Euharamiyida

{{Short description|Extinct clade of mammaliaforms}} {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Middle Jurassic|Early Cretaceous}} | image = Maiopatagium furculiferum Holotype NNHM.jpg | image_caption = Skeleton of ''Maiopatagium'' a gliding squirrel-like euharamiyidan from the Middle Jurassic of China | image2 = Xianshou linglong skull.svg | image2_caption = Skull of ''Xianshou'' | display_parents = 2 | taxon = Euharamiyida | authority = Bi ''et al.'' 2014 }}

'''Euharamiyida''' also known as '''Eleutherodontida''', is clade of early mammals or mammal-like cynodonts from the Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous of Eurasia and possibly North America. The group is sometimes considered a sister group to Multituberculata,<ref name="BiEtAl2014">{{cite journal |last1=Bi |first1=Shundong |last2=Wang |first2=Yuanqing |last3=Sheng |first3=Xia |last4=Meng |first4=Jin |date=10 September 2014 |title=Three new Jurassic euharamiyidan species reinforce early divergence of mammals |journal=Nature |publisher=Nature Publishing Group |volume= 514|issue= 7524|pages= 579–584|doi=10.1038/nature13718 |pmid=25209669|bibcode=2014Natur.514..579B |s2cid=4471574 }}</ref> or part of an earlier divergence within the synapsid line.<ref name="NYT-20151116-kc">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=Jawbone in Rock May Clear Up a Mammal Family Mystery |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/17/science/haramiyid-jawbone-in-rock-may-clear-up-a-mammal-family-mystery.html |date=16 November 2015 |work=The New York Times |access-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref><ref name="PNAS-20151116-zzxl">{{cite journal |last1=Luo |first1=Zhe-Xi |last2=Gates |first2=Stephen M. |last3=Jenkins Jr. |first3=Farish A. |last4=Amaral |first4=William W. |last5=Shubin |first5=Neil H. |title=Mandibular and dental characteristics of Late Triassic mammaliaform Haramiyavia and their ramifications for basal mammal evolution |doi=10.1073/pnas.1519387112 |pmid=26630008 |date=16 November 2015 |journal=PNAS |volume=112 |issue=51 |pages=E7101–E7109|pmc=4697399 |bibcode=2015PNAS..112E7101L |doi-access=free }}</ref> It is disputed whether or not they are related to the haramiyids from the Late Triassic, such as ''Haramiyavia''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Hoffmann |first1=Simone |last2=Beck |first2=Robin M. D. |last3=Wible |first3=John R. |last4=Rougier |first4=Guillermo W. |last5=Krause |first5=David W. |date=2020-12-14 |title=Phylogenetic placement of Adalatherium hui (Mammalia, Gondwanatheria) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar: implications for allotherian relationships |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2020.1801706 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=40 |issue=sup1 |pages=213–234 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2020.1801706 |s2cid=230968231 |issn=0272-4634|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The morphology of their teeth indicates that they were herbivorous or omnivorous. Some members of the group are known to be arboreal, including gliding forms similar to modern flying squirrels or colugos.<ref name="BiEtAl2014" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Han |first1=Gang |last2=Mao |first2=Fangyuan |last3=Bi |first3=Shundong |last4=Wang |first4=Yuanqing |last5=Meng |first5=Jin |date=November 2017 |title=A Jurassic gliding euharamiyidan mammal with an ear of five auditory bones |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature24483 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=551 |issue=7681 |pages=451–456 |doi=10.1038/nature24483 |pmid=29132143 |bibcode=2017Natur.551..451H |s2cid=4466953 |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Evolution == [[File:Shenshou NT small.jpg|left|thumb|Life restoration of ''Shenshou,'' an extinct squirrel-like euharamiyidan from the Middle Jurassic of China ]] The position of euharamiyidans is contested. They are either considered crown group mammals as members of Allotheria, related to multituberculates, or stem-group mammals within Mammaliaformes.<ref name="BiEtAl2014" /><ref name="PNAS-20151116-zzxl"/> The position is often dependent on the relationships of euharamiyids to the Late Triassic haramiyids such as ''Haramiyavia'' and ''Thomasia''. In some studies, the two groups are recovered as unrelated.<ref name="Luo2017">X.-Z. Luo, Q.-J. Meng, D. M. Grossnickle, D. Lui, A. I. Neander, Y.-G. Zhang, and Q. Ji. 2017. New evidence for mammaliaform ear evolution and feeding adaptation in a Jurassic ecosystem. Nature 548:326-329.</ref><ref name=":1" />

==Phylogeny== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Huttenlocker et al. 2018<ref name="Huttenlocker2018"/> ! Mao et al. 2022<ref name="Mao2022">{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/14772019.2022.2097021|title=New allotherian specimens from the Middle Jurassic Woodeaton Quarry (Oxfordshire) and implications for haramiyidan diversity and phylogeny |year=2022 |last1=Mao |first1=Fangyuan |last2=Brewer |first2=Philippa |last3=Hooker |first3=Jerry J. |last4=Meng |first4=Jin |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=20 |pages=1–37 |s2cid=251708147 }}</ref> |- | {{clade |style=font-size:85%; | label1='''Euharamiyida''' (='''Eleutherodontida''') | 1={{clade | 1=''Megaconus'' | 2={{clade | 1={{clade | 1=''Cifelliodon'' | 2=''Hahnodon'' | label3='''Gondwanatheria''' | 3=''Vintana'' }} | label2='''Eleutherodontidae''' | 2={{clade | 1=''Maiopatagium'' | 2={{clade | 1=''Shenshou'' | 2={{clade | 1=''Millsodon'' | 2={{clade | 1={{clade | 1=''Eleutherodon'' | 2=''Sineleutherus'' }} | 2={{clade | 1=''Xianshou'' | 2={{clade | 1=''Arboroharamiya'' | 2=''Vilevolodon'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} | {{clade |style=font-size:85%; | label1='''Euharamiyida''' | 1={{clade | 1=''Maiopatagium furculiferum'' | 2={{clade | 1=''Maiopatagium sibiricum'' | 2={{clade | 1=''Cryoharamiya'' | 2={{clade | 1=''Sharypovia'' | 2={{clade | label1='''Shenshouidae''' | 1={{clade | 1=''Qishou'' | 2=''Shenshou'' }} | 2={{clade | 1=''Allostaffia'' | 2={{clade | 1=''Sineleutherus'' | 2={{clade | 1={{clade | 1=''Butlerodon'' | 2=''Woodeatonia'' }} | 2={{clade | label1='''Kermackodontidae''' | 1=''Kermackodon'' | label2='''Arboroharamiyidae''' | 2={{clade | 1=''Xianshou'' | 2={{clade | 1=''Arboroharamiya allinhopsoni'' | 2=''Arboroharamiya jenkinsi'' | 3=''Vilevolodon'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

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==Taxa== The following taxonomy follows Mao et al. (2022)<ref name="Mao2022"/> unless otherwise cited. * ''Cryoharamiya'' * ''Maiopatagium'' * ''Millsodon''<ref name="Huttenlocker2018"/> * ''Sineleutherus'' * ''Woodeatonia'' * ?''Allostaffia'' * ?'''Hahnodontidae''' Sigogneau-Russell, 1991<ref name="Huttenlocker2018"/> * ?''Megaconus''<ref name="Huttenlocker2018">{{cite journal|doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0126-y|title=Late-surviving stem mammal links the lowermost Cretaceous of North America and Gondwana |year=2018 |last1=Huttenlocker |first1=Adam K. |last2=Grossnickle |first2=David M. |last3=Kirkland |first3=James I. |last4=Schultz |first4=Julia A. |last5=Luo |first5=Zhe-Xi |journal=Nature |volume=558 |issue=7708 |pages=108–112 |pmid=29795343 |bibcode=2018Natur.558..108H |s2cid=43921185 }}</ref> * ?'''Gondwanatheria'''<ref name="Huttenlocker2018"/><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1098/rspb.2020.0943|title=Tip dating supports novel resolutions of controversial relationships among early mammals |year=2020 |last1=King |first1=Benedict |last2=Beck |first2=Robin M. D. |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=287 |issue=1928 |pmid=32517606 |pmc=7341916 }}</ref> * '''Arboroharamiyidae''' Zheng ''et al.'', 2013 ** ''Arboroharamiya'' ** ''Mirusodens'' ** ''Vilevolodon'' ** ''Xianshou'' * '''Kermackodontidae''' Butler and Hooker, 2005 (='''"Eleutherodontidae"''' Kermack et al., 1998) (considered by other studies to be multituberculates) ** ''Kermackodon'' ** ''Butlerodon'' * '''Shenshouidae''' Mao and Meng, 2019 ** ''Qishou'' ** ''Sharypovoia'' ** ''Shenshou''

==References== {{Reflist}}

Category:Euharamiyida Category:Jurassic first appearances Category:Jurassic extinctions Category:Taxa named by Shundong Bi Category:Taxa named by Yuanqing Wang Category:Taxa named by Xia Sheng Category:Taxa named by Jin Meng