Federal subjects of Russia

{{Short description|Federal constituent entities of Russia}} {{About|the federal constituent units|the grouping of regions by a Presidential Decree|Federal districts of Russia}} {{Redirect|Provinces of Russia|the historical administrative division|Provinces of the Russian Empire}} {{pp-extended|small=yes}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2014}} {{Infobox subdivision type | name = Federal subjects | native_name = Субъекты федерации | native_name_lang = ru | map = File:Map of federal subjects of Russia (2022), disputed Crimea and Donbass.svg | caption = <div style=text-align:left>{{Legend|#00C160|Republics}}{{Legend|#FF8F3A|Krais (territories)}}{{Legend|#FFEC77|Oblasts (regions)}}{{Legend|#FF323D|Federal cities}}{{Legend|#C300FF|Autonomous oblast (autonomous region)}}{{Legend|#006989|Autonomous okrugs (autonomous areas with a substantial ethnic minority)}}Diagonal stripes indicate territory internationally recognized as parts of Ukraine.</div> | start_date = 31 March 1992 (''de facto''){{clear}}12 December 1993 (''de jure'') | current_number = 83 (''+6 unrecognized'') | category = Federal semi-presidential constitutional republic | territory = {{flag|Russian Federation}} | number_date = | population_range = 41,431 (Nenets Autonomous Okrug) – 13,010,112 (Moscow) | area_range = ''{{Convert|864|sqkm|abbr=on}} (Sevastopol)'' – {{Convert|3,103,200|sqkm|abbr=on}} (Sakha Republic) | government = Regional governments, federal government | subdivision = Districts | status = | exofficio = }}

The '''federal subjects of Russia''', also referred to as the '''subjects of the Russian Federation''' ({{langx|ru|субъекты Российской Федерации|subyekty Rossiyskoy Federatsii}}) or simply as the '''subjects of the federation''' ({{langx|ru|субъекты федерации|subyekty federatsii}}), are the constituent entities of Russia, its top-level political divisions.<ref name=gov_constitution/> According to the Constitution of Russia, the federation consists of republics, krais, oblasts, cities of federal importance, an autonomous oblast, and autonomous okrugs, all of which are equal subjects of the federation.<ref name=gov_constitution/>

Every federal subject has its own head, a parliament, and a constitutional court. Each subject has its own constitution or charter and legislation, although the authority of these organs differ. Subjects have equal rights in relations with federal government bodies.<ref name=gov_constitution/> The subjects have equal representation – two delegates each – in the Federation Council, the upper house of the Federal Assembly. They differ in the degree of autonomy they enjoy; republics are offered more autonomy.

Post-Soviet Russia formed during the history of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic within the USSR and did not change at the time of the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. In 1992, during the so-called "parade of sovereignties", separatist sentiments and the War of Laws within Russia, the Russian regions signed the Federation Treaty ({{langx|ru|Федеративный договор|Federativnyy dogovor}}),<ref>This treaty consisted of three treaties, see also Concluding and Transitional Provisions: [http://eng.constitution.kremlin.ru/#conclusion-1-4] [http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-10.htm#2222]</ref> establishing and regulating the current inner composition of Russia, based on the division of authorities and powers among Russian government bodies and government bodies of constituent entities. The Federation Treaty was included in the text of the 1978 Constitution of the Russian SFSR. The current Constitution of Russia, adopted by federal referendum on 12 December 1993, came into force on 25 December 1993 and abolished the model of the Soviet system of government introduced in 1918 by Vladimir Lenin and based on the right to secede from the country and on unlimited sovereignty of federal subjects (in practice secession was never allowed), which conflicts with the country's integrity and federal laws. The new constitution eliminated a number of legal conflicts, reserved the rights of the regions, introduced local self-government and did not grant the Soviet-era right to secede from the country. In the late 1990s and early 2000s the political system became ''de jure'' closer to other modern federal states with a republican form of government. In the 2000s, following the policies of Vladimir Putin and of the ruling United Russia party, the Russian parliament changed the distribution of tax revenues, reduced the number of elections in the regions and gave more power to the federal authorities.

The Russian Federation was composed of 89 federal subjects in 1993. Mergers reduced the number to 83 by 2008. Russia annexed Crimea from Ukraine in 2014, with the Russian government claiming Sevastopol and the Republic of Crimea to be the 84th and 85th federal subjects of Russia, a move that is not recognized internationally.<ref name=Hea23>{{Cite book|editor-last=Heaney|editor-first=Dominic|title=The Territories of the Russian Federation 2023|edition=24th|year=2023|isbn=9781032469744|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Territories-of-the-Russian-Federation-2023/Publications/p/book/9781032469744 |chapter=The Government of the Russian Federation|pages=43–51|location=Abingdon|publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref name="Reuters">{{cite web|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-idUSBREA1Q1E820140318|title=Putin signs Crimea treaty as Ukraine serviceman dies in attack|author= Steve Gutterman and Pavel Polityuk|date= March 18, 2014|work= Reuters|access-date= May 7, 2016}}</ref> During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russia claimed that it had annexed four Ukrainian oblasts, though they remain internationally recognized as part of Ukraine and are only partially occupied by Russia.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-set-annex-ukraine-territory-west-warns-new-sanctions-2022-09-29/ |title=Putin to annex seized Ukrainian land, U.N. Warns of 'dangerous escalation' |newspaper=Reuters |date=September 29, 2022 }}</ref>

==Terminology== An official government translation of the Constitution of Russia from Russian to English uses the term "constituent entities of the Russian Federation". For example, Article 5 reads: "The Russian Federation shall consist of republics, krais, oblasts, cities of federal significance, an autonomous oblast, and autonomous okrugs, which shall have equal rights as constituent entities of the Russian Federation."<ref name=gov_constitution>{{cite web |url= http://archive.government.ru/eng/gov/base/54.html |title=Constitution of the Russian Federation |publisher=Government of the Russian Federation |access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref> A translation provided by Garant-Internet instead uses the term "subjects of the Russian Federation".<ref name="constitution.ru">{{cite web|url=http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-02.htm |title=The Constitution of the Russian Federation|publisher=Garant-Internet|access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref>

Tom Fennell, a translator, told the 2008 American Translators Association conference that "constituent entity of the Russian Federation" is a better translation than "subject".<ref>{{cite journal |first=Irina |last=Knizhnik |date=2009 |title=On legal terminology, the jury is still out |url= https://www.ata-divisions.org/SLD/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/2009-1-Winter-SlavFile.pdf |journal=SlavFile|volume=18|issue=1 |page=20 |publisher=Slavic Languages Division, American Translators Association |access-date=11 August 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201031130147/https://www.ata-divisions.org/SLD/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/2009-1-Winter-SlavFile.pdf |archive-date=31 October 2020}}</ref> This was supported by Tamara Nekrasova, Head of Translation Department at Goltsblat BLP, who said in a 2011 presentation at a translators conference that "''constituent entity of the Russian Federation'' is more appropriate than ''subject of the Russian Federation'' (''subject'' would be OK for a monarchy)".<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.eulita.eu/wp-content/uploads/files/Tammy_presentation.pdf |title=Traps & Mishaps in Legal Translation |first=Tamara |last=Nekrasova |date=2011 |publisher=Eulita |access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" ! rowspan=2 width=150|Rank (as given in constitution and ISO) ! colspan=2|Russian ! colspan=2|English translations of the constitution ! rowspan=2 width=150|ISO 3166-2:RU (ISO 3166-2 Newsletter II-2 (2010-06-30)) |- ! (Cyrillic) ! (Latin) ! Official<ref name=gov_constitution/> ! Unofficial<ref name="constitution.ru"/> |- | {{n/a}} | {{lang|ru|субъект Российской Федерации}} | sub'yekt Rossiyskoy Federatsii | constituent entity of the Russian Federation | subject of the Russian Federation | (not mentioned) |- | align="center" | 1 | {{lang|ru|республика}} | respublika | colspan="3" | {{Center|republic}} |- | align="center" | 2 | {{lang|ru|край}} | colspan="2" | {{Center|kray}} | territory | administrative territory |- | rowspan="2" align="center" | 3 | {{lang|ru|область}} | oblastʹ | oblast | region | administrative region |- | {{lang|ru|город федерального значения}} | gorod federalʹnogo znacheniya | city of federal significance | city of federal importance | autonomous city (the Russian term used in ISO 3166-2 is {{lang|ru|автономный город}} ''avtonomnyy gorod'') |- | align="center" | 5 | {{lang|ru|автономная область}} | avtonomnaya oblastʹ | autonomous oblast | autonomous region | autonomous region |- | align="center" | 6 | {{lang|ru|автономный округ}} | avtonomnyy okrug | autonomous okrug | autonomous area | autonomous district |}

==Types== {{Image label begin|image=Map of federal subjects of Russia (2022), disputed Crimea and Donbass.svg|width=1400}} {{Image label|x=0.253|y=0.115|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|50|Múrmansk}}|font-size=90%}} {{Image label|x=0.192|y=0.147|scale=1400|text={{font color|white|Karélia}}}} {{Image label|x=0.152|y=0.163|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|30|Leningrád}}|font-size=85%}} {{Image label|x=0.125|y=0.134|scale=1400|text={{font color|#FF323D|Saint}} Petersburg|font-size=75%}} {{Image label|x=0.074|y=0.132|scale=1400|text=Kaliningrád|font-size=85%}} {{Image label|x=0.118|y=0.166|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|-50|Pskov}}|font-size=90%}} {{Image label|x=0.140|y=0.181|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|30|Nóvgorod}}|font-size=85%}} {{Image label|x=0.185|y=0.208|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|40|Vólogda}}}} {{Image label|x=0.223|y=0.184|scale=1400|text=Arkhángelsk}} {{Image label|x=0.330|y=0.200|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|40|{{font color|white|Nénets}}}}}} {{Image label|x=0.290|y=0.229|scale=1400|text={{font color|white|Kómi}}}} {{Image label|x=0.136|y=0.200|scale=1400|text=Tvér}} {{Image label|x=0.161|y=0.220|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|-25|Yaroslávl}}|font-size=75%}} {{Image label|x=0.185|y=0.241|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|27|Kostromá}}|font-size=85%}} {{Image label|x=0.098|y=0.207|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|30|Smolénsk}}|font-size=85%}} {{Image label|x=0.133|y=0.216|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|-45|Moscow}}|font-size=75%}} {{Image label|x=0.134|y=0.233|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|-70|Moscow}}|font-size=75%}} {{Image label|x=0.148|y=0.248|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|65|Vladímir}}|font-size=75%}} {{Image label|x=0.164|y=0.245|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|40|Ivánovo}}|font-size=75%}} {{Image label|x=0.077|y=0.223|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|30|Bryánsk}}|font-size=85%}} {{Image label|x=0.110|y=0.229|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|20|Kalúga}}|font-size=85%}} {{Image label|x=0.117|y=0.247|scale=1400|text=Túla|font-size=85%}} {{Image label|x=0.098|y=0.249|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|60|Oryól}}|font-size=85%}} {{Image label|x=0.084|y=0.257|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|55|Kursk}}|font-size=85%}} {{Image label|x=0.070|y=0.272|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|55|Bélgorod}}|font-size=85%}} {{Image label|x=0.129|y=0.263|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|20|Ryazán}}|font-size=85%}} {{Image label|x=0.104|y=0.273|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|-40|Lípetsk}}|font-size=75%}} {{Image label|x=0.120|y=0.283|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|-65|Tambóv}}|font-size=75%}} {{Image label|x=0.092|y=0.294|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|-25|Vorónezh}}|font-size=75%}} {{Image label|x=0.096|y=0.338|scale=1400|text=Volgográd|font-size=85%}} {{Image label|x=0.068|y=0.325|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|-30|Rostóv}}|font-size=90%}} {{Image label|x=0.079|y=0.372|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|-70|{{font color|white|Kalmýkia}}}}|font-size=85%}} {{Image label|x=0.095|y=0.375|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|-80|Ástrakhan}}|font-size=85%}} {{Image label|x=0.031|y=0.338|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|20|Krasnodár}}|font-size=85%}} {{Image label|x=0.013|y=0.353|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|-20|Adygéa}}|font-size=75%}} {{Image label|x=0.050|y=0.373|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|70|Stávropol}}|font-size=85%}} {{Image label|x=0.006|y=0.375|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|-15|Karacháy- Cherkéssia}}|font-size=75%}} {{Image label|x=0.006|y=0.393|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|-15|Kabardíno- Balkária}}|font-size=75%}} {{Image label|x=0.005|y=0.408|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|-15|North Ossétia}}|font-size=75%}} {{Image label|x=0.018|y=0.414|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|-15|Ingushétia}}|font-size=75%}} {{Image label|x=0.022|y=0.421|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|-22|Chechnyá}}|font-size=75%}} {{Image label|x=0.057|y=0.418|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|-65|Dagestán}}|font-size=85%}} {{Image label|x=0.165|y=0.262|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|-25|Nízhny Nóvgorod}}|font-size=85%}} {{Image label|x=0.222|y=0.269|scale=1400|text=Kírov}} {{Image label|x=0.259|y=0.292|scale=1400|text=Perm}} {{Image label|x=0.145|y=0.284|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|40|Mordóvia}}|font-size=85%}} {{Image label|x=0.182|y=0.293|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|30|Chuváshia}}|font-size=75%}} {{Image label|x=0.191|y=0.281|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|35|{{font color|white|Mari El}}}}|font-size=85%}} {{Image label|x=0.194|y=0.310|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|30|{{font color|white|Tatarstán}}}}|font-size=85%}} {{Image label|x=0.218|y=0.297|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|-35|{{font color|white|Udmúrtia}}}}|font-size=85%}} {{Image label|x=0.205|y=0.350|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|-70|{{font color|white|Bashkortostán}}}}|font-size=85%}} {{Image label|x=0.143|y=0.299|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|40|Pénza}}|font-size=85%}} {{Image label|x=0.151|y=0.313|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|-35|Ulyánovsk}}|font-size=75%}} {{Image label|x=0.174|y=0.328|scale=1400|text=Samára|font-size=85%}} {{Image label|x=0.130|y=0.325|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|60|Sarátov}}}} {{Image label|x=0.181|y=0.361|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|50|Orenbúrg}}|font-size=85%}} {{Image label|x=0.237|y=0.364|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|-50|Chelyábinsk}}|font-size=85%}} {{Image label|x=0.282|y=0.371|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|20|Kurgán}}|font-size=90%}} {{Image label|x=0.268|y=0.329|scale=1400|text=Sverdlóvsk|font-size=90%}} {{Image label|x=0.314|y=0.352|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|-20|Tyumén}}}} {{Image label|x=0.335|y=0.313|scale=1400|text={{font color|white|Khánty-Mánsi}}}} {{Image label|x=0.377|y=0.265|scale=1400|text={{font color|white|Yamálo-Nénets}}}} {{Image label|x=0.344|y=0.388|scale=1400|text=Omsk}} {{Image label|x=0.409|y=0.377|scale=1400|text=Tomsk}} {{Image label|x=0.376|y=0.417|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|20|Novosibírsk}}}} {{Image label|x=0.434|y=0.441|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|80|Kémerovo}}|font-size=90%}} {{Image label|x=0.403|y=0.458|scale=1400|text=Altái}} {{Image label|x=0.433|y=0.491|scale=1400|text={{font color|white|Altái}}}} {{Image label|x=0.454|y=0.461|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|-70|{{font color|white|Khakássia}}}}|font-size=85%}} {{Image label|x=0.495|y=0.490|scale=1400|text={{font color|white|Tuvá}}}} {{Image label|x=0.500|y=0.310|scale=1400|text=Krasnoyársk}} {{Image label|x=0.571|y=0.430|scale=1400|text=Irkútsk}} {{Image label|x=0.628|y=0.460|scale=1400|text={{font color|white|Buryátia}}}} {{Image label|x=0.659|y=0.480|scale=1400|text=Zabaykálsky}} {{Image label|x=0.696|y=0.272|scale=1400|text={{font color|white|Sakhá/Yakútia}}}} {{Image label|x=0.757|y=0.418|scale=1400|text=Amúr}} {{Image label|x=0.826|y=0.466|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|-20|{{font color|white|Jewish}}}}|font-size=85%}} {{Image label|x=0.830|y=0.424|scale=1400|text=Khabárovsk}} {{Image label|x=0.856|y=0.503|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|-60|Primórsky}}}} {{Image label|x=0.933|y=0.419|scale=1400|text=Sakhalín}} {{Image label|x=0.834|y=0.220|scale=1400|text=Magadán}} {{Image label|x=0.850|y=0.101|scale=1400|text={{font color|white|Chukótka}}}} {{Image label|x=0.926|y=0.249|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|50|Kamchátka}}}} {{Image label|x=0.006|y=0.305|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|60|''Crimea''}}|font-size=85%}} {{Image label|x=-0.004|y=0.326|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|60|''Sevastópol''}}|font-size=75%}} {{Image label|x=0.065|y=0.302|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|-60|''Luhánsk''}}|font-size=85%}} {{Image label|x=0.049|y=0.300|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|-50|''Donétsk''}}|font-size=85%}} {{Image label|x=0.036|y=0.295|scale=1400|text=''Zapo''|font-size=85%}} {{Image label|x=0.033|y=0.285|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|-40|''Zaporízhzhia''}}|font-size=75%}} {{Image label|x=0.009|y=0.285|scale=1400|text={{rotate text|65|''Khersón''}}|font-size=85%}} {{Image label end}}

The acute accent (á, é, í, ó, ú, ý) in the map represents stress in the names of the federal subjects.

Each federal subject belongs to one of the following types: {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Legend<ref name=Hea22>{{cite book |title=The Territories of the Russian Federation 2022 |editor-last=Heaney|editor-first=Dominic|date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxon|chapter=Territorial Surveys|isbn=9781032249698 |edition=23rd |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Territories-of-the-Russian-Federation-2022/Publications/p/book/9781032249698}}</ref> ! class="unsortable" | Description |- | {{legend|#00C160|21 republics}}{{Legend striped|#00C160|#006A35|''3 unrecognized''|up=yes}} | Nominally autonomous prior to 2017,<ref>{{cite book | title=The Territories of the Russian Federation 2012 | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-135-09584-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wOVjhOAfn_kC&pg=PA5 | access-date=2019-10-06 | page=5}}</ref><ref name="Saunders 2019">{{cite book | last=Saunders | first=Robert A.|authorlink=Robert A. Saunders | title=Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers | series=Historical Dictionaries of Europe | year=2019 | isbn=978-1-5381-2048-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=21ynDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA232 | access-date=2019-10-06 | page=232}}</ref> each with its own constitution, language, and legislature, but represented by the federal government in international affairs. Most are designated as the home to a specific ethnic minority as their titular nation or nations. ''Donetsk Oblast and Luhansk Oblast are internationally recognized as parts of Ukraine, but were partially occupied by Russian and Russian-controlled forces in 2014, and declared annexed by Russia as the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic in 2022. The Autonomous Republic of Crimea is internationally recognized as a part of Ukraine, but was occupied and annexed by Russia as the Republic of Crimea in 2014.'' |- | {{legend|#FF8F3A|9 krais}} | For all intents and purposes, krais are legally identical to oblasts. The title "krai" ("frontier" or "territory") is historic, related to geographic (frontier) position in a certain period of history. The current krais are not related to frontiers. |- | {{legend|#FFEC77|46 oblasts}}{{Legend striped|#FFEC77|#8C8241|''2 unrecognized''|up=yes}} | The most common type, with a governor and locally elected legislature. Commonly named after their administrative centres. Kaliningrad Oblast is geographically separated from all the rest of Russia by other countries. ''Kherson Oblast and Zaporizhzhia Oblast are internationally recognized as parts of Ukraine, but were partially occupied by Russian forces and declared annexed in 2022.'' |- | {{legend|#FF323D|2 federal cities}}{{Legend|#8C1B21|''1 unrecognized''}} | Major cities that function as separate regions and include other cities and towns (Zelenograd, Troitsk, Kronstadt, Kolpino, etc.) – keeping older structures of postal addresses. ''Sevastopol is internationally recognized as a part of Ukraine, but was occupied and annexed by Russia in 2014.'' |- | {{nowrap|{{legend|#C300FF|1 autonomous oblast}}}} | An Autonomous Oblast has increased powers compared to traditional oblasts, but not enough to be considered a Republic. The only one remaining is the Jewish Autonomous Oblast; Russia previously had 4 other Autonomous Oblasts that were changed into Republics on 3 July 1991. |- | {{nowrap|{{legend|#006989|4 autonomous okrugs}}}} | Occasionally referred to as "autonomous district", "autonomous area" or "autonomous region", each with a substantial or predominant ethnic minority designated as its titular nation. With the exception of Chukotka, each of the autonomous okrugs is part of another oblast (Arkhangelsk or Tyumen), as well as functioning as a federal subject by itself. |}

==List== {{Anchor|List of subject capitals}} {|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Federal subjects of the Russian Federation |- ! rowspan="2" |Code ! rowspan="2" |Name ! rowspan="2" |Capital/ Administrative centre{{Ref_label|a|a|none}} ! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |Flag ! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |Coat of arms ! rowspan="2" |Type ! rowspan="2" |Titular nation ! rowspan="2" |Head of subject ! rowspan="2" |Federal district ! rowspan="2" |Economic region ! rowspan="2" |Area (km2)<ref name="area">{{cite web|script-title=ru:Таблица 5. Численность населения России, федеральных округов, субъектов Российской Федерации, городских округов, мун��ципальных районов, муниципальных округов, городских и сельских поселений, городских населенных пунктов, сельских населенных пунктов с населением 3000 человек и более|url=https://rosreestr.ru/upload/Doc/18-upr/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%20%D0%BF%D0%BE%20%D1%84.22%20%D0%B7%D0%B0%202016%20%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%20(%D0%BF%D0%BE%20%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%20%D0%A0%D0%A4)_%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82.doc|publisher=Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography|accessdate=4 March 2019|archive-date=March 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323171458/https://rosreestr.ru/upload/Doc/18-upr/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%2520%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BE%2520%25D1%2584.22%2520%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0%25202016%2520%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%2520(%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BE%2520%25D1%2581%25D1%2583%25D0%25B1%25D1%258A%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC%2520%25D0%25A0%25D0%25A4)_%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%2520%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9%25D1%2582.doc|url-status=dead}}</ref> ! colspan="2" |Population<ref name="2025Estimate">{{cite web |title=Предварительная оценка численности постоянного населения на 1 января 2025 года |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/PrPopul2025_Site.xlsx |accessdate=3 February 2025 |publisher=Federal State Statistics Service}}</ref> ! rowspan="2" |Est. |- !Total !Density (km2) |- style="height:65px;" |01 |Adygea |Maykop |border|65px |65px | rowspan="21" |republic |Circassians |Murat Kumpilov (UR) |Southern |North Caucasus |align="right"|7,792 |align="right"|501,038 |align="right"|64.30 |align="right"|1922 |- style="height:65px;" |02 |Bashkortostan |Ufa |border|65px |65px |Bashkirs |Radiy Khabirov (UR) |Volga |Ural |align="right"|142,947 |align="right"|4,046,094 |align="right"|28.30 |align="right"|1919 |- style="height:65px;" |03 |Buryatia |Ulan-Ude |border|65px |65px |Buryats |Alexey Tsydenov (UR) |Far Eastern |East Siberian |align="right"|351,334 |align="right"|970,679 |align="right"|2.76 |align="right"|1923 |- style="height:65px;" |04 |Altai Republic |Gorno-Altaysk |border|65px |65px |Altai |Andrey Turchak (UR) |Siberian |West Siberian |align="right"|92,903 |align="right"|210,099 |align="right"|2.26 |align="right"|1922 |- style="height:65px;" |05 |Dagestan |Makhachkala |border|65px |65px |Aghuls, Avars, Azerbaijanis, Chechens, Dargins, Kumyks, Laks, Lezgins, Nogais, Rutuls, Tabasarans, Tats, Tsakhurs |Fyodor Shchukin (Ind.) |North Caucasian |North Caucasus |align="right"|50,270 |align="right"|3,258,993 |align="right"|64.83 |align="right"|1921 |- style="height:65px;" |06 |Ingushetia |Magas (Largest city: Nazran) |border|65px |65px |Ingush |Mahmud-Ali Kalimatov (UR) |North Caucasian |North Caucasus |align="right"|3,628 |align="right"|534,219 |align="right"|147.25 |align="right"|1992 |- style="height:65px;" |07 |Kabardino-Balkaria |Nalchik |border|65px |65px |Balkars, Kabardians |Kazbek Kokov (UR) |North Caucasian |North Caucasus |align="right"|12,470 |align="right"|908,090 |align="right"|72.82 |align="right"|1936 |- style="height:65px;" |08 |Kalmykia |Elista |border|65px |65px |Kalmyks |Batu Khasikov (UR) |Southern |Volga |align="right"|74,731 |align="right"|267,376 |align="right"|3.58 |align="right"|1957 |- style="height:65px;" |09 |Karachay-Cherkessia |Cherkessk |border|65px |65px |Abazins, Kabardians, Karachays, Nogais |Rashid Temrezov (UR) |North Caucasian |North Caucasus |align="right"|14,277 |align="right"|468,531 |align="right"|32.82 |align="right"|1957 |- style="height:65px;" |10 |Karelia |Petrozavodsk |border|65px |65px |Karelians |Artur Parfenchikov (UR) |Northwestern |Northern |align="right"|180,520 |align="right"|518,644 |align="right"|2.87 |align="right"|1956 |- style="height:65px;" |11 |Komi Republic |Syktyvkar |border|65px |65px |Komi |Rostislav Goldstein (UR) |Northwestern |Northern |align="right"|416,774 |align="right"|714,391 |align="right"|1.71 |align="right"|1921 |- style="height:65px;" |12 |Mari El |Yoshkar-Ola |border|65px |65px |Mari |Yury Zaitsev (UR) |Volga |Volga-Vyatka |align="right"|23,375 |align="right"|665,983 |align="right"|28.49 |align="right"|1920 |- style="height:65px;" |13 |Mordovia |Saransk |border|65px |65px |Mordvins |Artyom Zdunov (UR) |Volga |Volga-Vyatka |align="right"|26,128 |align="right"|758,390 |align="right"|29.03 |align="right"|1930 |- style="height:65px;" |14 |Sakha |Yakutsk |border|65px |65px |Yakuts |Aysen Nikolayev (UR) |Far Eastern |Far Eastern |align="right"|3,083,523 |align="right"|1,007,058 |align="right"|0.33 |align="right"|1922 |- style="height:65px;" |15 |North Ossetia–Alania |Vladikavkaz |border|65px |65px |Ossetians |Sergey Menyaylo (UR) |North Caucasian |North Caucasus |align="right"|7,987 |align="right"|678,454 |align="right"|84.94 |align="right"|1924 |- style="height:65px;" |16 |Tatarstan |Kazan |border|65px |65px |Tatars |Rustam Minnikhanov (UR) |Volga |Volga |align="right"|67,847 |align="right"|4,016,571 |align="right"|59.20 |align="right"|1920 |- style="height:65px;" |17 |Tuva |Kyzyl |border|65px |65px |Tuvans |Vladislav Khovalyg (UR) |Siberian |East Siberian |align="right"|168,604 |align="right"|338,341 |align="right"|2.01 |align="right"|1944 |- style="height:65px;" |18 |Udmurtia |Izhevsk |border|65px |65px |Udmurts |Aleksandr Brechalov (UR) |Volga |Ural |align="right"|42,061 |align="right"|1,427,018 |align="right"|33.93 |align="right"|1920 |- style="height:65px;" |19 |Khakassia |Abakan |border|65px |65px |Khakas |Valentin Konovalov (CPRF) |Siberian |East Siberian |align="right"|61,569 |align="right"|534,795 |align="right"|8.53 |align="right"|1930 |- style="height:65px;" |20{{Ref_label|d|d|none}} |Chechnya |Grozny |border|65px |65px |Chechens |Ramzan Kadyrov (UR) |North Caucasian |North Caucasus |align="right"|16,165 |align="right"|1,575,819 |align="right"|97.48 |align="right"|1991 |- style="height:65px;" |21 |Chuvashia |Cheboksary |border|65px |65px |Chuvash |Oleg Nikolayev (SR) |Volga |Volga-Vyatka |align="right"|18,343 |align="right"|1,159,757 |align="right"|63.23 |align="right"|1920 |- style="height:65px;" |22 |Altai Krai |Barnaul |border|65px |65px | rowspan="6" |krai |{{n/a}} |Viktor Tomenko (UR) |Siberian |West Siberian |align="right"|167,996 |align="right"|2,098,979 |align="right"|12.49 |align="right"|1937 |- style="height:65px;" |23 |Krasnodar Krai |Krasnodar |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Veniamin Kondratyev (UR) |Southern |North Caucasus |align="right"|75,485 |align="right"|5,841,846 |align="right"|77.39 |align="right"|1937 |- style="height:65px;" |24 |Krasnoyarsk Krai |Krasnoyarsk |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Mikhail Kotyukov (UR) |Siberian |East Siberian |align="right"|2,366,797 |align="right"|2,837,374 |align="right"|1.20 |align="right"|1934 |- style="height:65px;" |25 |Primorsky Krai |Vladivostok |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Oleg Kozhemyako (UR) |Far Eastern |Far Eastern |align="right"|164,673 |align="right"|1,798,047 |align="right"|10.92 |align="right"|1938 |- style="height:65px;" |26 |Stavropol Krai |Stavropol |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Vladimir Vladimirov (UR) |North Caucasian |North Caucasus |align="right"|66,160 |align="right"|2,883,494 |align="right"|43.58 |align="right"|1934 |- style="height:65px;" |27 |Khabarovsk Krai |Khabarovsk |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Dmitry Demeshin (UR) |Far Eastern |Far Eastern |align="right"|787,633 |align="right"|1,273,093 |align="right"|1.62 |align="right"|1938 |- style="height:65px;" |28 |Amur Oblast |Blagoveshchensk |border|65px |65px | rowspan="13" |oblast |{{n/a}} |Vasily Orlov (UR) |Far Eastern |Far Eastern |align="right"|361,908 |align="right"|750,870 |align="right"|2.07 |align="right"|1932 |- style="height:65px;" |29 |Arkhangelsk Oblast |Arkhangelsk |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Alexander Tsybulsky (UR) |Northwestern |Northern |align="right"|413,103 |align="right"|947,192 |align="right"|2.29 |align="right"|1937 |- style="height:65px;" |30 |Astrakhan Oblast |Astrakhan |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Igor Babushkin (Ind.) |Southern |Volga |align="right"|49,024 |align="right"|945,991 |align="right"|19.30 |align="right"|1943 |- style="height:65px;" |31 |Belgorod Oblast |Belgorod |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Alexander Shuvaev (UR) |Central |Central Black Earth |align="right"|27,134 |align="right"|1,481,098 |align="right"|54.58 |align="right"|1954 |- style="height:65px;" |32 |Bryansk Oblast |Bryansk |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Yegor Kovalchuk (UR) |Central |Central |align="right"|34,857 |align="right"|1,132,475 |align="right"|32.49 |align="right"|1944 |- style="height:65px;" |33 |Vladimir Oblast |Vladimir |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Aleksandr Avdeyev (UR) |Central |Central |align="right"|29,084 |align="right"|1,295,930 |align="right"|44.56 |align="right"|1944 |- style="height:65px;" |34 |Volgograd Oblast |Volgograd |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Andrey Bocharov (Ind.) |Southern |Volga |align="right"|112,877 |align="right"|2,435,355 |align="right"|21.58 |align="right"|1937 |- style="height:65px;" |35 |Vologda Oblast |Vologda |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Georgy Filimonov (UR) |Northwestern |Northern |align="right"|144,527 |align="right"|1,114,639 |align="right"|7.71 |align="right"|1937 |- style="height:65px;" |36 |Voronezh Oblast |Voronezh |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Aleksandr Gusev (UR) |Central |Central Black Earth |align="right"|52,216 |align="right"|2,259,610 |align="right"|43.27 |align="right"|1934 |- style="height:65px;" |37 |Ivanovo Oblast |Ivanovo |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Stanislav Voskresensky (Ind.) |Central |Central |align="right"|21,437 |align="right"|897,869 |align="right"|41.88 |align="right"|1936 |- style="height:65px;" |38 |Irkutsk Oblast |Irkutsk |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Igor Kobzev (UR) |Siberian |East Siberian |align="right"|774,846 |align="right"|2,316,571 |align="right"|2.99 |align="right"|1937 |- style="height:65px;" |39 |Kaliningrad Oblast |Kaliningrad |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Alexey Besprozvannykh (UR) |Northwestern |Kaliningrad |align="right"|15,125 |align="right"|1,064,747 |align="right"|68.31 |align="right"|1946 |- style="height:65px;" |40 |Kaluga Oblast |Kaluga |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Vladislav Shapsha (UR) |Central |Central |align="right"|29,777 |align="right"|1,064,747 |align="right"|35.76 |align="right"|1944 |- style="height:65px;" |41 |Kamchatka Krai |Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky |border|65px |65px |krai |{{n/a}} |Vladimir Solodov (Ind.) |Far Eastern |Far Eastern |align="right"|464,275 |align="right"|287,949 |align="right"|0.62 |align="right"|2007 |- style="height:65px;" |42 |Kemerovo Oblast |Kemerovo |border|65px |65px | rowspan="17" |oblast |{{n/a}} |Ilya Seredyuk (UR) |Siberian |West Siberian |align="right"|95,725 |align="right"|2,526,384 |align="right"|26.39 |align="right"|1943 |- style="height:65px;" |43 |Kirov Oblast |Kirov |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Aleksandr Sokolov (UR) |Volga |Volga-Vyatka |align="right"|120,374 |align="right"|1,120,178 |align="right"|9.31 |align="right"|1934 |- style="height:65px;" |44 |Kostroma Oblast |Kostroma |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Sergey Sitnikov (Ind.) |Central |Central |align="right"|60,211 |align="right"|560,758 |align="right"|9.31 |align="right"|1944 |- style="height:65px;" |45 |Kurgan Oblast |Kurgan |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Vadim Shumkov (Ind.) |Ural |Ural |align="right"|71,488 |align="right"|744,197 |align="right"|10.41 |align="right"|1943 |- style="height:65px;" |46 |Kursk Oblast |Kursk |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Alexander Khinshtein (UR) |Central |Central Black Earth |align="right"|29,997 |align="right"|1,050,134 |align="right"|35.01 |align="right"|1934 |- style="height:65px;" |47 |Leningrad Oblast |Largest city: Gatchina{{Ref_label|b|b|none}} |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Aleksandr Drozdenko (UR) |Northwestern |Northwestern |align="right"|83,908 |align="right"|2,057,708 |align="right"|24.52 |align="right"|1927 |- style="height:65px;" |48 |Lipetsk Oblast |Lipetsk |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Igor Artamonov (UR) |Central |Central Black Earth |align="right"|24,047 |align="right"|1,107,812 |align="right"|46.07 |align="right"|1954 |- style="height:65px;" |49 |Magadan Oblast |Magadan |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Sergey Nosov (UR) |Far Eastern |Far Eastern |align="right"|462,464 |align="right"|134,202 |align="right"|0.29 |align="right"|1953 |- style="height:65px;" |50 |Moscow Oblast |Largest city: Balashikha{{Ref_label|c|c|none}} |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Andrey Vorobyov (UR) |Central |Central |align="right"|44,329 |align="right"|8,766,594 |align="right"|197.76 |align="right"|1929 |- style="height:65px;" |51 |Murmansk Oblast |Murmansk |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Andrey Chibis (UR) |Northwestern |Northern |align="right"|144,902 |align="right"|650,920 |align="right"|4.49 |align="right"|1938 |- style="height:65px;" |52 |Nizhny Novgorod Oblast |Nizhny Novgorod |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Gleb Nikitin (UR) |Volga |Volga-Vyatka |align="right"|76,624 |align="right"|3,037,816 |align="right"|39.65 |align="right"|1936 |- style="height:65px;" |53 |Novgorod Oblast |Veliky Novgorod |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Aleksandr Dronov (UR) |Northwestern |Northwestern |align="right"|54,501 |align="right"|566,745 |align="right"|10.40 |align="right"|1944 |- style="height:65px;" |54 |Novosibirsk Oblast |Novosibirsk |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Andrey Travnikov (UR) |Siberian |West Siberian |align="right"|177,756 |align="right"|2,784,587 |align="right"|15.67 |align="right"|1937 |- style="height:65px;" |55 |Omsk Oblast |Omsk |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Vitaliy Khotsenko (UR) |Siberian |West Siberian |align="right"|141,140 |align="right"|1,805,443 |align="right"|12.79 |align="right"|1934 |- style="height:65px;" |56 |Orenburg Oblast |Orenburg |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Yevgeny Solntsev (UR) |Volga |Ural |align="right"|123,702 |align="right"|1,815,655 |align="right"|14.68 |align="right"|1934 |- style="height:65px;" |57 |Oryol Oblast |Oryol |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Andrey Klychkov (CPRF) |Central |Central |align="right"|24,652 |align="right"|685,693 |align="right"|27.81 |align="right"|1937 |- style="height:65px;" |58 |Penza Oblast |Penza |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Oleg Melnichenko (UR) |Volga |Volga |align="right"|43,352 |align="right"|1,225,984 |align="right"|28.28 |align="right"|1939 |- style="height:65px;" |59 |Perm Krai |Perm |border|65px |65px |krai |{{n/a}} |Dmitry Makhonin (UR) |Volga |Ural |align="right"|160,236 |align="right"|2,482,080 |align="right"|15.49 |align="right"|2005 |- style="height:65px;" |60 |Pskov Oblast |Pskov |border|65px |65px | rowspan="15" |oblast |{{n/a}} |Mikhail Vedernikov (UR) |Northwestern |Northwestern |align="right"|55,399 |align="right"|574,199 |align="right"|10.36 |align="right"|1944 |- style="height:65px;" |61 |Rostov Oblast |Rostov-on-Don |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Yury Slyusar (UR) |Southern |North Caucasus |align="right"|100,967 |align="right"|4,135,018 |align="right"|40.95 |align="right"|1937 |- style="height:65px;" |62 |Ryazan Oblast |Ryazan |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Pavel Malkov (Ind.) |Central |Central |align="right"|39,605 |align="right"|1,073,981 |align="right"|27.12 |align="right"|1937 |- style="height:65px;" |63 |Samara Oblast |Samara |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Vyacheslav Fedorishchev (UR) |Volga |Volga |align="right"|53,565 |align="right"|3,108,944 |align="right"|58.04 |align="right"|1928 |- style="height:65px;" |64 |Saratov Oblast |Saratov |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Roman Busargin (UR) |Volga |Volga |align="right"|101,240 |align="right"|2,368,387 |align="right"|23.39 |align="right"|1936 |- style="height:65px;" |65 |Sakhalin Oblast |Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Valery Limarenko (UR) |Far Eastern |Far Eastern |align="right"|87,101 |align="right"|456,792 |align="right"|5.24 |align="right"|1947 |- style="height:65px;" |66 |Sverdlovsk Oblast |Yekaterinburg |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Denis Pasler (UR) |Ural |Ural |align="right"|194,307 |align="right"|4,218,204 |align="right"|21.71 |align="right"|1935 |- style="height:65px;" |67 |Smolensk Oblast |Smolensk |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Vasily Anokhin (UR) |Central |Central |align="right"|49,779 |align="right"|857,847 |align="right"|17.23 |align="right"|1937 |- style="height:65px;" |68 |Tambov Oblast |Tambov |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Yevgeny Pervyshov (UR) |Central |Central Black Earth |align="right"|34,462 |align="right"|946,010 |align="right"|27.45 |align="right"|1937 |- style="height:65px;" |69 |Tver Oblast |Tver |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Vitaly Korolyov (UR, acting) |Central |Central |align="right"|84,201 |align="right"|1,189,685 |align="right"|14.13 |align="right"|1935 |- style="height:65px;" |70 |Tomsk Oblast |Tomsk |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Vladimir Mazur (UR) |Siberian |West Siberian |align="right"|314,391 |align="right"|1,039,458 |align="right"|3.31 |align="right"|1944 |- style="height:65px;" |71 |Tula Oblast |Tula |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Dmitry Milyaev (UR) |Central |Central |align="right"|25,679 |align="right"|1,455,911 |align="right"|56.70 |align="right"|1937 |- style="height:65px;" |72 |Tyumen Oblast |Tyumen |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Aleksandr Moor (UR) |Ural |West Siberian |align="right"|160,122 |align="right"|1,625,129 |align="right"|10.15 |align="right"|1944 |- style="height:65px;" |73 |Ulyanovsk Oblast |Ulyanovsk |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Aleksey Russkikh (CPRF) |Volga |Volga |align="right"|37,181 |align="right"|1,164,837 |align="right"|31.33 |align="right"|1943 |- style="height:65px;" |74 |Chelyabinsk Oblast |Chelyabinsk |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Aleksey Teksler (UR) |Ural |Ural |align="right"|88,529 |align="right"|3,383,188 |align="right"|38.22 |align="right"|1934 |- style="height:65px;" |75 |Zabaykalsky Krai |Chita |65px |65px |krai |{{n/a}} |Aleksandr Osipov (Ind.) |Far Eastern |East Siberian |align="right"|431,892 |align="right"|982,525 |align="right"|2.27 |align="right"|2008 |- style="height:65px;" |76 |Yaroslavl Oblast |Yaroslavl |border|65px |65px |oblast |{{n/a}} |Mikhail Yevrayev (Ind.) |Central |Central |align="right"|36,177 |align="right"|1,179,301 |align="right"|32.60 |align="right"|1936 |- style="height:65px;" |77 |colspan="2"|Moscow |border|65px |65px | rowspan="2" |federal city |{{n/a}} |Sergey Sobyanin (UR) |Central |Central |align="right"|2,561 |align="right"|13,258,262 |align="right"|5176.99 |align="right"|1147 |- style="height:65px;" |78 |colspan="2"|Saint Petersburg |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Alexander Beglov (UR) |Northwestern |Northwestern |align="right"|1,403 |align="right"|5,645,943 |align="right"|4024.19 |align="right"|1703 |- style="height:65px;" |79 |Jewish Autonomous Oblast |Birobidzhan |border|65px |65px |autonomous oblast |Jews |Maria Kostyuk (UR) |Far Eastern |Far Eastern |align="right"|36,271 |align="right"|144,389 |align="right"|3.98 |align="right"|1934 |- style="height:65px;" |83 |Nenets Autonomous Okrug |Naryan-Mar |border|65px |65px | rowspan="4" |autonomous okrug |Nenets |Irina Gecht (UR) |Northwestern |Northern |align="right"|176,810 |align="right"|41,829 |align="right"|0.24 |align="right"|1929 |- style="height:65px;" |86 |Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug |Khanty-Mansiysk (Largest city: Surgut) |border|65px |65px |Khanty, Mansi |Ruslan Kukharuk (UR) |Ural |West Siberian |align="right"|534,801 |align="right"|1,779,510 |align="right"|3.33 |align="right"|1930 |- style="height:65px;" |87 |Chukotka Autonomous Okrug |Anadyr |border|65px |65px |Chukchi |Vladislav Kuznetsov (UR) |Far Eastern |Far Eastern |align="right"|721,481 |align="right"|47,902 |align="right"|0.07 |align="right"|1930 |- style="height:65px;" |89 |Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug |Salekhard (Largest city: Novy Urengoy) |border|65px |65px |Nenets |Dmitry Artyukhov (UR) |Ural |West Siberian |align="right"|769,250 |align="right"|521,655 |align="right"|0.68 |align="right"|1930 |- |}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Contested territories situated within the internationally recognised borders of Ukraine |- ! rowspan="2" |Code ! rowspan="2" |Name ! rowspan="2" |Capital / Administrative centre{{Ref_label|a|a|none}} ! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |Flag ! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |Coat of arms ! rowspan="2" |Type ! rowspan="2" |Titular nation ! rowspan="2" |Head of subject ! rowspan="2" |Federal district ! rowspan="2" |Economic region ! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Area (km2)<ref name="area"/> ! colspan="2" |Population<ref name="2021Census">{{cite web|script-title=ru:Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx|publisher=Federal State Statistics Service|accessdate=1 September 2022}}</ref> ! rowspan="2" |Est. |- ! data-sort-type=number |Total ! data-sort-type=number |Density (km2) |-style="height:65px;" |80 |Donetsk People's Republic{{Ref_label|e|e|none}}{{Ref_label|f|f|none}} |Donetsk |border|65px |65px | rowspan="3" | republic |{{n/a}} |Denis Pushilin (UR/ODDR) | |Central Black Earth<ref name="con">{{cite web |title=Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. ОК 024-95 (ред. от 24.04.2025) |url=https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_115583/0ea00b4142e612de60c5290a5a547b654573e76d/ |website=consultant.ru |language=ru}}</ref> |align="right"|26,517{{Ref_label|g|g|none}} |align="right"|4,100,280<ref name="ua2021estimate">{{cite book |url=http://database.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/ukr/publ_new1/2021/zb_chuselnist%202021.pdf |publisher=State Statistics Service of Ukraine |location=Kyiv |language=uk,en |script-title=uk:"Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2021" |title=Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211221135256/http://database.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/ukr/publ_new1/2021/zb_chuselnist%202021.pdf |archive-date= Dec 21, 2021 }}</ref>{{Ref_label|g|g|none}} |align="right"|154.63{{Ref_label|g|g|none}} |align="right"|2022 |-style="height:65px;" |81 |Luhansk People's Republic{{Ref_label|e|e|none}}{{Ref_label|f|f|none}} |Luhansk |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Leonid Pasechnik (UR/ML) | |Central Black Earth<ref name="con"/> |align="right"|26,684{{Ref_label|g|g|none}} |align="right"|2,121,322<ref name="ua2021estimate" />{{Ref_label|g|g|none}} |align="right"|79.50{{Ref_label|g|g|none}} |align="right"|2022 |- style="height:65px;" |82 |Republic of Crimea{{Ref_label|e|e|none}} |Simferopol |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Sergey Aksyonov (UR) |Southern<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://uatoday.tv/politics/crimea-becomes-part-of-vast-southern-federal-district-of-russia-705731.html|title=Crimea becomes part of vast Southern federal district of Russia|access-date=2016-07-29}}</ref><ref name="RBC">{{cite news|url=http://top.rbc.ru/politics/21/03/2014/912755.shtml|script-title=ru:В России создан Крымский федер��льный округ|publisher=RBC|date=March 21, 2014|access-date=November 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322220946/http://top.rbc.ru/politics/21/03/2014/912755.shtml|archive-date=March 22, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> |North Caucasus |align="right"|26,081 |align="right"|1,934,630 |align="right"|74.18 |align="right"|2014 |-style="height:65px;" |84 |Kherson Oblast{{Ref_label|e|e|none}}{{Ref_label|f|f|none}} |{{ubli|Henichesk {{small|(''de facto'')}}|Kherson {{small|(''claimed'')}}}}(Largest city: Kherson) |border|65px |65px | rowspan="2" |oblast |{{n/a}} |Vladimir Saldo (Ind.) | |North Caucasus<ref name="con"/> |align="right"|28,461{{Ref_label|g|g|none}} |align="right"|1,016,707<ref name="ua2021estimate" />{{Ref_label|g|g|none}} |align="right"|35.72{{Ref_label|g|g|none}} |align="right"|2022 |-style="height:65px;" |85 |Zaporozhye Oblast{{Ref_label|e|e|none}}{{Ref_label|f|f|none}} |Melitopol (Largest city: Zaporizhzhia)<ref>{{cite web |title=Мелитополь стал столицей Запорожской области |url=https://www.rbc.ru/politics/03/03/2023/64022d0c9a7947f9f443835f |website=RBC |language=ru |date=March 3, 2023}}</ref> |border|65px |65px |{{n/a}} |Yevgeny Balitsky (UR) | |North Caucasus<ref name="con"/> |align="right"|27,183{{Ref_label|g|g|none}} |align="right"|1,666,515<ref name="ua2021estimate" />{{Ref_label|g|g|none}} |align="right"|61.31{{Ref_label|g|g|none}} |align="right"|2022 |- style="height:65px;" |92 |colspan="2"|Sevastopol{{Ref_label|e|e|none}} |border|65px |65px |federal city |{{n/a}} |Mikhail Razvozhayev (UR) |Southern<ref name=":0"/><ref name="RBC"/> |North Caucasus |align="right"|864 |align="right"|547,820 |align="right"|634.05 |align="right"|2014 |}

===Notes=== {{Refbegin}}{{ordered list|type=lower-alpha | {{Note_label|a|a|none}} The largest city is also listed when it is different from the capital/administrative centre. | {{Note_label|b|b|none}} According to Article 13 of the Charter of Leningrad Oblast, the governing bodies of the oblast are located in the city of Saint Petersburg. However, Saint Petersburg is not officially the administrative centre of the oblast. | {{Note_label|c|c|none}} According to Article 24 of the Charter of Moscow Oblast, the governing bodies of the oblast are located in the city of Moscow and throughout the territory of Moscow Oblast. However, Moscow is not officially the administrative centre of the oblast. | {{Note_label|d|d|none}} In February 2000, the former code of 20 for the Chechen Republic was cancelled and replaced with code 95. License plate production was suspended due to the Chechen Wars, causing numerous issues, which in turn forced the region to use a new code. | {{Note_label|e|e|none}} Internationally recognized as part of Ukraine. | {{Note_label|f|f|none}} Claimed, but only partially controlled by Russia. | {{Note_label|g|g|none}} As Russia only partially controls the region, this is a claimed figure. }} {{Refend}}

==Mergers, splits and internal territorial changes {{anchor|Mergers}}== thumb|center|upright=1.8|Map of the federal subjects of Russia highlighting those that merged in the first decade of the 21st century (in yellow), and those whose merger has been discussed in the same decade (in orange) Starting in 2005, some of the federal subjects were merged into larger territories. In this process, six very sparsely populated subjects (comprising in total 0.3% of the population of Russia) were integrated into more populated subjects, with the hope that the economic development of those territories would benefit from the much larger means of their neighbours. The merging process was finished on 1 March 2008. No new mergers have been planned since March 2008. The six territories became "administrative-territorial regions with special status". They have large proportions of minorities, with Russians being a majority only in three of them. Four of those territories have a second official language in addition to Russian: Buryat (in two of the merged territories), Komi-Permian, Koryak. This is an exception: all the other official languages of Russia (other than Russian) are set by the Constitutions of its constituent Republics (Mordovia, Chechnya, Dagestan etc.). The status of the "administrative-territorial regions with special status" has been a subject of criticism because it does not appear in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Date of referendum ! Date of merger ! Original entities ! Original codes ! New code ! Original entities ! New entity |- | 2003-12-07 | 2005-12-01 | style="text-align:center;"|1, 1a | style="text-align:center;"|59 (1), 81 (1a) | style="text-align:center;"|90 | Perm Oblast (1) + Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug (1a) | Perm Krai |- | 2005-04-17 | 2007-01-01 | style="text-align:center;"|2, 2a, 2b | style="text-align:center;"|24 (2), 88 (2a), 84 (2b) | style="text-align:center;"|24 | Krasnoyarsk Krai (2) + Evenk Autonomous Okrug (2a) + Taymyr Autonomous Okrug (2b) | Krasnoyarsk Krai |- | 2005-10-23 | 2007-07-01 | style="text-align:center;"|3, 3a | style="text-align:center;"|41 (3), 82 (3a) | style="text-align:center;"|91 | Kamchatka Oblast (3) + Koryak Autonomous Okrug (3a) | Kamchatka Krai |- | 2006-04-16 | 2008-01-01 | style="text-align:center;"|4, 4a | style="text-align:center;"|38 (4), 85 (4a) | style="text-align:center;"|38 | Irkutsk Oblast (4) + Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug (4a) | Irkutsk Oblast |- | 2007-03-11 | 2008-03-01 | style="text-align:center;"|5, 5a | style="text-align:center;"|75 (5), 80 (5a) | style="text-align:center;"|92 | Chita Oblast (5) + Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug (5a) | Zabaykalsky Krai |} In addition to those six territories that entirely ceased to be subjects of the Russian Federation and were downgraded to territories with special status, another three subjects have a status of subject but are simultaneously part of a more populated subject:

*Nenets Autonomous Okrug (2010 population of 42,090) has been a subject since 1993, but is also, according to its Constitution, part of Arkhangelsk Oblast *Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug obtained autonomy in 1977, but is also part of Tyumen Oblast *Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug obtained the status of subject in 1992 (after obtaining autonomy in 1977), but is also part of Tyumen Oblast.

With an estimated population of 49,348 as of 2018, Chukotka is currently the least populated subject of Russia that is not part of a more populated subject. It was separated from Magadan Oblast in 1993. Chukotka is one of the richest subjects of Russia (with a gross regional product [GRP] per capita equivalent to that of Australia) and therefore does not fit in the pattern of merging a subject to benefit from the economic dynamism of the neighbour.

In 1992, Ingushetia separated from Chechnya to stay away from the growing violence in Chechnya. Those two Muslim republics, populated in vast majority (95%+) by closely related Vainakh people, speaking Vainakhish languages, remain the two poorest subjects of Russia, with the GRP per capita of Ingushetia being equivalent to that of Iraq. According to 2016 statistics, however, they are also the safest regions of Russia, and also have the lowest alcohol consumption, with alcohol poisoning at least 40 times lower than the federal average.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:БГД - Регионы России. Социально-экономические показатели - 2017 г. |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/bgd/regl/b17_14p/Main.htm |website=rosstat.gov.ru }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url-status=dead |url=https://fedstat.ru/indicator/31270 |script-title=ru:Число умерших по основным классам и отдельным причинам смерти в расчете на 100000 населения за год |website=ЕМИСС |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326204143/https://fedstat.ru/indicator/31270|archive-date=March 26, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=2958301|script-title=ru:"Рейтинг трезвости-2017": кто в России меньше всех пьет |language=Russian |date=November 27, 2017 |website=Вести.Ru |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230702035502/https://www.vesti.ru/article/1652224 |archive-date= Jul 2, 2023 }}</ref>

Until 1994, Sokolsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast was part of Ivanovo Oblast.

In 2011–2012, the territory of Moscow increased by 140% (to {{cvt|2511|km2}}) by acquiring part of Moscow Oblast.

On 13 May 2020, the governors of Arkhangelsk Oblast and Nenets Autonomous Okrug announced their plan to merge following the collapse of oil prices stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Catastrophic' economic situation prompts merger talks for Nenets AO and Arkhangelsk Oblast|url=https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/2020/05/catastrophic-economic-situation-prompts-merger-talks-nenets-ao-and-arkhangelsk-oblast|last=Quinn|first=Eilís|date=2020-05-14|website=The Barents Observer|language=en|access-date=2020-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Russian Regions to Become Single Federal Subject in Decade-First|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/05/13/russian-regions-to-become-single-federal-subject-in-decade-first-a70263|date=2020-05-13|website=The Moscow Times|language=en|access-date=2020-05-15}}</ref> The process was scrapped on 2 July due to its unpopularity among the population.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Antonova|first=Elizaveta|date=2 July 2020|title=The head of the Nenets Autonomous District declared refusal to unite with the Arkhangelsk region|url=https://www.rbc.ru/politics/02/07/2020/5efe1a469a7947457ecd4b4f|access-date=6 July 2020|website=RBC|language=ru}}</ref>

==References== ===Notes=== {{reflist}}

===Sources=== *{{RussiaBasicLawRef}}

{{Federal subjects of Russia}} {{Lists of Russian federal subjects}} {{Articles on first-level administrative divisions of European countries}} {{Articles on first-level administrative divisions of Asian countries}}

Category:Federal subjects of Russia Russia 1 Subjects, Russian Federation Category:Federal subjects of Russia-related lists Category:Countries and territories where Russian is an official language Category:History of Russia (1991–present)