{{Short description|Extermination of ethnic identities}} {{Genocide}} '''Ethnocide''' is the extermination or destruction of ethnic identities.<ref name="Shaw2007"/><ref name="AutoC2-1"/><ref name="DelantyKumar2006"/> Bartolomé Clavero differentiates ethnocide from genocide by stating that "Genocide kills people while ethnocide kills social cultures through the killing of individual souls".<ref name="Clavero2008"/> According to Martin Shaw, ethnocide is a core part of physically violent genocide.<ref name="Shaw2007">{{cite book|author=Martin Shaw|title=What is Genocide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sVnl-HgG4QEC&pg=PA66|access-date=28 February 2013|date=20 March 2007|publisher=Polity|isbn=978-0-7456-3182-0|pages=66–67|quote= So the idea that ethnocide or 'cultural genocide' is distinct from physically violent genocide is misleading, since cultural genocide can only be the cultural dimension ''of'' genocide, something which is integral to every genocidal attack. ... It is better to refer to cultural suppression as the pre-genocidal denial of culture, because the cultural dimension of genocide or cultural suppression is part of a broader genocidal process, and it is different from unintentional group destruction or destruction which occurs when groups are destroyed by diseases and famines which were originally unintended.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513203246/https://books.google.com/books?id=sVnl-HgG4QEC&pg=PA65|archive-date=13 May 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Some substitute cultural genocide for ethnocide,<ref name=":0">{{cite book |title=La paix blanche: introduction à l'ethnocide |author=Robert Jaulin |author-link=Robert Jaulin |publisher=Éditions du Seuil |year=1970 |language=fr}}</ref> and other argue the distinction between ethnicity and culture.<ref name="DelantyKumar2006">{{cite book|author1=Gerard Delanty|author2=Krishan Kumar|title=The SAGE Handbook of Nations and Nationalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Y3zK_jyagQC&pg=PA326|access-date=28 February 2013|date=29 June 2006|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-1-4129-0101-7|page=326|quote=The term 'ethnocide' has in the past been used as a replacement for cultural genocide (Palmer 1992; Smith 1991:30-3), with the obvious risk of confusing ethnicity and culture.}}</ref> Cultural genocide and ethnocide have been used in different contexts.<ref name="BloxhamMoses2010"/> While the terms "ethnocide" and "ethnic cleansing" are similar, the intentions of their use vary. The term "ethnic cleansing" has been criticized as a euphemism that facilitates genocide denial by minimizing atrocities. In contrast, "ethnocide" acts as a critical tool of recognition, used by marginalized groups to assert that the destruction of their culture is a crime of genocidal proportions.<ref name="Heiskanen 2021 p.">{{cite journal |last=Heiskanen |first=Jaakko |date=2021-10-01 |title=In the Shadow of Genocide: Ethnocide, Ethnic Cleansing, and International Order |journal=Global Studies Quarterly |volume=1 |issue=4 |article-number=ksab030 |doi=10.1093/isagsq/ksab030 |issn=2634-3797|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Watch 2023 w731">{{cite web |last=Watch |first=Genocide |date=2023-06-28 |title='Ethnic Cleansing' is a euphemism used for genocide denial |url=https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/ethnic-cleansing-is-a-euphemism-used-for-genocide-denial |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=genocidewatch}}</ref>
==Origin of the word== Raphael Lemkin, the lawyer who coined ''genocide'' in 1943 as the union of "the Greek word ''genos'' (race, tribe) and the Latin ''cide'' (killing)", also suggested ''ethnocide'' as an alternative form representing the same concept, using the Greek ''ethnos'' (nation) in place of ''genos''.<ref name="AutoC2-1"/> However, the term genocide has received much wider adoption than ethnocide.<ref name="Shaw2007"/>
==Usage== As early as 1933, the lawyer Raphael Lemkin proposed that genocide had a cultural component, a component which he called "cultural genocide."<ref name="AutoC2-2"/> The term has since acquired rhetorical value as a phrase that is used to protest against the destruction of cultural heritage.
===Proposed usage=== {{wikisource|Draft United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples}} {{wikisource|Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples}} The drafters of the 1948 Genocide Convention considered the use of the term, but dropped it from their consideration.<ref name="AutoC2-3"/> The legal definition of genocide is left unspecific about the exact nature in which genocide is done, only stating that it is destruction with intent to destroy a racial, religious, ethnic or national group as such.<ref name="AutoC2-4"/>
Article 7 of a 1994 draft of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples uses the word "ethnocide" as well as the phrase "cultural genocide" but it does not define what they mean.<ref name="AutoC2-5"/> The complete article reads as follows: :Indigenous peoples have the collective and individual right not to be subjected to ethnocide and cultural genocide, including prevention of and redress for: ::(a) Any action which has the aim or effect of depriving them of their integrity as distinct peoples, or of their cultural values or ethnic identities; ::(b) Any action which has the aim or effect of dispossessing them of their lands, territories or resources; ::(c) Any form of population transfer which has the aim or effect of violating or undermining any of their rights; ::(d) Any form of assimilation or integration by other cultures or ways of life imposed on them by legislative, administrative or other measures; ::(e) Any form of propaganda directed against them.
The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly during its 62nd session at UN Headquarters in New York City on 13 September 2007, but only mentions "genocide" in its Article 7, not "cultural genocide." Article 8 in the final document otherwise substantially retains the wording of the draft Article 7, but its first sentence reads "indigenous peoples and individuals have the right not to be subjected to forced assimilation or destruction of their culture".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Publications/Declaration_indigenous_en.pdf|title=Article 7 and 8, United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: Adopted by the General Assembly on 13 September 2007|website=Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights|publisher=United Nations|date=13 September 2007|pages=19–20|access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref>
==Notions of ethnocide==
===UNESCO=== In UNESCO's "Declaration of San Jose":<ref name="Schabas2000"/>
The Declaration of San Jose commits the United States and the nations of Central America to engage in a more in-depth discussion about a broad range of issues. These issues include: strengthening democracy and regional security, building trade and investment, combating crime, drugs and corruption, promoting dialogue on immigration, and achieving more equitable and sustainable development.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/sanjose.htm#:~:targetText=The%20Declaration%20of%20San%20Jose,more%20equitable%20and%20sustainable%20development.|title=THE SAN JOSE DECLARATION|website=www.mtholyoke.edu|access-date=2019-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022214211/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/sanjose.htm#:~:targetText=The%20Declaration%20of%20San%20Jose,more%20equitable%20and%20sustainable%20development.|archive-date=2015-10-22|url-status=live}}</ref> In the Declaration of San José, UNESCO also addresses and works to define ethnocide. UNESCO defines the term as follows:
{{blockquote|Ethnocide means that an ethnic group is denied the right to enjoy, develop and transmit its own culture and its own language, whether collectively or individually. This involves an extreme form of massive violation of human rights and, in particular, the right of ethnic groups to respect for their cultural identity.}}
===Robert Jaulin=== {{main|Robert Jaulin#The concept of ethnocide}} The French ethnologist Robert Jaulin (1928-1996) proposed a redefinition of the concept of ethnocide in 1970, to refer not the ''means'' but the ''ends'' that define ethnocide.<ref name="AutoC2-6"/> Accordingly, the ethnocide would be the systematic destruction of the thought and the way of life of people different from those who carry out this enterprise of destruction. Whereas the genocide assassinates the people in their body, the ethnocide kills them in their spirit.
=== Pierre Clastres === In Chapter 4 of ''The Archeology of Violence'' by Pierre Clastres
Ethnocide, unlike genocide, is not based on the destruction of the physical person, but rather on the destruction of a person's culture. Ethnocide exterminates ways of thinking, living, and being from various cultures. It aims to destroy cultural differences, especially focused on the idea of "wrong" differences, that are present in a minority group by transforming the group's population into the culture norm of a certain place. This measuring of differences according to one's own culture is called ethnocentrism. The ethnocentric mind is based on the assumption that there is a hierarchy of superior and inferior cultures. Therefore, ethnocide hopes to raise inferior cultures to the status of superior cultures by any means necessary.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Archeology of Violence|last=Clastres|first=Pierre|publisher=Éditions du Seuil|year=1980|isbn=9781584350934|location=France|pages=Chapter 4}}</ref>
=== Barry Sautman === Barry Victor Sautman is a professor with the Division of Social Science at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.<blockquote>The "intent that underlies ethnocide is not the same intent as the intent of cultural genocide, for the same reason that it is not tied to physical or biological destruction of a group. The intent is therefore typically aimed at forced assimilation and not on population decimation. Thus the intent that underlies ethnocide is an intentional act resulting in cultural death"<ref>Barry Sautman, ‘Cultural genocide and Asian state peripheries. Cultural genocide in international context’ New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006</ref></blockquote>
== Contemporary examples == The destruction by Azerbaijan of thousands of medieval Armenian Churches, khachkars and gravestones in Nakhchivan and elsewhere – and Azerbaijan's denial that these sites have ever existed – has been cited as an example of cultural genocide<ref name="LA Times2">{{cite news |last=Womack |first=Catherine |date=7 November 2019 |title=Historic Armenian monuments were obliterated. Some call it 'cultural genocide' |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2019-11-07/armenian-monuments-azerbaijan |newspaper=LA Times}}</ref> or ethnocide.<ref>Petrosyan 2010 – Petrosyan H., Cultural ethnocide in Artsakh (mechanism of extortion of cultural heritage), state terrorism of Azerbaijan and the policy of ethnic cleansing against Nagorno Karabakh, Shushi, pp. 137-148 (in Arm.). Petrosyan 2020 – Ethnocide in Artsakh: The Mechanisms of Azerbaijan’s Usurpation of Indigenous Armenian Cultural Heritage, Cultural Heritage. Experiences & Perspectives in International Context, Proceedings of the ROCHEMP center international conference, 23rd- 24th of January 2020, Yerevan, pp. 79-90.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Kasey |date=2022-06-06 |title=Present-Day Ethnocide: The Destruction of Armenian Cultural Heritage in Azerbaijan |url=https://tuljournals.temple.edu/index.php/mundi/article/view/586 |journal=MUNDI |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1}}</ref>
==See also== {{div col|colwidth=23em}} * Cultural genocide * Ethnodevelopment * Forced assimilation * Language death * Linguistic discrimination (includes Linguicide) * Policide * Gaza genocide * Rwandan genocide {{div col end}}
==References== {{reflist|2| refs=
<ref name="AutoC2-1">Lemkin, Raphael. [http://www.preventgenocide.org/lemkin/AxisRule1944-1.htm Acts Constituting a General (Transnational) Danger Considered as Offences Against the Law of Nations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526221818/http://www.preventgenocide.org/lemkin/AxisRule1944-1.htm |date=2007-05-26 }}. Published 14 October 1933. Accessed 21 May 2007.</ref>
<ref name="Clavero2008">{{cite book|author=Bartolomé Clavero|title=Genocide Or Ethnocide, 1933-2007: How to Make, Unmake, and Remake Law with Words|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f_-_0d8JMtEC&pg=PA101|access-date=28 February 2013|year=2008|publisher=Giuffrè Editore|isbn=978-88-14-14277-2|pages=101|quote=Genocide kills people while ethnocide kills social cultures through the killing of individual souls.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630195703/http://books.google.com/books?id=f_-_0d8JMtEC&pg=PA101|archive-date=30 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BloxhamMoses2010">{{cite book|author1=Donald Bloxham|author2=A. Dirk Moses|title=The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xCHMFHQRNtYC&pg=PR2-IA92|access-date=28 February 2013|date=15 April 2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-161361-6|pages=2–|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630192728/http://books.google.com/books?id=xCHMFHQRNtYC&pg=PR2-IA92|archive-date=30 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="AutoC2-2">[http://www.preventgenocide.org/lemkin/madrid1933-english.htm Raphael Lemkin, ''Acts Constituting a General (Transnational) Danger Considered as Offences Against the Law of Nations'' (J. Fussell trans., 2000) (1933)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716204853/http://www.preventgenocide.org/lemkin/madrid1933-english.htm |date=2012-07-16 }}; [http://www.preventgenocide.org/lemkin/AxisRule1944-3.htm Raphael Lemkin, ''Axis Rule in Occupied Europe'', p. 91 (1944)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206214811/http://www.preventgenocide.org/lemkin/AxisRule1944-3.htm |date=2012-02-06 }}.</ref>
<ref name="AutoC2-3">See [https://www.un.org/icty/krstic/TrialC1/judgement/krs-tj010802e-3.htm#IIIG2bi Prosecutor v. Krstic, Case No. IT-98-33-T (Int'l Crim. Trib. Yugo. Trial Chamber 2001), at para. 576] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218125016/http://www.un.org/icty/krstic/TrialC1/judgement/krs-tj010802e-3.htm#IIIG2bi |date=2008-12-18 }}.</ref>
<ref name="AutoC2-4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/p_genoci.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000408162107/http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/p_genoci.htm|url-status=dead|title=unhchr.ch|archivedate=April 8, 2000|website=www.unhchr.ch}}</ref>
<ref name="AutoC2-5">[http://www.unhchr.ch/huridocda/huridoca.nsf/(Symbol)/E.CN.4.SUB.2.RES.1994.45.En?OpenDocument Draft United Nations declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804163536/http://www.unhchr.ch/huridocda/huridoca.nsf/(Symbol)/E.CN.4.SUB.2.RES.1994.45.En?OpenDocument |date=2007-08-04 }} drafted by The Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities Recalling resolutions 1985/22 of 29 August 1985, 1991/30 of 29 August 1991, 1992/33 of 27 August 1992, 1993/46 of 26 August 1993, presented to the Commission on Human Rights and the Economic and Social Council at 36th meeting 26 August 1994 and adopted without a vote.</ref>
<ref name="Schabas2000">{{cite book|author=William Schabas|title=Genocide in International Law: The Crime of Crimes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pYptuRHDQPgC&pg=PA189|access-date=3 March 2013|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-78790-1|pages=189–}}</ref>
<ref name="AutoC2-6">''La Paix blanche, Introduction à l'ethnocide'', Paris, Éditions du Seuil (Combats), 1970</ref>
}}
==External links== {{wiktionary|ethnocide}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120707083552/http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ethnocide.htm Stein, Stuart D, ''Ethnocide'']{{Unreliable source?|date=April 2015|reason=Source says it is to be published and it's now offline except as archived; I don't have the encyclopedia that should have it.}} *[http://www.massviolence.org/ethnocide Ethnocide by Barbara Lukunka in the encyclopedia of mass violence ]
{{Genocide topics}}{{Discrimination}}{{Authority control}}
Category:Genocide Category:Ethnic conflict Category:Cultural genocide