{{Short description|Disordered speech additions to the phonetic alphabet}} {{for multi|the Unicode block|IPA Extensions|other extensions to the IPA|Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet (disambiguation)||}}
thumb|Extended IPA Chart for Disordered Speech, as of 2025|class=skin-invert-image {{IPA notice}} The '''Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for Disordered Speech''', commonly abbreviated '''extIPA''' {{IPAc-en|ɛ|k|ˈ|s|t|aɪ|p|ə}},<ref>{{harvnb|Ball|1993|pp=39-41}}</ref> are a set of letters and diacritics devised by the 1989 Kiel Convention and later by the International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association (ICPLA) to augment the International Phonetic Alphabet for the phonetic transcription of disordered speech. Some of its symbols are also used to represent features of normal speech in IPA transcriptions, and are accepted for that purpose by the International Phonetic Association.{{efn|For example, the !Xoon pre-voiced ejective {{angbr IPA|ˬɡ̥xʼ}} in {{harvnb|Bennett|2020|p=102}}}}
Many sounds found only in disordered speech are indicated with diacritics, though an increasing number of dedicated letters are used as well. Special letters are included to transcribe the speech of people with lisps and cleft palates. The extIPA repeats several traditional IPA diacritics that the ICPLA has found are unfamiliar to most speech pathologists but which transcribe features that are common in disordered speech. These include preaspiration {{angbr IPA|ʰ◌}}, linguolabials {{angbr IPA|◌̼}}, laminal fricatives {{IPA|[s̻, z̻]}}, and {{angbr IPA|*}} for a sound (segment or feature) that has no available symbol (letter or diacritic). The novel transcription {{angbr IPA|ɹ̈}} is used for an English molar-r, as opposed to {{angbr IPA|ɹ̺}} for an apical r; these articulations are acoustically indistinguishable and so are rarely identified in non-disordered speech.
Sounds restricted to disordered speech include velopharyngeals, nasal fricatives (a.k.a. nareal fricatives) and some of the percussive consonants. Sounds sometimes found in the world's languages that do not have symbols in the basic IPA include denasals, the sublaminal percussive, palatal and velar lateral fricatives, and fricatives that are simultaneously lateral and sibilant.
There are two basic approaches to transcription in extIPA. One is to transcribe speech phonetically, without considering what the intended sounds are. For example, if a target sound {{IPA|/m/}} is denasalized to {{IPA|[b]}}, it is written {{angbr IPA|b}}. The other approach is to transcribe the target sound with diacritics to indicate how it is mispronounced. With this approach, denasalized {{IPA|/m/}} is written {{angbr IPA|m͊}}, with the denasalization diacritic {{angbr IPA|◌͊}}. This semi-phonemic approach is very common in the literature, but the ICPLA tries to discourage it. For this reason, in 2025 they specified the denasalization diacritic as meaning ''partially'' denasalized.
The extIPA was substantially revised and expanded in 2015; the new symbols were added to Unicode in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Miller |first1=Kirk |last2=Ball |first2=Martin J. |title=Unicode request for extIPA support |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20039-ext-ipa-req.pdf |website=Unicode |id=L2/20-039 |author2-link=Martin J. Ball |date=2020}}</ref> Two diacritics were changed in 2024 to reduce ambiguity. (See {{slink|History of the International Phonetic Alphabet#ExtIPA}}.)
== Letters == The non-IPA letters found in the extIPA are listed in the following table. VoQS letters may also be used, as in {{angbr IPA|ↀ͡r̪͆}} for a ''buccal interdental trill'' (a raspberry), as VoQS started off as a subset of extIPA.<ref name=Ball>Ball et al. (2018)</ref>
Several letters and superscript forms were added to Unicode 14 and 15. They are included in the free Gentium and Andika fonts.
{| class="wikitable" !Category!!Letter!!colspan=2|Superscript and example!!Unicode!!Description |- !rowspan=6|Lateral | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|ʪ}} | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|𐞙}} ||{{IPA|[t𐞙]}} | U+02AA, U+10799 |Voiceless grooved lateral alveolar fricative, {{IPA|[ɬ͡s]}} (a laterally lisped {{IPA|/s/}}, with simultaneous airflow through the sibilant groove in the tongue and across the side of the tongue), intended for a lateral lisp |- | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|ʫ}} | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|𐞚}} || {{IPA|[d𐞚]}} | U+02AB, U+1079A |Voiced grooved lateral alveolar fricative, {{IPA|[ɮ͡z]}} (a laterally lisped {{IPA|/z/}}) |- | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:2em;" | {{IPA|ꞎ}} | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:2em;" | {{IPA|𐞝}} || {{IPA|[ʈ𐞝]}} | U+A78E, U+1079D |Voiceless retroflex lateral fricative, implicit in standard IPA. |- | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:2em;" | {{IPA|𝼅}} | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:2em;" | {{IPA|𐞟}} || {{IPA|[ɖ𐞟]}} | U+1DF05, U+1079F | Voiced retroflex lateral fricative, implicit in standard IPA. |- | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:2em;" | {{IPA|𝼆}} | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:2em;" | {{IPA|𐞡}} || {{IPA|[c𐞡]}} | U+1DF06, U+107A1 |Voiceless palatal lateral fricative. The voiced fricative may be {{angbr IPA|𝼆}} or, in standard IPA, {{angbr IPA|ʎ̝}}. |- | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:2em;" | {{IPA|𝼄}} | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:2em;" | {{IPA|𐞜}} || {{IPA|[k𐞜]}} | U+1DF04, U+1079C |Voiceless velar lateral fricative. The voiced fricative may be {{angbr IPA|𝼄̬}} or, in standard IPA, {{angbr IPA|ʟ̝}}. |- !rowspan=2|Velo­pharyngeal | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:2em;" | {{IPA|ʩ}} | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:2em;" | {{IPA|𐞐}} || {{IPA|[s𐞐]}} | U+02A9, U+10790 |Voiceless velopharyngeal fricative (often occurs with a cleft palate). The voiced fricative is {{angbr IPA|ʩ̬}}. |- | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:2em;" | {{IPA|𝼀}} | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:2em;" | {{IPA|𐞐𐞪}} || {{IPA|[s𐞐𐞪]}} | U+1DF00, <small>(U+10790+107AA)</small> |Voiceless velopharyngeal trill or 'snort'. (Velopharyngeal fricative accompanied by uvular trill. {{IPA|[𝼀]}} may be equivalent to {{IPA|[ʩ𐞪]}}.) |- !rowspan=3|Velo­dorsal | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:2em;" | {{IPA|𝼃}} | style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | – | U+1DF03 |Voiceless velodorsal plosive. (The old IPA letter for a velar click, {{angbr IPA|ʞ}}, was provided for a voiceless velodorsal plosive from 2008 to 2015.) |- | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:2em;" | {{IPA|𝼁}} | style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | – | U+1DF01 |Voiced velodorsal plosive |- | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:2em;" | {{IPA|𝼇}} | style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | – | U+1DF07 |Velodorsal nasal |- ! rowspan=2|Pharyn­geal | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|ꞯ}} | style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | – | U+A7AF | Voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive {{IPA|[q̠]}} |- | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:2em;" | {{IPA|𝼂}} | style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | – | U+1DF02 | Voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive {{IPA|[ɢ̠]}} |- !Rowspan=3|Percussive | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|ʬ}} | style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | ( {{IPA| ᷱᷱ}} ) | U+02AC |Bilabial percussive (for lips smacking together; cf. non-percussive {{IPA|[ʬ↓]}} for lips smacking apart) |- | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|ʭ}} | style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | ( {{IPA| ͆͆}} ) | U+02AD |Bidental percussive (gnashing teeth) |- | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|¡}} | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:2em;" | {{IPA|ꜞ}} || {{IPA|[ǃꜞ], [ǂꜞ]}} | U+00A1, U+A71E |Sublaminal lower-alveolar percussive (tongue slap). Used with letters for alveolar and palatal clicks to indicate clicks with percussive release, or "clucks", {{IPA|[ǃ¡]}} and {{IPA|[ǂ¡]}}. |}
==Diacritics== The extIPA has explicitly endorsed some rarer uses of regular IPA diacritics, such as {{IPA|[ʰp]}} for pre-aspiration, and has added some new ones, such as {{IPA|[tʶ]}} for uvularization. Some of these extIPA diacritics are occasionally used for non-disordered speech, for example for the unusual airstream mechanisms of Damin.
One extension of regular IPA is the use of parentheses around diacritics to indicate partial application of that diacritic: a pair of parentheses around a diacritic indicates that the diacritic only partially applies (in degree or duration), while a single parenthesis at the left or right of the diacritic indicates that the segment is partially affected at its beginning or end. These conventions may be convenient for representing various voice onset times. Phonation diacritics may also be prefixed or suffixed to represent relative timing beyond the segment (pre- and post-voicing ''etc.''). The following are examples; in principle, any IPA or extIPA diacritic may be parenthesized or displaced in this manner.<ref name=Ball/>
{| class="wikitable" ! colspan=5|Partial application of diacritics (examples) |- | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|s̬᪽}} | partial/central voicing of {{IPA|[s]}} | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|z̥᪽ ʒ̊᪻}} | partial/central devoicing of {{IPA|[z], [ʒ]}} | subscript: U+1ABD; superscript: 1ABB |- | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|s̬᫃}} | initial voicing | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|z̥᫃ ʒ̊᫁}} | initial devoicing | subscript: U+1AC3; superscript: 1AC1 |- | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|s̬᫄}} | final voicing | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|z̥᫄ ʒ̊᫂}} | final devoicing | subscript: U+1AC4; superscript: 1AC2 |- | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|z̤᪽}} | partial murmuring of {{IPA|[z]}} | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|ã᪻}} | partial nasalization of {{IPA|[a]}} |- ! colspan=5|Displaced timing (examples) |- | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|ˬz}} | pre-voiced {{IPA|[z]}} | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|zˬ}} | post-voiced {{IPA|[z]}} | U+02EC |- | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|a˷}} |{{IPA|[a]}} with a creaky offglide | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|p˳}} |{{IPA|[p]}} with extended voicelessness | U+02F7 (˷), U+02F3 (˳) |}
The transcriptions for partial voicing and devoicing may be used in either the sense of degrees of voicing or in the sense that the voicing is discontinuous. For the former, both parentheses indicate the sound is mildly (partially) voiced throughout, and single parentheses mean a partial degree of voicing at the beginning or end of the sound. For the latter, both parentheses mean the sound is (de)voiced in the middle, while the single parentheses mean complete (de)voicing at the beginning or end of the sound. The implication is that such voicing or devoicing is atypical of the language being spoken. For example, {{angbr IPA|z̥}} would be used for the usual devoicing or partial devoicing of the language, while {{angbr IPA|z̥᪽}} would indicate that the transcriber found the devoicing to be atypical, as in pathological speech. Similarly, {{angbr IPA|z̥᫃}} would indicate atypical devoicing at the beginning of the segment.<ref name=Duckworth>{{harvnb|Duckworth|Allen|Hardcastle|Ball|1990|pp=277-278}}</ref> However, some authors use the parentheses for typical devoicing in close transcription. For example, the Bardi word ''aamba'' 'man', with the usual initial and final devoicing of that language, has been transcribed {{IPA|[ɐ̥͡ɐmbə̥᫄]}}.<ref>Claire Bowern (2012) ''A Grammar of Bardi'', p. 83</ref>
Altering the position of a diacritic relative to the letter indicates that the phonation begins before the consonant or vowel does or continues beyond it. The voiceless ring and other phonation diacritics can be used in the same way if needed. For example, {{angbr IPA|p˳a}} indicates that voicelessness continues past the {{IPA|[p]}}, more or less equivalent to {{angbr IPA|pʰa}}.
Other extIPA diacritics are:<ref name=Ball/>
{| class="wikitable" ! colspan=6|Airstream mechanism |- | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|ɬ↓, ə↓}} | rowspan=2 |U+2193 | (after a letter) ingressive airstream | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|ʘ↑}} | rowspan=2 |U+2191 | (after a letter) egressive airstream{{efn|The up-arrow for egressive airflow is no longer present in the 2016 extIPA chart but is mentioned in the accompanying article.}} |- | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|↓}} | (in isolation) inhalation<ref name=Duckworth/> | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|↑}} | (in isolation) exhalation<ref name=Duckworth/> |- !colspan=6|Phonation |- | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|p˭}} | U+02ED{{efn|Distinct from the mathematical superscript equals sign, U+207C {{angbr|⁼}}}} | unaspirated | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|ʰp}} | U+02B0 | pre-aspiration |- !colspan=6|Nasalization |- | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|n̾}}{{efn|The symbol for the nareal fricative {{angbr IPA|n̾}} had been {{angbr IPA|n͋}} prior to 2024, but this had the disadvantage of being visually nearly indistinguishable from the denasal {{angbr IPA|n͊}} at small type sizes.}} | rowspan=2| U+033E | (on a nasal letter) nareal fricative | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|s𐞐}}{{efn|Before 2024 this had also been a double tilde, {{angbr IPA|s͌}}, but that potentially conflicted with the occasional IPA use of a double tilde for a high degree of nasalization, as in Palantla Chinantec {{IPA|/ẽ̃/}}.<ref>{{harvnb|Ladefoged|1971|p=35}}</ref>}} | U+10790 | velopharyngeal friction (especially noisy nasal airstream caused by turbulent airflow through the velopharyngeal port) |- | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|v̾}} |(on an oral letter) nasal fricative escape (audible turbulent airflow through the nostrils, as with a nasal lisp) | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:3em;" | {{IPA|m͊}} | U+034A | partially denasalized (as with a headcold; complements the nasal diacritic) |- ! colspan=6|Articulatory strength |- | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:3em;" | {{IPA|f͈, h͈}} | U+0348 | strong articulation (not necessarily fortis); {{angbr IPA|h͈}} may be used for a true glottal fricative | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|v͉}} | U+0349 | weak articulation (not necessarily lenis) |- ! colspan=6|Articulation |- | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|v͆}} | rowspan=2|U+0346 | (on a labial letter) dentolabial | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|n̪͆}} | rowspan=2|U+0346<br> +032A | (on a coronal letter) interdental |- | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|t͆}} |(on a coronal letter) class-3 occlusion (tongue protrudes past upper teeth, as with a severe underbite) | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|h̪͆}} |(on a glottal letter) bidental |- | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|s͇}} | rowspan=2|U+0347{{efn|This equal-sign diacritic or double macron needs to be kept distinct from the standard IPA use of a stacked double minus for a highly retracted sound, as in Kwaza {{IPA|[s̠̠]}}.<ref>{{harvnb|van der Voort|2005}}</ref> A double minus may be narrower or have greater vertical spacing than the single diacritic U+0347, depending on the font.}} | (on a coronal letter) alveolar{{efn|Normally in the IPA, a transcription with a coronal letter, such as {{IPA|[n]}}, is assumed to be alveolar unless a diacritic is added to indicate otherwise (e.g. dental {{IPA|[n̪]}} or post-alveolar {{IPA|[n̠]}}). However, a speech pathologist may need to indicate whether the alveolar target is actually achieved, and so may overtly transcribe an alveolar nasal as {{IPA|[n͇]}}.}} | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:3em;" | {{IPA|s͍}} | rowspan=2|U+034D | labial spreading |- | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|f͇}} |(on a labial letter) labioalveolar (class-2 occlusion, as with a severe overbite) | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:3em;" | {{IPA|o͍}} | (complements the diacritics for rounding – see rounded vowel){{efn|Occasionally seen on rounded vowel letters to transcribe compressed vowels. This is not an obvious reading of the diacritic and was not the intention of the extIPA.}} |- | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|s͎}} | U+034E | whistled | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:3em;" | {{IPA|s̻ z̻}} | U+033B | laminal fricatives (including lowered tongue tip){{efn|The latter could be specified by doubling the diacritic for ''extra laminal'' {{IPA|[s̻̻], [z̻̻]}}.}} |- | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:3em;" | {{IPA|ɹ̈}},<br>{{IPA|ɹ̺}} | (as IPA) | bunched-r (molar-r) <br>and apical-r, respectively | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|s͕}}, {{IPA|s͔}} | U+0355,<br>U+0354 | offset to the left and right, respectively{{efn|Although not specified by the extIPA, the offset symbols are generally taken to refer to the interlocutor's left and right, not the speaker's.}} |- ! colspan=6|Timing |- | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|s͢θ x͢ɕ}} | U+0362 | slurred/sliding articulation (a consonantal diphthong, moving from one articulation to another within the time of a single segment) | style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|p\p\p}} | U+005C | stutter (reiterated articulation){{efn|Used in the transcription of Damin.}} |}
Diacritics may be placed within parentheses as the voicing diacritics are above. For example, {{angbr IPA|m͊᪻}} indicates a partially denasalized {{IPA|[m]}}.
The arrow for sliding articulation was first used for {{IPA|[wɑət̪s̪͢θ]}} for 'watch' and {{IPA|[z̪͢ðɪpʊə]}} for 'zipper'. It is most commonly observed in quick changes from the blade to the tip of the tongue (laminal to apical) in plosives and fricatives, such as {{IPA|[t̪͢t]}} and {{IPA|[t͢θ]}}, or vice versa, but is not limited to that; the consonants may also be labial or dorsal, e.g. {{IPA|[ɸ͢f]}} and {{IPA|[k͢q]}}.<ref name=extIPA1993>Bernhardt & Ball (1993) Characteristics of Atypical Speech currently not included in the Extensions to the IPA. ''JIPA'' 23:1, p. 35–36.</ref>
The slit-grooved distinction of the channel shape of front fricatives may be handled with these diacritics, with for example {{angbr IPA|s̪ z̪}} for grooved (sibilant) dental fricatives, and {{angbr IPA|θ͇ ð͇}} for ungrooved (non-sibilant) alveolar fricatives. This is a common topic in speech pathology, though {{angbr IPA|s̪ z̪}} occur in non-pathological speech in some languages.<ref name=extIPA1993/>
Any IPA letter may be used in superscript form as a diacritic, to indicate the onset, release or 'flavor' of another letter. In extIPA, this is provided specifically for the fricative release of a plosive. For example, {{angbr IPA|k𐞜}} is {{IPA|[k]}} with a lateral-fricative release (similar to the velar lateral affricate {{IPA|[k͜𝼄]}}, but with less frication); {{angbr IPA|d𐞚}} is {{IPA|[d]}} with lateral-plus-central release. Combining diacritics can be added to superscript diacritics, such as {{angbr IPA|tʰ̪͆}} for {{IPA|[t]}} with bidental<!--"interdental" is a typo -- see chart--> aspiration.
The VoQS (voice-quality symbols) take IPA and extIPA diacritics, as well as several additional diacritics that are potentially available for extIPA transcription. The subscript dot for 'whisper' is sometimes found in IPA transcription,<ref>{{harvnb|Laver|1994}}</ref> though in IPA the diacritic has also been used for apical-retroflex articulation.
==Prosodic notation and indeterminate sounds== The Extended IPA has adopted bracket notation from conventions transcribing discourse. Parentheses are used to indicate ''mouthing'' (silent articulation), as in the common silent sign to hush {{IPA|(ʃːː)}}. Parentheses are also used to indicate silent pauses, for example (...); the length of the pause may be indicated, as in (2.3 sec). A very short (.) may be used to indicate an absence of co-articulation between adjacent segments, for instance {{IPA|[t(.)weɫv̥]}} rather than {{IPA|[tʷw̥eɫv̥]}}.<ref name="Duckworth et al. 1990: 279">{{harvnb|Duckworth|Allen|Hardcastle|Ball|1990|p=279}}</ref>
Double parentheses indicate that transcription is uncertain because of extraneous noise or speech, as when one person talks over another. As much detail as possible may be included, as in ⸨2 syll.⸩ or ⸨2σ⸩ for two obscured syllables.<ref>{{harvnb|Duckworth|Allen|Hardcastle|Ball|1990|p=278}}</ref> This is also IPA usage.<ref>{{harvnb|International Phonetic Association|1999|pp=176,192}}</ref> Sometimes the obscuring noise will be indicated instead, as in ⸨cough⸩ or ⸨knock⸩, as in the illustrative transcription below; this notation may be used for extraneous noise that does not obscure speech, but which the transcriber nonetheless wishes to notate (e.g. because someone says 'excuse me' after coughing, or verbally responds to the knock on the door, and the noise is thus required to understand the speech).
In the extIPA, indistinguishable/unidentifiable sounds are circled rather than placed in single parentheses as in IPA.{{efn|Unicode encodes a combining circle diacritic (U+20DD) that will work with any IPA letter, but {{as of|lc=y|2026}} it is not widely included in fonts. For example, {{angbr IPA|σ⃝}} combines U+20DD with σ to represent an unidentifiable syllable.}} An empty circle, ◯, is used for an indeterminate segment, <span style="position: absolute;">◯</span> σ an indeterminate syllable, Ⓒ a segment identifiable only as a consonant, etc. Full capital letters, such as C in Ⓒ, are used as wild-cards for certain categories of sounds, and may combine with IPA and extIPA diacritics. For example, <span style="position: absolute;">◯</span> {{IPA|P̥}} indicates an undetermined or indeterminate voiceless plosive. Regular IPA and extIPA letters may also be circled to indicate that their identification is uncertain. For example, ⓚ indicates that the segment is judged to probably be {{IPA|[k]}}. This is effectively a copy-edit mark, and may be elongated into an oval for longer strings of symbols. This was illustrated in the 1997 edition of the chart, where the circle was typeset as ( ̲̅) and longer strings as e.g. (a̲̅a̲̅a̲̅). There is no way to typeset this in Unicode that does not require spurious characters between the letters (as here), but for data storage it may be indicated with an unused set of brackets, such as ⦇aaa⦈ or ⸦aaa⸧.
Curly brackets with Italian musical terms are used for phonation and prosodic notation, such as {{IPA|[{<sub>''falsetto''</sub> ˈhɛlp <sub>''falsetto''</sub>}]}} and terms for the tempo and dynamics of connected speech. These are subscripted within a {curly brace} notation to indicate that they are comments on the intervening text. The VoQS conventions use similar notation for voice quality. These may be combined, for example with VoQS {{angbr|F}} for 'falsetto': :{<sub>''allegro''</sub> I {F {<sub>𝆏</sub> didn't <sub>𝆏</sub>} know that F} <sub>''allegro''</sub>} or :{{IPA|[{<sub>''allegro''</sub> ə {F {<sub>𝆏</sub> dɪn <sub>𝆏</sub>} nəʊ ðæʔ F} <sub>''allegro''</sub>}]}}<ref name="Duckworth et al. 1990: 279"/>
{| class="wikitable" !colspan=8|Silence |- |{{IPA|( )}}||colspan=7|silent articulation: {{IPA|(ʃːː)}} a silent ''shhh!'' |- |{{IPA|(.)}}||short pause||{{IPA|(..)}}||medium pause||{{IPA|(...)}}||long pause||{{IPA|(1.2)}}||1.2-second pause |- !colspan=8|Prosody |- |𝆑||loud speech<br>('forte')||colspan=2|{{IPA|[{<sub>𝆑</sub> ˈlaʊd <sub>𝆑</sub>}]}} ||𝆑𝆑||louder speech<br>('fortissimo')||colspan=2|{{IPA|[{<sub>𝆑𝆑</sub> ˈlaʊdɚ <sub>𝆑𝆑</sub>}]}} |- |𝆏||quiet speech<br>('piano')||colspan=2|{{IPA|[{<sub>𝆏</sub> ˈkwaɪət <sub>𝆏</sub>}]}} ||𝆏𝆏||quieter speech<br>('pianissimo')||colspan=2|{{IPA|[{<sub>𝆏𝆏</sub> ˈkwaɪətɚ <sub>𝆏𝆏</sub>}]}} |- |''allegro''||fast speech||colspan=2|{{IPA|[{<sub>''allegro''</sub> ˈfæst <sub>''allegro''</sub>}]}} ||''lento''||slow speech||colspan=2|{{IPA|[{<sub>''lento''</sub> ˈsloʊ <sub>''lento''</sub>}]}} |- |colspan=8|''crescendo, rallentando,'' and other musical terms may also be used. |- !colspan=8|Extraneous noise; speech obscured by extraneous noise |- |{{IPA|⸨ ⸩}}||colspan=7|{{IPA|⸨2σ⸩}} two syllables obscured; {{IPA|⸨cough⸩}} a cough |- !colspan=8|Unidentified and partially identified sounds in recordings |- |◯ ||segment ||Ⓒ ||consonant ||Ⓕ ||fricative ||Ⓖ ||glide/approximant |- |<span style="{{Transform-rotate|180}}">Ⓚ</span>{{efn|Because a formatting trick has been used here, the symbol cannot be copied and pasted from this table. In a supporting font, the combining circle U+20DD will accept the click wildcard letter {{angbr|Ʞ}}, as here: {{angbr IPA|{{thin space}}Ʞ⃝{{thin space}}}}.}} ||click ||Ⓛ ||liquid (or lateral) ||Ⓝ ||nasal ||Ⓟ ||plosive |- |Ⓡ ||rhotic (or resonant) ||Ⓢ ||sibilant ||Ⓣ ||tone/accent/stress ||Ⓥ ||vowel |}
==Chart== Three rows appear in the extIPA chart that do not occur in the IPA chart: "fricative lateral + median" (simultaneous grooved and lateral frication), "fricative nasal" (a.k.a. nareal fricative) and "percussive". An additional partial denasal row is added below. Several new columns appear as well, though the linguolabial column is produced by a diacritic from the traditional IPA. Dorso-velar and velo-dorsal articulations are combined in this chart.
{| class="wikitable" |+Consonants not appearing on the standard IPA chart |- align=center ! ||bi­labial||labio­dental||labio­alveolar||dento­labial||bi­dental||linguo­labial||inter­dental !lower<br>alveolar||upper<br>alveolar||retro­flex||pala­tal||velar<br>(velo­dorsal)||velo­phary­ngeal||upper<br>phary­ngeal |- align=center !Plosive | ||{{IPAlink|p̪}} {{IPAlink|b̪}}||{{IPA|p͇ b͇}}||{{IPA|p͆ b͆}} !rowspan=5| |{{IPAlink|t̼}} {{IPAlink|d̼}}||{{IPA|t̪͆ d̪͆}} |{{IPA|t̻ d̻}}|| || || ||({{IPA|𝼃 𝼁}}) !rowspan=4| |{{IPAlink|ꞯ}} {{IPAlink|𝼂}} |- align=center !Partial denasal |{{IPA|m͊}} || || || || || | ||{{IPA|n͊}} ||{{IPA|ɳ͊}} ||{{IPA|ɲ͊}} ||{{IPA|ŋ͊}} !rowspan=4| |- align=center !Nasal | || ||{{IPA|m͇̊ m͇}}||{{IPA|m̥͆ m͆}} ||{{IPA|n̼̊}} {{IPAlink|n̼}}||{{IPA|n̪̥͆ n̪͆}} |{{IPA|n̻}}|| || || ||({{IPA|𝼇}}) |- align=center !Fricative nasal |{{IPA|m̥̾ m̾}} || {{IPA|ɱ̥̾ ɱ̾}} || || || || | |{{IPA|n̥̾ n̾}} ||{{IPA|ɳ̥̾ ɳ̾}} ||{{IPA|ɲ̥̾ ɲ̾}} ||{{IPA|ŋ̥̾ ŋ̾}} |- align=center !Trill | || || || ||{{IPAlink|r̼}}||{{IPA|r̪͆}} | || !colspan=3| |{{IPA|𝼀 𝼀̬}}<br/>({{IPA|ʩ𐞪}}) |- align=center !Median fricative | || ||{{IPA|f͇ v͇}}||{{IPA|f͆ v͆}} ||{{IPAlink|h̪͆}} {{IPA|ɦ̪͆}} ||{{IPAlink|θ̼}} {{IPAlink|ð̼}} ||{{IPA|θ̪͆ ð̪͆}} |{{IPA|s̻ z̻}}||{{IPA|θ͇ ð͇}} || || || ||{{IPA|ʩ ʩ̬}}|| |- align=center !Lateral fricative !rowspan=3 colspan=5| |{{IPA|ɬ̼ ɮ̼}} ||{{IPA|ɬ̪͆ ɮ̪͆}} |{{IPA|ɬ̻ ɮ̻}}|| ||{{IPAlink|ꞎ}} {{IPAlink|𝼅}}{{efn|name=font|The dorsal lateral fricatives will not display unless you have a supporting font installed, such as the free fonts Gentium or Andika.}} |{{IPAlink|𝼆}} {{IPAlink|𝼆̬}}{{efn|name=font}} ||{{IPAlink|𝼄}} {{IPAlink|𝼄̬}}{{efn|name=font}} !rowspan=4 colspan=2| |- align=center !Mediolateral fricative | || | ||{{IPAlink|ʪ}} {{IPAlink|ʫ}}|| || || |- align=center !Lateral approximant |{{IPA|l̼}}||{{IPA|l̪͆}} |{{IPA|l̻}}|| || || || |- align=center !Percussive |{{IPAlink|ʬ}}|| || || ||{{IPA|ʭ}}|| || |{{IPAlink|¡}}|| || || || |}
==Superscript variants== {{further|Superscript IPA letters}} The customary use of superscript IPA letters is formalized in the extIPA, specifically for fricative releases of plosives, as can be seen with {{angbr IPA|d𐞞}} and {{angbr IPA|k𐞜}} in the lower-left of the full chart.
Speech pathologists often use superscripting to indicate that a target sound has not been reached – for example, {{IPA|[ˈtʃɪᵏən]}} for an instance of the word 'chicken' where the {{IPA|/k/}} is incompletely articulated. However, due to the vague meaning of superscripting in the IPA, this is not a convention supported by the ICPLA. An unambiguous transcription would mark the consonant more specifically as weakened ({{IPA|[ˈtʃɪk͉ən]}}) or silent ({{IPA|[ˈtʃɪ(k)ən]}}).
==Sample text== A sample transcription of a written text read aloud, using extIPA and Voice Quality Symbols:<ref name="BallLowry2001" />
{{IPA|[ð\ðːə̤ {V̰ ə\ə\ə V̰} ˈhw̥əɹld ˈkʌp ˈf̆\faɪnəlz əv ˈnaɪntin eəti {↓<sub>𝑝</sub>ˈtʉ̆<sub> 𝑝</sub>↓} ˌɑɹ ˈh\hɛld ɪn sːp\ˈsːp\ʰeᵊn ˈðɪs jəɹ (3 sec) ð͈ːe wɪl ɪnv\ˈv͈ːɔlv ðə tˢˑ\tʴ̥ (.) {<sub>𝑝 </sub>tʼ\tʼ<sub> 𝑝</sub>} ʩ \ {<sub>𝑓 </sub>ʩ \ ʩ<sub> 𝑓</sub>}\ˈt͈ɒ̆p̚ ˈneʃənz əv ðə ˈwəɹld ɪnˑ ə̰ {<sub>𝑝𝑝 </sub>tʰˑəʃ\t̆ʰə\təʃ<sub> 𝑝𝑝</sub>}\ˈt͈ʉɹnəmənt ˈlastɪn ˌoʊvər ˈfɔɹ ˈwiks (..) ˈh͈ɛld ə\ ʔat ˈf\fɔɹtin (...) {<sub>𝑝𝑝 </sub>V̰ d\d V̰<sub> 𝑝𝑝</sub>} \ ˈdɪfɹənt ˈsɛn{↓təɹʐ↓} ɪn ˈspeᵊn (3 sec) ə̰ (.) ˈɔl əv ðə fˑ\f ˈɔl əv ðə ˈfəɹʂt ˈɹaʉnd ˈɡeᵊmz wɪl bi (..) wɪl bi (.) ɪn ðə (.) w̰̆ə̰ː p\pɹəv\ˈvɪnʃəl {<sub>𝑝 </sub>tʼ\tʼ<sub> 𝑝</sub>} \ {<sub>𝑝𝑝 </sub>tʼ\tʼ<sub> 𝑝𝑝</sub>} (.) tʼ\tʼ (..) {<sub>𝑝𝑝 </sub>tʼ\tʼ<sub> 𝑝𝑝</sub>} ʩ \ ʩ \ {↓ˈtãʉ̃nz↓} wɪð ðə s͢ːsʼ\sʼ\ˈs{↓ɛmi ˈfaɪnəlz↓} and ˈf\faɪnəlz ˈhɛld ɪn (.) ⸨knock on door⸩ bɑɹsə{<sub>𝑝</sub>ˈloʊnə and ˈmədɹɪd<sub> 𝑝</sub>}]}}
Original text: "The World Cup Finals of 1982 are held in Spain this year. They will involve the top nations of the World in a tournament lasting over four weeks, held at fourteen different centers in Spain. All of the first-round games will be in the provincial towns with the semi-finals, and finals held in Barcelona and Madrid."<ref name="BallLowry2001">{{harvnb|Ball|Lowry|2001|p=80}}</ref>
==Notes== {{Notelist}}
==See also== *Voice Quality Symbols *Sinological phonetic notation *Phonetic symbols in Unicode
==References== {{reflist}}
==Bibliography== * {{cite journal|last=Ball|first=Martin J.|authorlink=Martin J. Ball|year=1993|title=Further to Articulatory Force and the IPA Revisions|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association|volume=23|issue=1|pages=39–41 |doi=10.1017/S0025100300004783|s2cid=143614464 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232020952}} * {{cite journal |last1=Ball |first1=Martin J. |last2=Esling |first2=John H. |last3=Dickson |first3=Craig |author1-link=Martin J. Ball |author2-link=John Esling |title=The VoQS System for the Transcription of Voice Quality |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |date=December 1995 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=71–80 |doi=10.1017/S0025100300005181|s2cid=145791575 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Ball |first1=Martin J. |authorlink1=Martin J. Ball |authorlink2=Sara Howard (speech therapist) |last2=Howard |first2=Sara J. |last3=Miller |first3=Kirk |year=2018 |title=Revisions to the extIPA chart |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=155–164 |doi=10.1017/S0025100317000147 |s2cid=151863976 |jstor=26502601}} * {{cite book |last1=Ball |first1=Martin J. |last2=Lowry |first2=Orla M. |author1-link=Martin J. Ball |title=Methods in Clinical Phonetics |date=2001 |publisher=Whurr |location=London |isbn=9781861561848 |pages=25–40,80 |chapter=Transcribing Disordered Speech |doi=10.1002/9780470777879.ch3|s2cid=58518097 }} * {{cite book |last1=Bennett |first1=William G. |editor1-last=Sands |editor1-first=Bonny |title=Click Consonants |date=2020 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-23268-6 |chapter=Click Phonology |series=Empirical Approaches to Linguistic Theory |volume=15 |pages=74–128 |doi=10.1163/9789004424357_003|s2cid=243697259 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Duckworth |first1=Martin |last2=Allen |first2=George |last3=Hardcastle |first3=William |last4=Ball |first4=Martin J. |author4-link=Martin J. Ball |title=Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for the transcription of atypical speech |journal=Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics |date=1990 |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=273–280 |doi=10.3109/02699209008985489 |publisher=International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association}} * {{cite book |last1=Hesselwood |first1=Barry |last2=Howard |first2=Sara |author2-link=Sara Howard (speech therapist) |editor1-last=Ball |editor1-first=Martin J. |editor2-last=Perkins |editor2-first=Michael R. |editor3-last=Müller |editor3-first=Nicole |editor4-last=Howard |editor4-first=Sara |editor1-link=Martin J. Ball |editor3-link=Nicole Müller (linguist) |title=The handbook of Clinical Linguistics |date=2008 |publisher=Blackwell |location=Malden, MA |isbn=9781405135221 |chapter=Clinical Phonetic Transcription |doi=10.1002/9781444301007.ch23}} * {{cite book |author1=International Phonetic Association |author1-link=International Phonetic Association |title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association : a guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet |date=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=9780521637510}} * {{cite book |last1=Ladefoged |first1=Peter |title=Preliminaries to linguistic phonetics |date=1971 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago, IL |isbn=0-226-46787-2 |author-link=Peter Ladefoged |lccn=75-179318}} * {{cite book |last1=Laver |first1=John |author1-link=John Laver |title=Principles of phonetics |date=1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=9781139166621 |series=Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139166621}} * {{cite journal |last1=van der Voort |first1=Hein |title=Kwaza in a Comparative Perspective |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |date=2005 |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=365–412 |doi=10.1086/501245 |publisher=University of Chicago Press|s2cid=224808983 }}
==External links== * [https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/sites/default/files/extIPA_2016.pdf Chart of extended IPA symbols for disordered speech] (PDF, revised to 2015), IPA * [https://www.icpla.org.uk/resources Extensions to the IPA (ExtIPA) chart] (revised to 2025), ICLPA * [http://teaching.ncl.ac.uk/ipa/consonants-extra.html Pronunciation videos of consonants in the main extIPA chart as of 2008]
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