Demeter|last2=Janyška|first2=Josef|title=Lectures on differential invariants|year = 1990|publisher = Univerzita J. E. Purkyně V Brně|isbn=80-210-0165-8}} * {{citation|last1 = Saunders|first1 = D.J.|title = The geometry of jet bundles|year = 1989|publisher = Cambridge University Press|isbn = 0-521-36948-7|url-access = registration|url = https://archive.org/details/geometryofjetbun0000saun}} * {{cite book|last1=Giachetta|first1=G.|last2=Mangiarotti|first2=L.|last3=Sardanashvily|first3=G.|authorlink3=Gennadi Sardanashvily|title=New Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Methods in Field Theory|publisher=World Scientific|year=1997|isbn=981-02-1587-8}}

===Historical=== * {{cite journal|title=Sur la théorie des espaces fibrés|first=C.|last=Ehresmann|author-link=Charles Ehresmann|journal=Coll. Top. Alg. Paris|volume=C.N.R.S.|year=1947a|pages=3–15|language=French}} * {{cite journal|title=Sur les espaces fibrés différentiables|first=C.|last=Ehresmann|journal=C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris|volume=224|year=1947b|pages=1611–1612|language=French}} * {{cite journal|title=Les prolongements d'un espace fibré différentiable|first=C.|last=Ehresmann|journal=C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris|volume=240|year=1955|pages=1755–1757|language=French}} * {{cite journal|title=Sur la classification des espaces fibrés|first=J.|last=Feldbau|author-link=Jacques Feldbau|journal=C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris|volume=208|year=1939|pages=1621–1623|language=French}} * {{cite journal|title=Topologie dreidimensionaler geschlossener Räume|first=H.|last=Seifert|author-link=Herbert Seifert|journal=Acta Math.|volume=60|year=1932|pages=147–238|doi=10.1007/bf02398271|language=French|doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal|title=Homologie singulière des espaces fibrés. Applications|first=J.-P.|last=Serre|author-link=Jean-Pierre Serre|journal=Ann. of Math.|volume=54|year=1951|pages=425–505|doi=10.2307/1969485|jstor=1969485|language=French}} * {{cite journal|title=Sphere spaces|first=H.|last=Whitney|author-link=Hassler Whitney|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA|volume=21|year=1935|issue=7|pages=464–468|doi=10.1073/pnas.21.7.464|pmid=16588001|pmc=1076627|bibcode=1935PNAS...21..464W|doi-access=free}} {{open access}} *{{cite journal|title=On the theory of sphere bundles|first=H.|last=Whitney|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA|volume=26|year=1940|issue=2|pages=148–153|mr=0001338|doi=10.1073/pnas.26.2.148|pmid=16588328|pmc=1078023|bibcode=1940PNAS...26..148W|doi-access=free}} {{open access}}

==External links==

* {{cite web|title=A History of Manifolds and Fibre Spaces: Tortoises and Hares|url=http://pages.vassar.edu/mccleary/files/2011/04/history.fibre_.spaces.pdf|last=McCleary|first=J.}}

Category:Differential geometry Category:Fiber bundles Category:Manifolds