{{short description|Grammatical particle in Persian}} {{about|a grammatical particle in Persian|the corresponding phenomenon in Arabic|Iḍāfah}} [[File:Written Form of Ezāfe in Persian Alphabet - NoBG.png|link=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87:Written%20Form%20of%20Ez%C4%81fe%20in%20Persian%20Alphabet%20-%20NoBG.png|alt=نقشنمای اضافه و موصوف (کسرۀ اضافه) در الفبای فارسی|thumb|Written forms of ezāfe in the Persian alphabet]] The '''''ezāfe''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɛ|z|ə|ˈ|f|eɪ}} {{respell|EZ|ə|FAY}} or {{IPAc-en|ɪ|ˈ|z|ɑː|f|eɪ}} {{respell|iz|AH|fay}}; {{langx|fa|اضافه}} {{IPA|fa|ezɒːˈfe|}}, {{lit|addition}}){{efn|Also romanized as ''ezâfe'', ''izafet'', ''izafe'', ''izafat'', ''izāfa'', ''ezafe'', and ''izofa'' ({{langx|tg|изофа|izofa}}). The term is from Arabic {{langx|ar|إضافة|ʾiḍāfa|label=none}}, referring there to a genitive construction.}} is a grammatical particle found in some Iranian languages, as well as Persian-influenced languages such as Azerbaijani, Ottoman Turkish and Hindi-Urdu, that links two words together.<ref name="HockBashir2016">{{cite book |last1=Hock |first1=Hans Henrich |last2=Bashir |first2=Elena |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia: A Comprehensive Guide |date=24 May 2016 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-042338-9|quote=Persian not only spread its lexical and some morphological influences into the indigenous languages with which it came into contact, but also was itself influenced by its Indian environment, developing a new literary variety, ''Sabk-e-Hindi''. Abidi & Gargesh 2008 discusses this "Indianization of Persian", citing both the borrowing of words from Indian languages and the use of expressions which are semantically and emotionally Indian. Code mixing with Indian languages is found at the levels of morpheme, phrase, and clause. Compound words include one item from Persian and the other from Hindi; and the ''ezafe'' construction and conjunctive ''-o-'' are found joining Hindi words (Abidi & Gargesh 2008: 112).}}</ref><ref name="KissAlexiadou2015">{{cite book |last1=Kiss |first1=Tibor |last2=Alexiadou |first2=Artemis |title=Syntax - Theory and Analysis. Volume 3 |date=13 November 2015 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-039315-6 |page=50 |quote=There are also Persian prepositions, such as ''baa-'' 'with' and ''bee-'' 'without', which form Hindi-Urdu compound words (Schmidt 1999: 20-252): (52) a. ''baa-iimaan'' 'with faith, faithful' b. ''bee-sharm'' 'without shame, shameless' Another interesting construction borrowed from Persian is the ''ezafe'' construction, which in Hindi-Urdu, especially in Urdu, contrasts with the genitive =''kaa'' postposition (Schmidt 1999: 246-247).}}</ref><ref name="BhatiaRitchie2006">{{cite book|last1=Bhatia|first1=Tej K.|last2=Ritchie|first2=William C.|title=The Handbook of Bilingualism|pages=789–790|year=2006}}</ref><ref name="ImperialRecord">{{cite book |title=Calendar of Persian Correspondence |date=1911 |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing |page=xxxv |quote=Not only the vocabulary but the very structure of the Persian language had undergone some modifications in the hands of the Hindu ''munshis''. They used Hindi words with Persian ''izafat'' (case - endin) viz, ''jatra i Prayag'' (pilgrimage to Prayag), ''purohit i tirtha'' (priest of the place of the place of pilgrimage), ''ishnan i Kashi'' (sacred bath at Benares), ''dak i harkarah'' (courier's dawk), ''darshan i sri Jagannath'' (visit to Jagannath), ''kothi i mahajani'' (merchant's firm).}}</ref> In the Persian language, it consists of the unstressed short vowel ''-e'' or ''-i'' (''-ye'' or ''-yi'' after vowels)<ref>The short vowel "ــِـ" (known as ''kasra'' or ''kasré'') is pronounced as ''e'' or ''i'' depending on the dialect.</ref> between the words it connects and often approximately corresponds in usage to the English preposition ''of''. It is generally not indicated in writing in the Perso-Arabic alphabet,{{sfn|Abrahams|2005|p=25}}<ref name="IIRD1959">{{cite book |title=Calendar of Persian Correspondence |date=1959 |publisher=India Imperial Record Department|quote=Sometimes Hindi words were used with Persian izafat as in ray-i-rayan (1255), jatra-i-Kashi (820), chitthi-i-huzur (820). But the more interesting aspect of the jargon is the combination of Hindi and Persian words in order to make an idiom, e.g. ''loot u taraj sakhtan'' (466) and ''swargvas shudan'' (1139).|page=xxiv}}</ref> which is normally written without short vowels, but it is indicated in Tajiki, which is written in the Cyrillic script, as {{lang|tg|-и}} without a hyphen.
==Ezafe in Persian== Common uses of the Persian ''ezafe'' are:{{sfn|Moshiri|1988|pp=21–23}} *Possessive (like Pertensive marking): {{lang|fa|برادرِ مریم}} {{transliteration|fa|barādar-e Maryam}} "Mary's brother" (it can also apply to pronominal possession, {{lang|fa|برادرِ من}} {{transliteration|fa|barādar-e man}} "my brother", but in speech it is much more common to use possessive suffixes: {{lang|fa|برادرم}} {{transliteration|fa|barādar-am}}). *Adjective-noun: {{lang|fa|برادرِ بزرگ}} {{transliteration|fa|barādar-e buzurg}} "the big brother". *Given name/title-family name: {{lang|fa|محمد مصدق}} {{transliteration|fa|Muḥammad-e Muṣaddiq}}, {{lang|fa|آقای مصدق}} {{transliteration|fa|āqā-ye Muṣaddiq}} "Mr. Mosaddeq" *Linking two nouns: {{lang|fa|خیابانِ تهران}} {{transliteration|fa|xiyābān-e Tehrān}} "Tehran Street" or "Road to Tehran" After final long vowels ({{transliteration|fa|ā}} {{lang|fa|ا}} or {{transliteration|fa|ū/ō}} {{lang|fa|و}}) in words, the ''ezâfe'' is written with the letter {{transliteration|fa|ye}} ({{lang|fa|ی}}) intervening before the ''ezâfe'' ending. If a word ends in the short vowel (designated by a {{transliteration|fa|he}} {{lang|fa|ه}}), the ''ezâfe'' may be marked either by placing a ''hamze'' diacritic over the {{transliteration|fa|he}} ({{lang|fa|ـهٔ}}) or a non-connecting {{transliteration|fa|ye}} after it ({{lang|fa|ـهی}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Persian Online – Grammar & Resources » Ezāfe 1 |url=https://sites.la.utexas.edu/persian_online_resources/language-specific-grammar/ezfe/ |access-date=2022-07-06}}</ref> The {{transliteration|fa|ye}} is prevented from joining by placing a zero-width non-joiner, known in Persian as {{transliteration|fa|nēm-fāṣila}} ({{lang|fa|نیمفاصله}}), after the {{transliteration|fa|he}}. {| class="wikitable" !Form||Example||Example (in Tajik)||Transliteration||Meaning |- | style="font-size: 150%" rowspan="3" |{{lang|fa|ـِ}}|| style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|fa|زبانِ فارسی}}||{{lang|tg|забони форсӣ}}||''zabān-'''e''' fārsī''|| Persian language |- | style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|fa|جمهوریِ اسلامی}}||{{lang|tg|ҷумҳурии исломӣ}}||''jumhūrī-'''ye''' islāmī''|| Islamic republic |- | style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|fa|دانشگاهِ تهران}}||{{lang|tg|Донишгоҳи Теҳрон}}||''Dānishgāh-'''e''' Tehrān''|| University of Tehran |- | style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|fa|هٔ}}|| style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|fa|خانهٔ مجلل}}||rowspan="2" |{{lang|tg|хонаи муҷаллал}}||rowspan="2" |''xāna-'''ye''' mujallal''|| rowspan="2" |Luxurious House |- | style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|fa|هیِ}} | style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|fa|خانهیِ مجلل}} |- | style="font-size: 150%" rowspan="2" |{{lang|fa|یِ}}|| style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|fa|دریایِ خزر}}|| Дарёи Хазар ||''Daryā-'''ye''' Xazar''|| Caspian Sea |- | style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|fa|عمویِ محمد}}||{{lang|tg|амуи Муҳаммад}}||''<nowiki/>'amū-'''ye''' Muḥammad''|| the [[Ahl al-Bayt|[paternal] uncle]] of Muhammad |- |}
==In Hindi-Urdu == ''Iẓāfat'', or ''iẓāfā''; in Hindi (and even more so in Urdu), is a syntactical construction of two nouns, where the first component is a determined noun, and the second is a determiner. This construction was borrowed from Persian.<ref name="HockBashir2016"/><ref name="BhatiaRitchie2006"/><ref name="ImperialRecord"/><ref name="KissAlexiadou2015"/> In Hindi-Urdu, a short vowel "i" is used to connect these two words, and when pronouncing the newly formed word the short vowel is connected to the first word. If the first word ends in a consonant or an {{transliteration|ur|ʿain}} ({{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ع}}}}), it may be written as {{transliteration|ur|zer}} ({{lang|ur| {{Nastaliq|ـ��ِـ}} }}) at the end of the first word, but usually is not written at all. If the first word ends in {{transliteration|ur|choṭī he}} ({{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ہ}}}}) or {{transliteration|ur|ye}} ({{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ی}}}} or {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ے}}}}) then ''hamzā'' ({{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ء}}}}) is used above the last letter ({{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ۂ}}}} or {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ئ}}}} or {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ۓ}}}}). If the first word ends in a long vowel ({{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ا}}}} or {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|و}}}}), then a different variation of {{transliteration|ur|baṛī ye}} ({{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ے}}}}) with ''hamzā'' on top ({{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ئے}}}}, obtained by adding {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ے}}}} to {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ئ}}}}) is added at the end of the first word. In Devanagari, these characters are written as {{lang|hi|ए}}.{{sfn|Delacy|2003|pp=99–100}} {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Forms|| rowspan="2" |Example ! rowspan="2" |Devanagari|| rowspan="2" |Transliteration|| rowspan="2" |Meaning |- !Urdu script !Devanagari |- |{{lang|ur|{{big|{{unq|ـِ}}}}}} | rowspan="6" style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|hi|ए}}|| style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|شیرِ پنجاب}}}} |{{lang|hi|{{big|शेर-ए-पंजाब}}}}||{{transliteration|ur|sher'''-e-'''Panjāb}}||the lion of Punjab |- |{{lang|ur|{{big|{{unq|ۂ}}}}}} | style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ملکۂ دنیا}}}} |{{lang|hi|{{big|मलिका-ए-दुनिया}}}} |{{transliteration|ur|malika-'''ye'''-duniyā}} |the queen of the world |- |{{lang|ur|{{big|{{unq|ئ}}}}}}|| style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ولئ کامل}}}} |{{lang|hi|{{big|वली-ए-कामिल}}}}||{{transliteration|ur|walī'''-ye-'''kāmil}}||perfect saint |- | rowspan="3" |{{lang|ur|{{big|{{unq|ئے}}}}}} | style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|مئے عشق}}}} |{{lang|hi|{{big|मय-ए-इश्क़}}}} |{{transliteration|ur|mai-'''e'''-'ishq}} |the wine of love |- | style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|روئے زمین}}}} |{{lang|hi|{{big|रू-ए-ज़मीन}}}}||{{transliteration|ur|rū'''-ye-'''zamīn}}|| the surface of the Earth |- | style="font-size: 150%" |{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|صدائے بلند}}}} |{{lang|hi|{{big|सदा-ए-बुलन्द}}}}||{{transliteration|ur|sadā'''-ye-'''buland}}||a high voice |}
==In other languages== {{Unreferenced section|date=March 2020}}
Besides Persian, ''ezâfe'' is found in other Iranian languages and in Turkic languages, which have historically borrowed many phrases from Persian. Ottoman Turkish made extensive use of ''ezâfe'', borrowing it from Persian (the official name of the Ottoman Empire was {{lang|ota|دولتِ عَليۀ عُثمانيه}} {{transliteration|ota|Devlet-i Âliye-i Osmaniyye}}), but it is transcribed as ''-i'' or ''-ı'' rather than ''-e''. ''Ezâfe'' is also used frequently in Hindustani, but its use is mostly restricted to Urdu poetic settings or to phrases imported wholesale from Persian since Hindustani by default expresses the genitive with the native declined possessive postposition ''kā''. The title of the Bollywood film, ''Salaam-e-Ishq'', is an example of the use of the ''ezâfe'' in Hindustani. Other examples of ''ezâfe'' in Hindustani include terms like {{transliteration|ur|sazā-e-maut}} "death penalty" and {{transliteration|ur|qābil-e-ta'rīf}} "praiseworthy". It can also be found in the neo-Bengali language (Bangladeshi, but also especially Dobhashi) constructions especially for titles such as {{transliteration|bn|Sher-e-Bangla}} (Tiger of Bengal), {{transliteration|bn|Jamaat-e-Islami}} (Islamic assembly) and {{transliteration|bn|Mah-e-Romzan}} (Month of Ramadan).
The Albanian language also has an ''ezâfe''-like construction, as for example in {{lang|sq|Partia e Punës e Shqipërisë}}, Party of Labour of Albania (the Albanian communist party). The linking particle declines in accordance to the gender, definiteness, and number of the noun that precedes it. It is used in adjectival declension and forming the genitive:
* {{lang|sq|Zyra '''e''' Shefit}} "The Boss' office" (The office of the boss) * {{lang|sq|Në një zyrë '''të''' afërt}} "In an adjacent office" * {{lang|sq|Jashtë zyrës '''së''' tij}} "Outside his office" (The office of his)
Besides the above mentioned languages, ''ezâfe'' is used in Kurdish in Syria, Iraq, Turkey and Iran: {{interlinear|lang=ku-Latn |Çem-ê Dîclê |river-{{sc2|{{-gcl|EZAFE}}}} Tigris |The Tigris River}}
==Etymology== Originally, in Old Persian, nouns had case endings, just like every other early Indo-European language (such as Sanskrit, Latin, Greek, Proto-Slavic, and Proto-Germanic). A genitive construction would have looked much like a Latin construct, with the first noun being in any case, and the second being in the genitive case. * {{transliteration|peo|vašnā Auramazdā'''ha'''}} "by the will of Auramazda" *: {{transliteration|peo|vašnā}} "will" (Instrumental case) *: {{transliteration|peo|Auramazdā'''ha'''}} "Ahura Mazda (God)" (genitive case){{sfn|Harvey|Lehmann|Slocum|2004}}
However, over time, a relative pronoun such as {{transliteration|peo|tya}} or {{transliteration|peo|hya}} (meaning "which") began to be interposed between the first element and its genitive attribute. * ''by the will'' '''''which''''' ''(is) of Auramazdah''
William St. Clair Tisdall states that the modern Persian ''ezâfe'' stems from the relative pronoun ''which'', which in Eastern Iranian languages (Avestan) was {{transliteration|ae|yo}} or {{transliteration|ae|yat}}. Pahlavi (Middle Persian) shortened it to {{transliteration|pal|ī}} (spelled with the letter Y in Pahlavi scripts), and after noun case endings passed out of usage, this relative pronoun ''which'' (pronounced {{IPA|/i/}} in New Persian), became a genitive "construct" marker. Thus the phrase * {{transliteration|fa|mard-e xūb}} {{lang|fa|مردِ خوب}} historically means "man ''which'' (is) good" rather than "good man."{{sfn|Tisdall|1902|pp=21, 184}}
In other modern Iranian languages, such as Northern Kurdish, the ''ezâfe'' particle is still a relative pronoun, which declines for gender and number.{{sfn|Haig|2011|p=365}} However, rather than translating it as "which," as its etymological origin suggests, a more accurate translation for the New Persian use of ''ezâfe'' would be a linking genitive/attributive "of" or, in the case of adjectives, not translating it.
Since the ''ezâfe'' is not typical of the Avestan language and most Eastern Iranian languages, where the possessives and adjectives normally precede their head noun without a linker, an argument has been put forward that the ezafe construction ultimately represents a substrate feature, more specifically, an outcome of the ancient Elamite influence on Old Persian, which followed the Iranian migration to the territories of the Iranian Plateau previously inhabited by the ancient Elamites.{{sfn|Yakubovich|2020}}
==See also== * Nominative case * Oblique case
==Notes== {{Notelist}}
== References == {{reflist}}
==References== * {{cite book|last=Abrahams|first=Simin|year=2005|title=Modern Persian: A Course-Book|location=London|publisher=RoutledgeCurzon|isbn=0-7007-1327-1}} * {{cite book |last1=Delacy |first1=Richard |title=Beginner's Urdu Script |date=2003 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=007141987X}} * {{cite book|last=Haig|first=Geoffrey|year=2011|chapter=Linker, relativizer, nominalizer, tense-particle: On the Ezafe in West Iranian|pages=[https://archive.org/details/nominalizationas00foon/page/n381 363]–390|title=Nominalization in Asian Languages: Diachronic and typological perspectives|url=https://archive.org/details/nominalizationas00foon|url-access=limited|editor=Foong Ha Yap|editor2=Karen Grunow-Hårsta|editor3=Janick Wrona|location=Amsterdam|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|isbn=978-90-272-0677-0}} * {{cite book|last1=Harvey|first1=Scott L.|last2=Lehmann|first2=Winfred P.|last3=Slocum|first3=Jonathan|year=2004|chapter=Old Persian: excerpts from Darian Inscription DB IV|title=Old Iranian Online|chapter-url=https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/aveol/70|location=Austin|publisher=The University of Texas at Austin}} * {{cite journal|last=Karimi|first=Yadgar|year=2007|title=Kurdish Ezafe construction: implications for DP structure|journal=Lingua|volume=117|issue=12|pages=2159–2177|doi=10.1016/j.lingua.2007.02.010}} * {{cite book|last=Moshiri|first=Leila|year=1988|title=Colloquial Persian|location=London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-00886-7}} * {{cite book|last=Tisdall|first=W. St. Clair|author-link=William St. Clair Tisdall|year=1902|title=Modern Persian Conversation-Grammar with Reading Lessons, English-Persian Vocabulary and Persian Letters|url=https://archive.org/details/modernpersiancon00tisduoft/page/n3/mode/2up|location=London|publisher=Nutt}} * {{cite journal|last=Yakubovich|first=Ilya|year=2020|title=Persian ezāfe as a contact-induced feature|journal= Voprosy Jazykoznanija|volume=|issue=5|pages=91–114|doi=10.31857/0373-658X.2020.5.91-114|s2cid=226493392 }}
Category:Persian grammar Category:Ottoman Turkish language Category:Urdu