{{Short description|Type of architectural support}} [[Image:Caravaca_de_la_Cruz_castle_column.JPG|thumb|right|220px|Estipite in the Basilica of la Vera Cruz in Caravaca de la Cruz, Region of Murcia, Spain.]] [[File:Parroquia Antigua (Salamanca) 001.jpg|thumb|220px|Estitipes on the facade of the Parroquia Antigua in Salamanca, State of Guanajuato, Mexico]]
The '''estipite''' column is a type of pilaster used in buildings in the Mannerist and Baroque styles,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baird, Jr. |first1=Joseph Armstrong |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3LVQoGVBFToC&q=architecture+-+Estipite&pg=PA38 |title=The Churches of Mexico, 1530-1810 |date=1962 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley and Los Angeles |page=38 |access-date=2 August 2016}}</ref> a moment when many classical architectural elements lost their simple shapes and became increasingly complex, offering a variety of forms and exuberant decoration.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jerónimo de Balbás |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jeronimo-de-Balbas#ref1042791 |access-date=4 October 2018 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> This sort of column has the shape of an inverted pyramid or obelisk. Sometimes the shaft is wider in its middle part than in the base or capital.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Palmer |first1=Gabrielle G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HlRdAAAAMAAJ&q=estipite |title=Cambios: The Spirit of Transformation in Spanish Colonial Art |last2=Pierce |first2=Donna |date=1992 |publisher=Santa Barbara Museum of Art in collaboration with the University of New Mexico Press |isbn=978-0-8263-1408-6 |page=81 |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 May 2016 |title=Spanish Architecture in the Baroque Period |url=https://www.boundless.com/art-history/textbooks/boundless-art-history-textbook/the-baroque-period-27/architecture-of-the-baroque-period-901/spanish-architecture-in-the-baroque-period-640-5421/ |access-date=2 August 2016 |work=Boundless Art History |publisher=boundless.com |quote=Spanish Baroque is a strand of Baroque architecture that evolved in Spain and its provinces and former colonies, in the late 17th century. |archive-date=13 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013053933/https://www.boundless.com/art-history/textbooks/boundless-art-history-textbook/the-baroque-period-27/architecture-of-the-baroque-period-901/spanish-architecture-in-the-baroque-period-640-5421/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Examples include Michelangelo’s Biblioteca Laurenziana (1523–1571).<ref name="Goss1969">{{cite thesis |last1=Goss |first1=Robert Carl |title=The principal retable of the church of San Xavier del Bac |date=1969 |hdl=10150/566292 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> It became later a signature element of the Churrigueresque Baroque style of Spain and Spanish America in the 18th century.<ref>{{cite web|title=ESTÍPITE|url=http://www.mexicanarchitecture.org/index.php?q=estipite|website=Mexican Architecture|publisher=mexicanarchitecture.org|access-date=2 August 2016}}{{vague|date=February 2023}}</ref>
== Characteristics ==
=== Form === The shape of the estipite has a narrow base and the shaft is in the shape of an inverted obelisk.<ref name=Kornegay1996>{{cite journal |last1=Kornegay |first1=Paula B. |title=The Altar Screens of an Anonymous Artist in Northern New Spain: The Laguna Santero |journal=Journal of the Southwest |date=1996 |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=63–79 |jstor=40169967 }}</ref> This is a variation to previous uses of the pilaster which deviates from classical architecture with its form. In classical architecture, pilasters give the impression that they have a load bearing function. However, due to the obelisk shape of the estipite, this tradition is disrupted.<ref name=Moffitt1984>{{cite journal |last1=Moffitt |first1=John F. |title=El Sagrario Metropolitano, Wendel Dietterlin, and the estipite: observations on Mannerism and Neoplateresque architectural style in 18th-Century Mexican ecclesiastical facades |trans-title= El Sagrario Metropolitano, Wendel Dietterlin, and the estipite: observations on Mannerism and Neoplateresque architectural style in 18th-Century Mexican ecclesiastical facades |language=es |journal=Boletín del Seminario de Estudios de Arte y Arqueología |date=1984 |issue=50 |pages=325–348 |hdl=10324/12859 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The estipite is not supposed to look solid, instead be dynamic and create movement. Creating an apparent lightness to the structure.<ref name=Goss1969/>
Manuel Toussaint defines estipites as:
“A supporting member, square or rectangular in section, and formed of multiple elements: pyramids and truncated prisms, parallelepipeds, superimposed foliage, medallions, garlands, bouquets, festoons. The ornament is all vegetable, applied to geometric forms”.<ref name=Goss1969/> [[File:Portada_Templo_de_Nuestra_Señora_del_Rosario.jpg|thumb|Estipite on main portal of Portada Templo de Nuestra Señora del Rosario]]
=== Capitals === The capitals usually highlight the line of a broken cornice and are unabridged. They may be connected to another estipite by a horizontal entablature.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=agustink |date=2020-05-19 |title=The California Building: A Case Of The Misunderstood Baroque And The History Of The San Diego Museum/ Museum Of Man by Richard W. Amero |url=https://www.balboaparkhistory.net/chapter9.pdf |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=balboa Park History |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021002251/https://www.balboaparkhistory.net/chapter9.pdf|archive-date=2023-10-21|url-status=live}}</ref> The capital for esiplite pilasters are typically Corinthian.<ref name=Kornegay1996/> There are deviations to this. For example, decorations of vegetation and cherub heads take the place of the Corinthian capital in Capilla del Sagrario for the Cathedral of Segovia by Jeronimo de Balbas.<ref name=Goss1969/> [[File:Estípites_del_Templo_de_San_Francisco_Acatepec_1.jpg|thumb|Estípites from Templo de San Francisco Acatepec]]
=== Double Columns === Similar to Baroque styling with the use of double columns, the double estipites is a feature in some Churrigueresque buildings.<ref name=":32"/>
=== Alongside other styles === Estipies were utilized between Ultra-Baroque and the rise of Neo-Classical styles. Therefore, even though estipites are distinct in style, they are sometimes used alongside Solomonic and classical columns. A good example of this is San Francisco Acatepec in Puebla.<ref name=Kornegay1996/>
==History==
=== Origin === In Richard W. Amero's thesis, ''The California Building: A Case Of The Misunderstood Baroque'', he claims that Michelangelo is the first one to use an estipite pilaster in the Laurentian Library (1526).<ref name=":32"/> Meanwhile, John F Moffitt states in his thesis ''El Sagrario Metropolitano, Wendel Dietterlin, and The Estipite'' that Juan de Arfe y Villafane could have been the first known person to mention the estipite. This is seen in Arfe's, ''Description de la traza de la custodia de la Iglesia de Sevilla'' (1587).<ref name=Moffitt1984/> Therefore, the origins of the estipite are debated among scholars.
=== Spain and New Spain === The architect known for making estipites popular is Jose Benito de Churriguera, who has the Churrigueresque style named after him. His first works with estipites were Capilla del Sagrario for the Segovia Cathedral (1690) and Convento de San Esteban, Salamanca (1693). Jeronimo de Balbas was a Spanish architect who moved to Mexico (New Spain) in 1717, and introduced the new world to estipites. His work Retablo de los Reyes in the Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral (1718–37) was the first building to showcase estipites in the New World. The era of estipites only lasted till 1783 with the establishment of Academia de San Carlos, an architecture school in New Spain. However, in this short period of time 1736, the completion of Retablo de los Reyes, till 1783, many buildings in New Spain (Mexico) had facades or alters with estipites.<ref name=Goss1969/> Due to the decline in popularity for the estipite pilasters, Solomonic and Classical columns were revived throughout Spain and New Spain. This led to many estipite-style monuments to be destroyed or replaced with classical columns in the last decades of the 1800s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kornegay |first1=Paula B. |title=The Altar Screens of an Anonymous Artist in Northern New Spain: The Laguna Santero |journal=Journal of the Southwest |date=1996 |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=63–79 |jstor=40169967 }}</ref> [[File:Retablo de los Reyes en la Catedral metropolitana de la Ciudad de México 02.jpg|thumb|Estipites from Retablo de los Reyes in Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral in México]]
== Buildings == Small list of buildings that estipites are a design feature for. {| class="wikitable" !Name !Architect !Location !Date of Feature !Feature |- |Mission San Xavier del Bac |Ignacio Gaona |Tucson, Arizona |1783-97 |Retable |- |Segovia Cathedral |José Benito de Churriguera |Segovia, Spain |1690 |Capilla del sagrario |- |Convento de San Esteban, Salamanca |José Benito de Churriguera |Salamanca, Spain |1693 |Reredos |- |Serville Sagrario([https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_del_Sagrario_(Sevilla)]) |Jeronimo de Balbas ([https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_de_Balb%C3%A1s]) |Seville, Spain |1712 |High Altar |- |Iglesia de San Juan ([https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_de_San_Juan_Bautista_(Marchena)]) |Jeronimo de Balbas ([https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_de_Balb%C3%A1s]) |Marchena, Spain |1714 |choir stalls |- |Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral |Jeronimo de Balbas ([https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_de_Balb%C3%A1s]) |Mexico City, Mexico |1718-37 |Retablo de los Reyes ([https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retablo_de_los_Reyes]) Altar of Forgiveness |- |La Santísima Church |Lorenzo Rodriguez |Mexico City, Mexico |1755-83 |Main Portal (architecture) |- |California Building (California Quadrangle) | |San Diego, California | | |- |Temple of San Francisco Javier([https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo_de_San_Francisco_Javier_(Tepotzotl%C3%A1n)]) |Ildefonso de Iniesta Bejarano and Duran([https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ildefonso_de_Iniesta_Bejarano_y_Dur%C3%A1n]) |Tepotzotlán, Mexico | |Main Portal (architecture) |- |church of la Cata | |Guanajuato, Mexico | |Main Portal (architecture) |- |la castrense (The Chapel of Our Lady of Light) | |Santa Fe, New Mexico |1761 |Reredos of Our Lady of Light |- |Church of Santa Prisca de Taxco | |Taxco, Mexico |1751-58 |Main Portal (architecture) |- |Church of San Francisco Acatepec | |San Francisco Acatepec, Mexico | |Main Portal (architecture) |- |Royal Collegiate Church of Saint Hippolytus | |Córdoba, Spain |1736 |Main Portal (architecture) |- |Sagrario of the Cathedral of Granada |Francisco Hurtado Izquierdo |Granada, Spain |designed in 1707 |Retablo de Santiago([https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Retablo,_El_Triunfo_de_Santiago._Catedral_de_Granada.jpg]) |- |Laurentian Library ? |Michelangelo |Florence, Italy |Designed in 1526 |Walls of vestibule |}
== References == {{Reflist}}
{{commons category|Estipite}}
{{classical orders}} {{Architecture of Spain}}
Category:Baroque architectural features Category:Churrigueresque architecture Category:Orders of columns Category:Columns and entablature