Al-Fatiha

{{Short description|First chapter of the Qur'an}} {{infobox surah | number =1 | number-3 =001 | name =Al-Fātiḥah | name-ar =ٱلۡفَاتِحَةِ | name-en =The Opening | prev_sura = Quran 114 | next_sura = Quran 2 | classification =Meccan | juz =1, Hizb 1 | verses =7 | words =25 or 29{{efn|when counting the ''basmala''|name=basmala}} | letters =113 or 139{{efn|name=basmala}} | audio = Sura Minshawi 1.ogg }} {{Listen | filename = Chapter 1, Al-Fatiha (Mujawwad) - Recitation of the Holy Qur'an.mp3 | title = ''Al-Fatiḥa'' | pos = right | description = Recitation of Al-Fatiḥa in mujawwad. | format = Mp3 }} {{Quran}} [[File:Headings for Chapter 1, al-Fatiha, and for Chapter 2, al-Baqara (CBL Is 1431, f.9b).jpg|thumb|Headings for Al-Fatiḥa, and for Chapter 2, Al-Baqara. From the Quran of Ibn al-Bawwab. Baghdad, 1000/1001. Chester Beatty Library]] '''Al-Fātiḥah''' ({{langx|ar|ٱلۡفَاتِحَةِ|translit=Al-Fātiḥah|lit=The Opening}}) is the first chapter ({{Transliteration|ar|Surah}}) of the Quran. It consists of seven verses (''{{Transliteration|ar|Ayat}}'') which consist of a prayer for guidance and mercy.<ref name="qtaf">{{Qtaf|en:ibk|1|1}}</ref>

Al-Fatihah is recited in Muslim obligatory and voluntary prayers, known as ''Salah''. The primary literal meaning of the expression "Al-Fatiḥah" is "The Opener/The Key".

==Background== The most commonly accepted view about the origins of the ''Surah'' is the view of Ibn Abbas, among others, that Al-Fatihah is a Meccan ''surah'', although some believe that it is either a Medinan surah or was revealed in both Mecca and Medina.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Mirza Bahir Ud-Din |title=The Quran with English Translation and Commentary |publisher=Islam International Publications Ltd. |year=1988 |isbn=1-85372-045-3 |pages=1}}</ref> Most narrators recorded that Al-Fatihah was the first complete Surah revealed to Muhammad.<ref name="Maududi" />

The name Al-Fatihah ("The Opener") could refer to the ''surah'' being the first in the Mus'hafs, the first to be recited in each ''Rak'at'' of ''Salah'', or to the manner of its usage in many Islamic traditions as an opening prayer. The word itself comes from the root {{transliteration|ar|f-t-ḥ}} (ف ت ح), which means "to open, explain, disclose, conquer", etc.<ref name="Maududi" /><ref>Joseph E. B. Lumbard "Commentary on Sūrat al-Fātiḥah", ''The Study of the Quran''. ed. Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Caner Dagli, Maria Dakake, Joseph Lumbard, Muhammad Rustom (San Francisco: Harper One, 2015), p. 3.</ref> Al-Fatihahh is also known by several other names, such as Al-Hamd (The Praise), As-Salah (The Prayer), Umm al-Kitab (Mother of the Book), Umm al-Quran (Mother of the Quran),<ref>{{Href|nasai|914|b=yl}}</ref><ref name="qtaf" /> Sab'a min al-Mathani (Seven Repeated Ones, from Quran {{qref|15|87|pl=y}}),<ref name="khoi">{{cite book |author=Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei |author-link=Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei |title=Al-Bayan Fi Tafsir al-Quran |pages=446}}</ref> and Ash-Shifa' (The Cure).<ref>Joseph E. B. Lumbard, "Introduction to Sūrat al-Fātiḥah", ''The Study Quran''. ed. Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Caner Dagli, Maria Dakake, Joseph Lumbard, Muhammad Rustom (San Francisco: Harper One, 2015), p. 3.</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Mubarakpuri |first=Safiur Rahman |title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir (10 Volumes; Abridged) |publisher=Darussalam |year=2000 |isbn=9781591440208 |pages=7–8}}</ref>

== Summary == Surah Al-Fatihah is narrated in the Hadith to have been divided into two halves between God and his servant (the person reciting), the first three verses being God's half and last three being the servant's.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ibn al-Hajjaj|first=Abul Hussain Muslim|url=|title=Sahih Muslim - 7 Volumes|publisher=Darussalam|year=2007|isbn=978-9960991900|volume=1|pages=501–503}}</ref> There is disagreement as to whether the ''Bismillah'' is the first verse of the ''Surah,'' or even a verse in the first place.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mubarakpuri|first=Safiur Rahman|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir (10 Volumes; Abridged)|publisher=Darussalam|year=2000|isbn=9781591440208|pages=25|quote=[The scholars] disagree over whether [Bismillah] is a separate Ayah before every Surah, or if it is an Ayah, or a part of an Ayah, included in every Surah where the Bismillah appears in its beginning. [...] The opinion that Bismillah is an Ayah of every Surah, except [At-Tawbah], was attributed to (the Companions) Ibn 'Abbas, Ibn 'Umar, Ibn Az-Zubayr, Abu Hurayrah and 'Ali. This opinion was also attributed to the Tabi'in 'Ata', Tawus, Sa'id bin Jubayr, Makhul and Az-Zuhri. This is also the view of 'Abdullah bin Al-Mubarak, Ash-Shaf i'i, Ahmad bin Hanbal, (in one report from him) Ishaq bin Rahwayh, and Abu 'Ubayd Al-Qasim bin Salam. On the other hand, Malik, Abu Hanifah and their followers said that Bismillah is not an Ayah in Al-Fatihah or any other Surah. Dawud said that it is a separate Ayah in the beginning of every Surah, not part of the Surah itself, and this opinion was also attributed to Ahmad bin Hanbal.}}</ref>

The chapter begins by praising God with the phrase and stating that it is God who is the lord of the worlds (verse 1/2),<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mubarakpuri|first=Safiur Rahman|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir (10 Volumes; Abridged)|publisher=Darussalam|year=2000|isbn=9781591440208|pages=33–37}}</ref> that He is the most gracious and most merciful (verse 2/3),<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mubarakpuri|first=Safiur Rahman|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir (10 Volumes; Abridged)|publisher=Darussalam|year=2000|isbn=9781591440208|pages=30–33, 37}}</ref> and that He is and will be the true owner of everything and everyone on the Day of Judgement (verse 3/4).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mubarakpuri|first=Safiur Rahman|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir (10 Volumes; Abridged)|publisher=Darussalam|year=2000|isbn=9781591440208|pages=39–42}}</ref>

"If you tried to count Allah's blessings, you would never be able to number them. Indeed, humankind is truly unfair, ˹totally˺ ungrateful" ({{qref|14|34|b=y|pl=y}}).

The final three verses, which comprise the servant's half, begin with the servant stating that they worship and seek only God's help (verse 4/5), asking him to guide them to the ''Sirat al-Mustaqim'' (the Straight Path) of those who God has been bountiful to, and not of those who have earned his anger (verses 5-6/6-7).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mubarakpuri|first=Safiur Rahman|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir (10 Volumes; Abridged)|publisher=Darussalam|year=2000|isbn=9781591440208|pages=42–55}}</ref>

Some Muslim commentators have interpreted these verses in a more general sense, not referring exclusively to any specific group of people.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Asad|first=Muhammad|url=http://www.muhammad-asad.com/Message-of-Quran.pdf|title=The Message of the Quran, Commentary on Surah Fatiha|pages=23–24|quote=According to almost all the commentators, God's "condemnation" (ghadab, lit., "wrath") is synonymous with the evil consequences which man brings upon himself by wilfully rejecting God's guidance and acting contrary to His injunctions. ... As regards the two categories of people following a wrong course, some of the greatest Islamic thinkers (e.g. Al-Ghazali or, in recent times, Muhammad 'Abduh) held the view that the people described as having incurred "God's condemnation" - that is, having deprived themselves of His grace - are those who have become fully cognizant of God's message and, having understood it, have rejected it; while by "those who go astray" are meant people whom the truth has either not reached at all, or to whom it has come in so garbled and corrupted a form as to make it difficult for them to recognize it as the truth (see 'Abduh in Manar I, 68 ff.).|author-link=Muhammad Asad|access-date=2019-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191126180926/http://www.muhammad-asad.com/Message-of-Quran.pdf|archive-date=2019-11-26|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Ali|first=Abdullah Yusuf|url=http://www.ulc.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/English-Quran-With-Commentaries.pdf|title=The Meaning of The Noble Qur'an, Commentary on al-Fatiha|year=2006|pages=7|quote=...those who are in the darkness of Wrath and those who stray? The first are those who deliberately break God's law; the second those who stray out of carelessness or negligence. Both are responsible for their own acts or omissions. In opposition to both are the people who are in the light of God's Grace: for His Grace not only protects them from active wrong ... but also from straying into paths of temptation or carelessness. The negative gair should be construed as applying not to the way, but as describing men protected from two dangers by God's Grace.|author-link=Abdullah Yusuf Ali|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312164616/http://www.ulc.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/English-Quran-With-Commentaries.pdf|archive-date=2017-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Shafi|first=Muhammad|url=http://www.islamicstudies.info/quran/maarif/maarif.php?sura=1|title=Ma'ariful Qur'an|pages=78–79|author-link=Muhammad Shafi Deobandi|access-date=2019-12-13|archive-date=2020-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718160303/http://www.islamicstudies.info/quran/maarif/maarif.php?sura=1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Tafsir al-Kabir, al-Razi, التفسير الكبير, Tafsir Surah al-Fatiha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Al-Kashshaaf, Al-Zamakhshari, الكشاف, Commentary on surah al-Fatiha}}</ref><ref name="Maududi">{{cite book|last=Maududi|first=Sayyid Abul Ala|title=Tafhim Al Quran|url=http://www.englishtafsir.com/Quran/1/index.html|access-date=2013-06-17|archive-date=2013-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728184437/http://www.englishtafsir.com/Quran/1/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://corpuscoranicum.de/kommentar/index/sure/1/vers/1|title=Corpus Coranicum: Commentary on the Quran. Chronologisch-literaturwissenschaftlicher Kommentar zum Koran, hg. von der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften durch Angelika Neuwirth unter Mitarbeit von Ali Aghaei und Tolou Khademalsharieh, unter Heranziehung von Übersetzungen von Nicolai Sinai.|last=|first=|date=15 November 2021|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|quote=Das anaphorische ʾiyyāka (V. 6) betont die Exklusivität des Angerufenen, der anders als im Fall der paganen mušrikūn, die Gott zwar in extremen Situationen um Hilfe rufen, ihm aber nicht dienen, vgl. Q 17:67, Adressat sowohl von Hilferufen als auch von Gottesdienst ist. An diese im Zentrum stehende Affirmation der Alleinverehrung Gottes schließt die Bitte um Rechtleitung an (V. 7). Der hier erhoffte ‚gerade Weg‘ soll demjenigen der bereits von Gott mit Huld bedachten Vorläufern folgen. Sie werden nicht explizit gemacht und dürften zur Zeit der Entstehung der fātiḥa auch unbestimmt intendiert sein. Erst später – mit der Herausbildung von Kollektivbildern - ließen sich die Zielgruppen ex silentio erschließen}}</ref>{{overcite|date=January 2025}} However, some Muslim commentators believe Jews and Christians are examples of those evoking God's anger and those who went astray, respectively.<ref name="Leaman">{{cite book|last=Leaman|first=Oliver|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isDgI0-0Ip4C&q=%22The+Prophet+interpreted+those+who+incurred+God%E2%80%99s+wrath+as+the+Jews+and+the+misguided+as+the+Christians%22&pg=PA614|title=The Qur'an: an Encyclopedia|date=2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-32639-7|editor=Leaman, Oliver|page=614|quote=The Prophet interpreted those who incurred God's wrath as the Jews and the misguided as the Christians.|author-link=Oliver Leaman|access-date=2020-11-05|archive-date=2021-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328155435/https://books.google.com/books?id=isDgI0-0Ip4C&q=%22The+Prophet+interpreted+those+who+incurred+God%E2%80%99s+wrath+as+the+Jews+and+the+misguided+as+the+Christians%22&pg=PA614|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="interpretation2">{{cite book|last=Ayoub|first=Mahmoud M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sIXpFtvp2JYC&pg=PA49|title=The Qur'an and Its Interpreters: v.1: Vol 1|date=January 1984|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0873957274|page=49|quote=Most commentators have included the Jews among those who have "incurred" divine wrath and the Christians among those who have "gone astray".(Tabari, I, pp. 185-195; Zamakhshari, I, p. 71)|author-link=Mahmoud M. Ayoub|access-date=2020-11-05|archive-date=2021-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328155501/https://books.google.com/books?id=sIXpFtvp2JYC&pg=PA49|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Qtaf|en:ibk|1|7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Al-Amin Ash-Shanqit, Muhammad|date=10 October 2012|title=Tafsir of Chapter 001: Surah al-Fatihah (The Opening)|url=https://sunnahonline.com/library/the-majestic-quran/431-tasfir-of-chapter-1-surah-al-fatihah-the-opening|access-date=24 January 2020|work=Sunnah Online|archive-date=31 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531145652/https://sunnahonline.com/library/the-majestic-quran/431-tasfir-of-chapter-1-surah-al-fatihah-the-opening|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iti-dplakf4| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/Iti-dplakf4| archive-date=2021-11-17 | url-status=live|title=The greatest recitation of Surat al-Fatiha|date=6 June 2007|people=Al Kindari, Fahad|publisher=Sweden Dawah Media Production (on behalf of High Quality & I-Media); LatinAutor - Warner Chappell|access-date=20 December 2019|quote=The saying of the Exalted, 'not the Path of those who have earned Your Anger, nor of those that went astray': the majority of the scholars of tafseer said that 'those who have earned Your Anger' are the Jews, and 'those that went astray' are the Christians, and there is the hadeeth of the Messenger of God (SAW) reported from Adee bin Haatim (RA) concerning this. And the Jews and the Christians even though both of them are misguided and both of them have God's Anger on them - the Anger is specified to the Jews, even though the Christians share this with them because the Jews knew the truth and rejected it and deliberately came with falsehood, so the Anger (of God being upon them) was the description most befitting them. And the Christians were ignorant, not knowing the truth, so misguidance was the description most befitting them. So with this the saying of God,they have drawn on themselves anger upon anger' (2:90) clarifies that the Jews are those that 'have earned your Anger'. And likewise His sayings, 'Say: shall I inform you of something worse than that, regarding the recompense from God: those (Jews) who incurred the Curse of God and His Anger' (5:60)}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Surah Al-Fatihah, Chapter 1|url=https://www.al-islam.org/enlightening-commentary-light-holy-quran-vol-1/surah-al-fatihah-chapter-1|access-date=11 December 2019|work=al-islam.org|date=23 January 2014|quote=Some of the commentators believe that / dallin / 'those gone astray' refers to the misguided of the Christians; and / maqdubi 'alayhim / 'those inflicted with His Wrath' refers to the misguided of the Jews.|archive-date=8 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208094137/https://www.al-islam.org/enlightening-commentary-light-holy-quran-vol-1/surah-al-fatihah-chapter-1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=al-Jalalayn|author-link=Tafsir al-Jalalayn|title=The Tasfirs|url=https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=1&tTafsirNo=74&tSoraNo=1&tAyahNo=7&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=2|access-date=7 February 2020|work=altafsir.com|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904084752/https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=1&tTafsirNo=74&tSoraNo=1&tAyahNo=7&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name = "ExplantionQur'an">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLKkvUGFP34C |last=Abdul-Rahman|first=Muhammad Saed|title=The meaning and explanation of the glorious Qur'an, 2nd Edition, Volume 1 |publisher=MSA Publication Limited |year=2009|isbn=978-1-86179-643-1}}</ref>{{rp|45}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://noblequran.com/surah-alfatihah/ |title=Interpretation of the meanings of the Noble Quran - Surah 1 |author=Hilali-Khan|date=2020|work=King Fahd Complex for the Printing of the Holy Quran}}</ref>{{overcite|date=January 2025}}

== Verses and meaning == {{Rtl-para|ar|{{script/Arabic|'''بِسْمِ ٱللَّهِ ٱلرَّحْمَـٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ''' ۝١}} }} [''bi-smi-llahi-r-raḥmāni-r-raḥīm(i)''] {{verse||1}} In the name of God, the Most Compassionate, Most Merciful. {{Rtl-para|ar|{{script/Arabic|'''ٱلْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ رَبِّ ٱلْعَـٰلَمِينَ''' ۝٢}} }} [''al-ḥamdu li-llāhi rabbi-l-ʿālamīn(a)''] {{verse||2}} All praise is for God—Lord of all universes, {{Rtl-para|ar|{{script/Arabic|''' ٱلرَّحْمَـٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ''' ۝٣}} }} [''ar-raḥmāni-r-raḥīm(i)''] {{verse||3}} the Most Compassionate, Most Merciful, {{Rtl-para|ar|{{script/Arabic|'''مَـٰلِكِ'''{{small|{{efn-lr|Qira’at: All except for ʻAsem, Al-Kesa’i, Yaʻqub and Khalaf in one of his narrations read it as: {{Script/Arabic|'''{{color|magenta|مَ}}لِكِ يَوْمِ ٱلدِّينِ''' ۝٤}} ''{{color|magenta|ma}}liki yawmi-d-dīn(i)'' {{verse||4}} King of the Day of Judgement.}}}}''' يَوْمِ ٱلدِّينِ''' ۝٤}}}} [''māliki yawmi-d-dīn(i)''] {{verse||4}} Master of the Day of Judgment. {{Rtl-para|ar|{{script/Arabic|'''إِيَّاكَ نَعْبُدُ وَإِيَّاكَ نَسْتَعِينُ''' ۝٥}}}} [''iyyāka naʿbudu wa-iyyāka nastaʿīn(u)''] {{verse||5}} Thee [alone] we worship and Thee [alone] we ask for help. {{Rtl-para|ar|{{script/Arabic|'''ٱهْدِنَا ٱلصِّرَٰطَ ٱلْمُسْتَقِيمَ''' ۝٦}}}} [''ihdinā-ṣ-ṣirāṭa-l-mustaqīm(a)''] {{verse||6}} Guide us along the Straight Path, {{Rtl-para|ar|{{script/Arabic|'''صِرَٰطَ ٱلَّذِينَ أَنْعَمْتَ عَلَيْهِمْ غَيْرِ ٱلْمَغْضُوبِ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلَا ٱلضَّآلِّينَ''' ۝٧}}}} [''ṣirāṭa-l-laḏīna anʿamta ʿalayhim ghayri-l-maḡḍūbi ʿalayhim wa-la-ḍ-ḍāllīn(a)''] {{verse||7}} the Path of those You have blessed—not of those who have evoked [Your] anger or of those who are astray.

==Benefits and virtues== Muslims attribute special significance to some ''surahs'' for their virtues and benefits ({{Langx|ar|فضائل|faḍā’il|label=none}}) described in the hadith. Acceptance of the different hadith varies between Sunni and Shia Muslims, and there is a variety of terms to classify the different levels of confirmed authenticity of a hadith. However, both Sunnis and Shia believe Al-Fatihah to be one of the greatest ''surahs'' in the Quran, and a cure for several diseases and poisons, both spiritual and mental.<ref name=":2" />

According to the Prophet: {{Blockquote|While I was with Jibreel, I suddenly heard a noise from above. Jibreel lifted his sight to the sky and said, 'This is a door in the heavens being opened, and it has never been opened before now.' An angel descended and said, 'Receive the good news of two lights that have been given to you, which no prophet before you was given: the Opening of the Book (Al-Fatiha) and the last verses of Al-Baqarah. You will never recite a word from them except that you will be given (reward).'|source=Sahih Muslim, Hadith 806}}

==See also== *Lord's Prayer

== Notes == {{Notelist}} {{Notelist-lr}}

==References== {{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography == * {{cite book|author=David James|title=Qur'ans of the Mamluks|url=|date=1988|publisher=Alexandria Press|isbn=9780500973677|location=London|ref={{SfnRef|Qur'ans of the Mamluks}}}}

== External links == {{commons category}} * {{Wikisource-inline|The Meaning of the Glorious Koran (1930)/The Opening|The Opening|single=true}}, 1930 translation by Muhammad Marmaduke Pickthall * [https://quran.com/1 Text of ''Surah'' al-Fatiha with multiple available translations]

Category:Al-Fatiha Category:Salah Fatiha