{{short description|Phylum of protozoans}} {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = {{long fossil range|1000|0|Stenian (over 1000 MYA) - present|PS=<ref>{{cite book|pmid=28429314|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-54910-1_1|volume=979|year=2017|pages=3–17|last1=Zakryś|first1=B|last2=Milanowski|first2=R|last3=Karnkowska|first3=Anna|title=Euglena: Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology |chapter=Evolutionary Origin of Euglena |series=Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology|isbn=978-3-319-54908-8}}</ref>}} | image = Two Euglena.jpg | image_caption = Two ''Euglena'' | taxon = Euglenozoa | authority = Cavalier-Smith, 1981<ref name="C-S1981">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cavalier-Smith T | title = Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine? | journal = Bio Systems | volume = 14 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 461–481 | year = 1981 | pmid = 7337818 | doi = 10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2 }}</ref> | display_parents = 2 | subdivision_ranks = Classes | subdivision = *'''Glycomonada''' **Diplonemea **Kinetoplastea *'''Plicomonada'''?<ref name="Euglenoid pellicle morphogenesis an">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cavalier-Smith T | title = Euglenoid pellicle morphogenesis and evolution in light of comparative ultrastructure and trypanosomatid biology: Semi-conservative microtubule/strip duplication, strip shaping and transformation | journal = European Journal of Protistology | volume = 61 | issue = Pt A | pages = 137–179 | date = October 2017 | pmid = 29073503 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejop.2017.09.002 | doi-access = free }}</ref> **Euglenida **Symbiontida (Postgaardea) }} '''Euglenozoa''' are a large group of flagellate Discoba. They include a variety of common free-living species, as well as a few important parasites, some of which infect humans. Euglenozoa are represented by four major groups, ''i.e.,'' Kinetoplastea, Diplonemea, Euglenida, and Symbiontida. Euglenozoa are unicellular, mostly around {{convert|15–40|μm|abbr=on}} in size, although some euglenids get up to {{convert|500|μm|abbr=on}} long.<ref>{{cite web |title=Euglenozoa |url=https://eol.org/pages/4841/articles |website=Encyclopedia of Life |publisher=National Museum of Natural History - Smithsonian Institution |access-date=16 January 2020}}</ref>

== Structure == Most euglenozoa have two flagella, which are inserted parallel to one another in an apical or subapical pocket. In some these are associated with a cytostome or mouth, used to ingest bacteria or other small organisms. This is supported by one of three sets of microtubules that arise from the flagellar bases; the other two support the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the cell.<ref name="Pat1999">{{cite journal | vauthors = Patterson DJ | title = The Diversity of Eukaryotes | journal = The American Naturalist | volume = 154 | issue = S4 | pages = S96–S124 | date = October 1999 | pmid = 10527921 | doi = 10.1086/303287 | s2cid = 4367158 }}</ref>

Some other euglenozoa feed through absorption, and many euglenids possess chloroplasts, the only eukaryotes outside Diaphoretickes to do so without performing kleptoplasty,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Burki |first1=Fabien |last2=Roger |first2=Andrew J. |last3=Brown |first3=Matthew W. |last4=Simpson |first4=Alastair G.B. |date=2020-01-01 |title=The New Tree of Eukaryotes |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169534719302575 |journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=43–55 |doi=10.1016/j.tree.2019.08.008 |pmid=31606140 |issn=0169-5347}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sibbald |first1=Shannon J. |last2=Archibald |first2=John M. |date=2020-05-20 |title=Genomic Insights into Plastid Evolution |url=https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/12/7/978/5836826 |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=978–990 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evaa096|pmid=32402068 |pmc=7348690 }}</ref> and so obtain energy through photosynthesis. These chloroplasts are surrounded by three membranes and contain chlorophylls ''A'' and ''B'', along with other pigments, so are probably derived from a green alga, captured long ago in an endosymbiosis by a basal euglenozoan. Reproduction occurs exclusively through cell division. During mitosis, the nuclear membrane remains intact, and the spindle microtubules form inside of it.<ref name="Pat1999"/>

The group is characterized by the ultrastructure of the flagella. In addition to the normal supporting microtubules or axoneme, each contains a rod (called ''paraxonemal''), which has a tubular structure in one flagellum and a latticed structure in the other. Based on this, two smaller groups have been included here: the diplonemids and ''Postgaardi''.<ref name="Sim1997">{{cite journal | vauthors = Simpson AG | title = The Identity and Composition of Euglenozoa | journal = Archiv für Protistenkunde | year = 1997 | volume = 148 | issue = 3 | pages = 318–328 | doi=10.1016/s0003-9365(97)80012-7}}</ref>

==Classification== Historically, euglenozoans have been treated as either plants or animals, depending on whether they belong to largely photosynthetic groups or not. Hence they have names based on either the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICNafp) or the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). For example, one family has the name Euglenaceae under the ICNafp and the name Euglenidae under the ICZN. As another example, the genus name ''Dinema'' is acceptable under the ICZN, but illegitimate under the ICNafp, as it is a later homonym of an orchid genus, so that the synonym ''Dinematomonas'' must be used instead.<ref name=Kostygov_2021/>

The Euglenozoa are generally accepted as monophyletic. They are related to Percolozoa; the two share mitochondria with disk-shaped cristae, which only occurs in a few other groups.<ref name="Bal2000">{{cite journal | vauthors = Baldauf SL, Roger AJ, Wenk-Siefert I, Doolittle WF | title = A kingdom-level phylogeny of eukaryotes based on combined protein data | journal = Science | volume = 290 | issue = 5493 | pages = 972–977 | date = November 2000 | pmid = 11062127 | doi = 10.1126/science.290.5493.972 | bibcode = 2000Sci...290..972B | author-link4 = Ford Doolittle }}</ref> Both probably belong to a larger group of eukaryotes called the Excavata.<ref name="Sim2003">{{cite journal | vauthors = Simpson AG | title = Cytoskeletal organization, phylogenetic affinities and systematics in the contentious taxon Excavata (Eukaryota) | journal = International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology | volume = 53 | issue = Pt 6 | pages = 1759–1777 | date = November 2003 | pmid = 14657103 | doi = 10.1099/ijs.0.02578-0 | doi-access = free }}</ref> This grouping, though, has been challenged.<ref name="pmid20031978">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cavalier-Smith T | title = Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree | journal = Biology Letters | volume = 6 | issue = 3 | pages = 342–345 | date = June 2010 | pmid = 20031978 | pmc = 2880060 | doi = 10.1098/rsbl.2009.0948 }}</ref>

===Phylogeny=== The phylogeny based on the work of Cavalier-Smith (2016):<ref name="Cavalier-Smith">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cavalier-Smith T | title = Higher classification and phylogeny of Euglenozoa | journal = European Journal of Protistology | volume = 56 | pages = 250–276 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27889663 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejop.2016.09.003 | doi-access = free }}</ref> {| class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%; border:solid 1px #aaa" |- ! style="background:#F0F2F5" | Euglenozoa phylogeny – Cavalier-Smith (2016) |- | {{barlabel |size=19 |at1=16 |label1=Peranemea<br />(paraphyletic)|cladogram= {{Clade | style=font-size:100%;line-height:80% |1={{clade |label1=Glycomonada |1={{clade |label1=Diplonemea |1={{clade |label1=Diplonemida |1={{clade |1=Hemistasiidae |2={{clade |1=Eupelagonemidae |2=Diplonemidae }} }} }} |label2=Kinetoplastea |2={{clade |label1=Prokinetoplastina |1=Ichthyobodonidae |label2=Metakinetoplastina |2={{clade |1=''Rhynchobodo'' |2={{clade |1=Neobodonidae |2={{clade |1=Parabodonidae |2={{clade |1=Bodonidae |2=Trypanosomatidae }} }} }} }} }} }} |label2=Plicomonada |2={{clade |label1=Postgaardia |1={{clade |label1=Postgaardea |1={{clade |label1=Bihospitida |1=Bihospitidae |label2=Postgaardida |2={{clade |1=Postgaardidae |2=Calkinsiidae }} }} }} |label2=Euglenoida |2={{clade |label1=Entosiphona |1={{clade |label1=Entosiphonea |1={{clade |label1=Entosiphonida |1=Entosiphonidae }} }} |label2=Dipilida |2={{clade |label1=Stavomonadea |1={{clade |label1=Heterostavia |1={{clade |label1=Heterostavida |1=Serpenomonadidae }} |label2=Homostavia |2={{clade |label1=Decastavida |1={{clade |1=Decastavidae |2=Keelungiidae }} |label2=Petalomonadida |2={{clade |1=Sphenomonadidae |2=Petalomonadidae }} }} }} |2={{clade |label1=Ploeotarea |1={{clade |label1=Ploeotiida |1={{clade |1=Lentomonadidae |2=Ploeotiidae }} }} |2=&nbsp; |state2=none |style2=line-height:20%; |label3=Spirocuta |3={{clade |1={{clade |barbegin1=darkgreen |label1=Peranemida |1=Peranemidae }} |2={{clade |bar1=darkgreen |1={{clade |label1=Anisonemida |1=Anisonemidae |label2=Natomonadida |2={{clade |label1=Metanemina |1=Neometanemidae |label2=Rhabdomonadina |2={{clade |1=Distigmidae |2=Astasiidae }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |barend1=darkgreen |label1=Acroglissida |1=Teloproctidae }} |2=&nbsp; |state2=none |style2=line-height:20%; |label3=Euglenophyceae |3={{clade |1={{clade |label1=Rapazida |1=Rapazidae }} |2={{clade |label1=Eutreptiales |1=Eutreptiaceae |label2=Euglenales |2={{clade |1=Euglenamorphaceae |2={{clade |1=Phacaceae |2=Euglenaceae }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |}

A consensus phylogeny following the review by Kostygov ''et al.'' (2021):<ref name="Kostygov_2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kostygov AY, Karnkowska A, Votýpka J, Tashyreva D, Maciszewski K, Yurchenko V, Lukeš J | title = Euglenozoa: taxonomy, diversity and ecology, symbioses and viruses | journal = Open Biology | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | article-number = 200407 | date = March 2021 | pmid = 33715388 | pmc = 8061765 | doi = 10.1098/rsob.200407 | doi-access = free}}</ref> {| class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%; border:solid 1px #aaa" |- ! style="background:#F0F2F5" | Euglenozoa phylogeny – Kostygov ''et al.'' (2021) |- | {{Clade | style=font-size:100%;line-height:80% |1={{clade |label1=Glycomonada |1={{clade |label1=Kinetoplastea |1={{clade |label1=Prokinetoplastia |1={{clade |label1=Prokinetoplastida |1={{clade |1=Ichthyobodonidae |2=Perkinselidae }} }} |label2=Metakinetoplastia |2={{clade |label1=Neobodonida |1={{clade |1=Allobodonidae |2={{clade |1=Neobodonidae |2=Rhynchomonadidae }} }} |2={{clade |label1=Parabodonida |1={{clade |1= Cryptobiidae |2= Trypanoplasmatidae }} |2={{clade |label1=Eubodonida |1=Bodonidae |label2=Trypanosomatida |2=Trypanosomatidae }} }} }} }} |label2=Diplonemea |2={{clade |label1=Diplonemida |1={{clade |1=Diplonemidae |2={{clade |1=Eupelagonemidae |2=Hemistasiidae }} }} }} }} |label2="euglenids" |2={{clade |state=dotted |label1=Euglenida |state1=solid |1={{clade |1=Petalomonadida |2={{clade |1=Alistosa |label2= Olkaspira |2={{clade |1=''Olkasia'' |label2=Spirocuta |2={{clade |label1=Anisonemia |1={{clade |1=Anisonemidae |2=Aphagea }} |2={{clade |label1=Euglenophyceae |1={{clade |label1=Rapazida |1=Rapazidae |2={{clade |1=Eutreptiaceae/Eutreptiidae |label2=Euglenales |2={{clade |1=Euglenaceae/Euglenidae |2=Phacaceae/Phacidae }} }} }} |2=Peranemida }} }} }} }} }} |label2=Symbiontida |2={{clade |1=''Bihospites'' |2={{clade |1=''Calkinsia'' |2=''Postgaardi'' }} }} }} }} }} |}

===Taxonomy=== ====Cavalier-Smith (2016/2017)====

The following classification of Euglenozoa is as described by Cavalier-Smith in 2016,<ref name="Cavalier-Smith" /> modified to include the new subphylum Plicomonada according to Cavalier-Smith ''et al'' (2017).<ref name="Euglenoid pellicle morphogenesis an">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cavalier-Smith T | title = Euglenoid pellicle morphogenesis and evolution in light of comparative ultrastructure and trypanosomatid biology: Semi-conservative microtubule/strip duplication, strip shaping and transformation | journal = European Journal of Protistology | volume = 61 | issue = Pt A | pages = 137–179 | date = October 2017 | pmid = 29073503 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejop.2017.09.002 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Phylum '''Euglenozoa''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 1981 emend. Simpson 1997</small> [Euglenobionta] * Subphylum '''Glycomonada''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> ** Class '''Diplonemea''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 1993 emend. Simpson 1997</small> [Diplosonematea; Diplonemia <small>Cavalier-Smith 1993</small>] *** Order Diplonemida <small>Cavalier-Smith 1993</small> [Hemistasiida] **** Family Hemistasiidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> [Entomosigmaceae] <!-- Not in Cavalier-Smith classification and no reference given for new family **** Family Eupelagonemidae <small>Okamoto & Keeling 2018</small> --> **** Family Diplonemidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 1993</small> [Rhynchopodaceae <small>Skuja 1948 ex Cavalier-Smith 1993</small>] ** Class '''Kinetoplastea''' <small>Honigberg 1963 emend. Margulis 1974</small> [Kinetoplastida <small>Honigberg 1963</small>; Kinetoplasta <small>Honigberg 1963 stat. nov.</small>] <!-- not in Cavalier-Smith classification (where is this extra stuff from?) *** Family ?Cephalothamniidae *** Order ?Bordnamonadida **** Family Bordnamonadidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 2013</small> *** Order ?Trypanophidida **** Family Trypanophididae <small>Poche 1911</small> --> *** Subclass Prokinetoplastina <small>Vickerman 2004</small> **** Order Prokinetoplastida <small>Vickerman 2004</small> ***** Family Ichthyobodonidae <small>Isaksen et al., 2007</small> *** Subclass Metakinetoplastina <small>Vickerman 2004</small> **** Order Bodonida* <small>Hollande 1952 em. Vickerman 1976, Kryov et al. 1980</small> ***** Suborder Neobodonina <small>Vickerman 2004</small> ****** Family Rhynchomonadidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> ****** Family Neobodonidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> ***** Suborder Parabodonina <small>Vickerman 2004</small> ****** Family Parabodonidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> <!-- unsourced addition [Cryptobiaceae <small>Poche 1911</small>; Trypanoplasmatidae <small>Hartmann & Chagas 1910</small>]--> ****** Family Cryptobiidae* <small>Vickerman 2004</small> ***** Suborder Eubodonina <small>Vickerman 2004</small> ****** Family Bodonidae <small>Bütschli 1883</small> [Bodonaceae <small>Lemmermann 1914</small>; Bodoninae <small>Bütschli 1883</small>; Pleuromonadidae <small>Kent 1880</small>] **** Order Trypanosomatida <small>Kent 1880 stat. n. Hollande, 1952 emend. Vickerman 2004</small> ***** Family Trypanosomatidae <small>Doflein 1901</small> * Subphylum Plicomonada <small>Cavalier-Smith 2017</small> ** Infraphylum '''Postgaardia''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 2017</small> *** Class '''Postgaardea''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 1998 s.s.</small> [Symbiontida <small>Yubuki et al., 2009</small>] **** Order Bihospitida <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> ***** Family Bihospitidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> **** Order Postgaardida <small>Cavalier-Smith 2003</small> ***** Family Calkinsiidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> ***** Family Postgaardidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> ** Infraphylum '''Euglenoida''' <small>Bütschli 1884 emend. Senn 1900 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith, 2017</small> [Euglenophyta; Euglenida <small>Buetschli 1884</small>; Euglenoidina <small>Buetschli 1884</small>] *** Parvphylum '''Entosiphona''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 2017</small> **** Class '''Entosiphonea''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> ***** Order Entosiphonida <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> ****** Family Entosiphonidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> *** Parvphylum '''Dipilida''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 2017</small> **** Superclass Rigimonada* <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016 </small> ***** Class '''Stavomonadea''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> [Petalomonadea <small>Cavalier-Smith 1993</small>; Petalomonadophyceae] ****** Subclass Heterostavia <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> ******* Order Heterostavida <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> ******** Family Serpenomonadidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> ****** Subclass Homostavia <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> ******* Order Decastavida <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016a</small> ******** Family Decastavidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016a</small> ******** Family Keelungiidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016a</small> ******* Order Petalomonadida <small>Cavalier-Smith 1993</small> [Sphenomonadales <small>Leedale 1967</small>; Sphenomonadina <small>Leedale 1967</small>] ******** Family Sphenomonadidae <small>Kent 1880</small> ******** Family Petalomonadidae [Petalomonadaceae <small>Buetschli 1884</small>; Notosolenaceae <small>Stokes 1888</small>; Scytomonadaceae <small>Ritter von Stein 1878</small>] ***** Class '''Ploeotarea''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> ****** Order Ploeotiida <small>Cavalier-Smith 1993</small> ******* Family Lentomonadidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> ******* Family Ploeotiidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> **** Superclass '''Spirocuta''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> ***** Class '''Peranemea''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 1993 emend. Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> ****** Subclass Acroglissia <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> ******* Order Acroglissida <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> ******** Family Teloproctidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016a</small> ****** Subclass Peranemia <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> ******* Order Peranemida <small>Bütschli 1884 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1993</small> ******** Family Peranematidae [Peranemataceae <small>Dujardin 1841</small>; Pseudoperanemataceae <small>Christen 1962</small>] ****** Subclass Anisonemia <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> ******* Order Anisonemida <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> [Heteronematales <small>Leedale 1967</small>] ******** Family Anisonemidae <small>Saville Kent, 1880 em. Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> [Heteronemidae <small>Calkins 1926</small>; Zygoselmidaceae <small>Kent 188</small>] ******* Order Natomonadida <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> ******** Suborder Metanemina <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> ********* Family Neometanemidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> ******** Suborder Rhabdomonadina <small>Leedale 1967 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1993</small> [Astasida <small>Ehrenberg 1831</small>; Rhabdomonadia <small>Cavalier-Smith 1993</small>; Rhabdomonadophyceae; Rhabdomonadales] ********* Family Distigmidae <small>Hollande, 1942</small> ********* Family Astasiidae <small>Saville Kent, 1884</small> [Astasiaceae <small>Ehrenberg orth. mut. Senn 1900</small>; Rhabdomonadaceae <small>Fott 1971</small>; Menoidiaceae <small>Buetschli 188</small>; Menoidiidae <small>Hollande, 1942</small>] ***** Class '''Euglenophyceae''' <small>Schoenichen 1925 emend. Marin & Melkonian 2003</small> [Euglenea <small>Bütschli 1884 emend. Busse & Preisfeld 2002</small>; Euglenoidea <small>Bütschli 1884</small>; Euglenida <small>Bütschli 1884</small>] (Photosynthetic clade) ****** Subclass Rapazia <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> ******* Order Rapazida <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> ******** Family Rapazidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> ****** Subclass Euglenophycidae <small>Busse and Preisfeld, 2003</small> ******* Order Eutreptiida [Eutreptiales <small>Leedale 1967 emend. Marin & Melkonian 2003</small>; Eutreptiina <small>Leedale 1967</small>] ******** Family Eutreptiaceae [Eutreptiaceae <small>Hollande 1942</small>] ******* Order Euglenida <small>Ritter von Stein, 1878 stat. n. Calkins, 1926</small> [Euglenales <small>Engler 1898 emend. Marin & Melkonian 2003</small>; Euglenina <small>Buetschli 1884</small>; Euglenomorphales <small>Leedale 1967</small>; Colaciales <small>Smith 1938</small>] ******** Family Euglenamorphidae <small>Hollande, 1952 stat. n. Cavalier-Smith 2016</small> [Euglenomorphaceae; Hegneriaceae <small>Brumpt & Lavier 1924</small>] ******** Family Phacidae [Phacaceae <small>Kim et al. 2010</small>] ******** Family Euglenidae <small>Bütschli 1884</small> [Euglenaceae <small>Dujardin 1841 emend. Kim et al. 2010</small>; Colaciaceae Smith 1933] (Mucilaginous clade)

==== Kostygov ''et al.'' (2021)==== Phylum '''Euglenozoa''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 1981 emend. Simpson 1997</small><ref name="Kostygov_2021"/> * Class '''Kinetoplastea''' <small>Honigberg, 1963 emend. Vickerman, 1976</small> ** Subclass Prokinetoplastina <small>Vickerman, 2004</small> *** Order Prokinetoplastida <small>Vickerman, 2004</small> **** Family Ichthyobodonidae <small>Isaksen et al., 2007</small> **** Family Perkinselidae <small>Kostygov, 2021</small> ** Subclass Metakinetoplastina <small>Vickerman, 2004</small> *** Order Eubodonida <small>Vickerman 2004</small> **** Family Bodonidae <small>Bütschli, 1883</small> *** Order Neobodonida <small>Vickerman, 2004</small> **** Family Allobodonidae <small>Goodwin et al., 2018</small> **** Family Neobodonidae <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2016</small> **** Family Rhynchomonadinae <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2016</small> *** Order Parabodonida <small>Vickerman, 2004</small> **** Family Cryptobiidae <small>Poche, 1911 emend. Kostygov, 2021</small> **** Family Trypanoplasmatidae <small>Hartmann and Chagas, 1910 emend. Kostygov, 2021</small> *** Order Trypanosomatida <small>Kent, 1880</small> **** Family Trypanosomatidae <small>Doflein, 1901</small> * Class '''Diplonemea''' <small>Cavalier-Smith, 1993</small> *** Order Diplonemida <small>Cavalier-Smith, 1993</small> **** Family Diplonemidae <small>Cavalier-Smith, 1993</small> **** Family Hemistasiidae <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2016</small> **** Family Eupelagonemidae <small>Okamoto and Keeling, 2019</small> * Class '''Euglenida''' <small>Bütschli, 1884 emend. Simpson, 1997</small> ** Clade Olkaspira <small>Lax and Simpson, 2020</small> *** Clade Spirocuta <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2016</small> **** Clade Euglenophyceae <small>Schoenichen, 1925 emend. Marin and Melkonian, 2003</small> ***** Order Euglenales <small>Leedale, 1967 emend. Marin and Melkonian, 2003</small> ****** Family Euglenaceae <small>Dujardin, 1841 emend. Kim et al., 2010</small> [Euglenidae <small>Dujardin, 1841</small>] ****** Family Phacaceae <small>Kim, Triemer and Shin 2010</small> [Phacidae <small>Kim, Triemer and Shin 2010</small>] ***** Order Eutreptiales <small>Leedale, 1967 emend. Marin and Melkonian, 2003</small> ****** Family Eutreptiaceae <small>Hollande, 1942</small> [Eutreptiidae <small>Hollande, 1942</small>] ***** Order Rapazida <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2016</small> ****** Family Rapazidae <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2016</small> **** Clade Anisonemia <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2016</small> ***** Order Anisonemida <small>Cavalier-Smith, 2016</small> ****** Family Anisonemidae <small>Kent, 1880</small> ***** Clade Aphagea <small>Cavalier-Smith, 1993 emend. Busse and Preisfeld, 2002</small> **** Order Peranemida <small>Cavalier-Smith, 1993</small> ** Clade Alistosa <small>Lax et al., 2020</small> ** Order Petalomonadida <small>Cavalier-Smith, 1993</small> * Class '''Symbiontida''' <small>Yubuki, Edgcomb, Bernhard and Leander, 2009</small>

== References == {{Reflist}}

== External links == *[http://tolweb.org/Euglenozoa/2405 Tree of Life: Euglenozoa] {{Life on Earth}} {{Eukaryota}} {{Discoba}} {{Taxonbar|from1=Q25834462|from2=Q499086|from3=Q21445634|from4=Q21445628}}

Category:Euglenozoa Category:Discoba phyla Category:Taxa named by Thomas Cavalier-Smith