{{Short description|U.S. government department regulating energy production and nuclear material handling}} {{Redirect|USDOE|the U.S. Department of Education|United States Department of Education}} {{Use American English|date=December 2016}} {{Use mdy dates|date=October 2017}} {{Infobox government agency | name = United States Department of Energy | seal = Seal of the Department of Energy.svg | seal_width = 175 | seal_caption = Seal of the U.S. Department of Energy | picture = US Dept of Energy Forrestal Building.jpg | picture_width = | picture_caption = James V. Forrestal Building, headquarter building named after James Forrestal | formed = {{Start date and age|1977|8|4}} | preceding1 = Federal Energy Administration (FEA) | preceding2 = Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) | dissolved = | jurisdiction = U.S. federal government | headquarters = James V. Forrestal Building<br />1000 Independence Avenue SW<br />Washington, D.C., U.S. | coordinates = {{coord|38|53|13|N|77|1|34|W|type:landmark_region:US-DC|display=inline,title}} | employees = 14,382 civil servants (2018)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fedscope.opm.gov/ibmcognos/cgi-bin/cognosisapi.dll?b_action=powerPlayService&m_encoding=UTF-8&BZ=1AAAB0ReCZA542oVOy26DQAz8mTVpD428XqjIgcMCixKpJSnkXhHYRFF5KeGSv68JraJy6VjeHY1nLDv5dpnvt5nZxMF16C52Ez8B0Tl5lb5exaGvlHIT8rWUofI813gYRpjE7Hl2xqzRWbTe6f06AErKrh1sOzA7dnVlL_CF4GJbNBZUvNgV5VdxstdP0%7ER1d2vYuQCPVyX9NPlrf7iA8IU7t%7E1gmwOvJSSU%7Ehh24jxaRts0NdF_w59_N8G%7EQSf8CI6IQiKilCiEQOGhIBRjCaFPti1vbAaq_NV1Dbh668piOHftTBZAPpBizUqgA9BqEuRDEBn7kDszLqiKSTQX0rkgRvCaX%7EoDea87m_6%7E93T1hG9sUHVa |title=Department of Energy |website=FedScope Federal Workforce Data |publisher=United States Office of Personnel Management |access-date=October 17, 2019 |archive-date=March 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321061113/https://www.fedscope.opm.gov/ibmcognos/cgi-bin/cognosisapi.dll?b_action=powerPlayService&m_encoding=UTF-8&BZ=1AAAB0ReCZA542oVOy26DQAz8mTVpD428XqjIgcMCixKpJSnkXhHYRFF5KeGSv68JraJy6VjeHY1nLDv5dpnvt5nZxMF16C52Ez8B0Tl5lb5exaGvlHIT8rWUofI813gYRpjE7Hl2xqzRWbTe6f06AErKrh1sOzA7dnVlL_CF4GJbNBZUvNgV5VdxstdP0~R1d2vYuQCPVyX9NPlrf7iA8IU7t~1gmwOvJSSU~hh24jxaRts0NdF_w59_N8G~QSf8CI6IQiKilCiEQOGhIBRjCaFPti1vbAaq_NV1Dbh668piOHftTBZAPpBizUqgA9BqEuRDEBn7kDszLqiKSTQX0rkgRvCaX~oDea87m_6~93T1hG9sUHVa |url-status=live }}</ref><br />93,094 contractors (2008) | budget = $45.7 billion (2023)<ref>{{cite web|title=Department of Energy Budget in Brief |url=https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2023-06/doe-fy2024-budget-in-brief-v5.pdf|access-date=May 4, 2025|df=mdy-all}}</ref> | minister1_name = Chris Wright | minister_type = Secretary | deputyminister1_name = James Danly | deputyminister_type = Deputy Secretary | keydocument1 = Department of Energy Organization Act | website = {{URL|https://energy.gov}} }}
The ''' United States Department of Energy''' ('''DOE''') is an executive department of the U.S. federal government that oversees national energy policy and energy production, the research and development of nuclear power, the military's nuclear weapons program, nuclear reactor production for the United States Navy, energy-related research, and energy conservation.
The DOE was created in 1977 in the aftermath of the 1973 oil crisis. It sponsors more physical science research than any other U.S. federal agency, the majority of which is conducted through its system of National Laboratories.<ref name="EnergySC">{{cite web | title=Office of Science Funding | website=Energy.gov | url=https://www.energy.gov/science/office-science-funding | access-date=2022-12-01 | archive-date=December 1, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201034723/https://www.energy.gov/science/office-science-funding | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NSF Science and Engineering Indicators 2012 |url=https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind12/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/5902/20170706211612/https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind12/ |archive-date=July 6, 2017 |website=National Science Foundation}}</ref> The DOE also directs research in genomics, with the Human Genome Project originating from a DOE initiative.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/publicat/jmmbbag.pdf |title=Genomes to Life, Black Bag |date=Spring 2002 |publisher=U.S. Department of Energy |access-date=October 19, 2012 |archive-date=October 16, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016194238/http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/publicat/jmmbbag.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
The department is headed by the secretary of energy, who reports directly to the president of the United States and is a member of the Cabinet. The current Secretary of energy is Chris Wright, who has served in the position since February 2025.<ref>{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}</ref> The department's headquarters are in southwestern Washington, D.C., in the James V. Forrestal Building, with additional offices in Germantown, Maryland.
== History ==
===Formation and consolidation=== In 1942, during World War II, the United States started the Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb under the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. After the war, in 1946, the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) was created to control the future of the project.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://energy.gov/management/office-management/operational-management/history/manhattan-project |title=Manhattan Project Background Information and Preservation Work |website=Department of Energy |access-date=July 11, 2016 |archive-date=September 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913130232/http://energy.gov/management/office-management/operational-management/history/manhattan-project |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.osti.gov/opennet/manhattan-project-history/publications/Manhattan_Project_2010.pdf |title=The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb |last=Gosling |first=F. G. |date=January 2010 |website=Department of Energy |access-date=July 11, 2016 |archive-date=March 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324090604/https://www.osti.gov/opennet/manhattan-project-history/publications/Manhattan_Project_2010.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The Atomic Energy Act of 1946 also created the framework for the first National Laboratories. Among other nuclear projects, the AEC produced fabricated uranium fuel cores at locations such as Fernald Feed Materials Production Center in Cincinnati, Ohio.<ref name=NCLO950>National Lead Company of Ohio, Contract Operator of the Feed Materials Production Center for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. The Feed Materials Production Center. NCLO-950. n. d.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lm.doe.gov/land/sites/oh/fernald_orig/50th/secr.htm |title=Fernald Closure Project: The End of Secrecy |work=Department of Energy, Office of Legacy Management |access-date=December 27, 2016 |archive-date=September 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927032313/http://www.lm.doe.gov/land/sites/oh/fernald_orig/50th/secr.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lm.doe.gov/land/sites/oh/fernald_orig/50th/history.htm |title=History of the Fernand Site |website=U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Legacy Management |access-date=December 27, 2016 |archive-date=December 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206040135/http://www.lm.doe.gov/land/sites/oh/fernald_orig/50th/history.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 split the responsibilities of the AEC into the new Nuclear Regulatory Commission, which was charged with regulating the nuclear power industry, and the Energy Research and Development Administration, which was assigned to manage the nuclear weapon, naval reactor, and energy development programs.<ref>{{Cite act |date=11 October 1974 |title=H.R.11510 - An Act to reorganize and consolidate certain functions of the Federal Government in a new Energy Research and Development Administration and in a new Nuclear Regulatory Commission in order to promote more efficient management of such functions. |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/93rd-congress/house-bill/11510 |access-date=18 September 2022 |website=www.congress.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307201126/https://www.congress.gov/bill/93rd-congress/house-bill/11510 |url-status=live |archive-date=7 March 2016 }} {{Cite web |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/93rd-congress/house-bill/11510 |title=Archived copy |access-date=September 18, 2022 |archive-date=September 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171558/https://www.congress.gov/bill/93rd-congress/house-bill/11510 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
The 1973 oil crisis called attention to the need to consolidate energy policy.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,907177,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603022707/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,907177,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 3, 2008 |title=Environment: The Energy Crisis: Time for Action |date=May 7, 1973 |magazine=TIME}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/04/17/archives/energy-crisis-shortages-amid-plenty-energy-crisis-paradox-of.html |title=Energy Crisis: Shortages Amid Plenty |last=Smith |first=William D. |date=April 17, 1973 |newspaper=The New York Times |location=New York |access-date=September 5, 2016 |archive-date=August 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813014240/http://www.nytimes.com/1973/04/17/archives/energy-crisis-shortages-amid-plenty-energy-crisis-paradox-of.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/02/25/archives/the-energy-crisis-the-struggle-to-monopolize-the-worlds-energy.html |title=The Energy Crisis |last=Welles |first=Chris |date=February 25, 1973 |newspaper=The New York Times |location=New York |access-date=September 5, 2016 |archive-date=August 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813014321/http://www.nytimes.com/1973/02/25/archives/the-energy-crisis-the-struggle-to-monopolize-the-worlds-energy.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1977, President Jimmy Carter signed into law the Department of Energy Organization Act, which established the Department of Energy.<ref name=Relyea2003>{{cite book |last1=Relyea |first1=Harold |last2=Carr |first2=Thomas P. |title=The Executive Branch, Creation and Reorganization |year=2003 |publisher=Nova Publishers |page=29}}</ref> The new agency, which began operations on October 1, 1977, consolidated the Federal Energy Administration, the Energy Research and Development Administration, the Federal Power Commission, and programs of various other agencies. Former Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger, who served under Presidents Nixon and Ford during the Vietnam War, was appointed as the first secretary.
President Jimmy Carter proposed the Department of Energy with the goal of promoting energy conservation and energy independence, and developing alternative sources of energy to reduce the use of fossil fuels.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Barry|first=John|title=How to Close Down the Department of Energy|url=https://www.heritage.org/environment/report/how-close-down-the-department-energy|access-date=2021-03-04|website=The Heritage Foundation|language=en|archive-date=March 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323214908/https://www.heritage.org/environment/report/how-close-down-the-department-energy|url-status=unfit}}</ref> With the future of international energy uncertain for America, Carter acted quickly to have the department come into action in the first year of his presidency. This was an extremely important issue of the time as the oil crisis was causing shortages and inflation.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hargrove|first=Erwin C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUU7yg5DnQIC&dq=energy&pg=PR9|title=Jimmy Carter as President: Leadership and the Politics of the Public Good|date=1999-03-01|publisher=LSU Press|isbn=978-0-8071-2425-3|language=en|access-date=November 17, 2021|archive-date=February 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210083926/https://books.google.com/books?id=cUU7yg5DnQIC&dq=energy&pg=PR9|url-status=live}}</ref> With the Three Mile Island accident, Carter was able to intervene with the help of the department. Through the DOE, Carter was able to make changes within the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, including improving management and procedures, since nuclear energy and weapons are responsibilities of the department.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Walker|first=J. Samuel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0EDwbQF5k24C&dq=nuclear+regulatory&pg=PP11|title=Three Mile Island: A Nuclear Crisis in Historical Perspective|date=2004-03-22|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-23940-1|language=en|access-date=November 17, 2021|archive-date=February 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210083926/https://books.google.com/books?id=0EDwbQF5k24C&dq=nuclear+regulatory&pg=PP11|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Weapon plans stolen === {{Main|Wen Ho Lee}}
In December 1999, the Federal Bureau of Investigation began investigating how China acquired plans for a specific nuclear device. Wen Ho Lee, a scientist at Los Alamos National Laboratory, was accused of passing nuclear secrets to the Chinese government. Before any formal charges, federal officials, including Energy Secretary Bill Richardson, publicly identified Lee as a suspect. The U.S. Congress held hearings on the DOE’s handling of the case, with some senators proposing that nuclear security be managed by an independent agency.<ref name="slate">{{cite news |last=Plotz |first=David |date=June 23, 2000 |url=http://www.slate.com/id/84864/ |title=Energy Secretary Bill Richardson. He schmoozes. He loses |website=Slate |access-date=November 7, 2008 |archive-date=October 6, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006001845/http://www.slate.com/id/84864/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Of the 59 charges brought against Lee, all but one were later dropped after investigators concluded the leaked plans could not have come from him. Lee later received a $1.6 million settlement from the federal government and several news organizations.<ref name="cnn">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/LAW/05/22/scotus.wenholee/ |title=Deal in Wen Ho Lee case may be imminent |last=Mears |first=Bill |date=May 22, 2006 |website=CNN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070207033802/https://www.cnn.com/2006/LAW/05/22/scotus.wenholee/ |archive-date=February 7, 2007}}</ref>
In the wake of the scandal<ref>James Risen and Jeff Gerth (March 6, 1999), [https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/06/world/breach-los-alamos-special-report-china-stole-nuclear-secrets-for-bombs-us-aides.html "BREACH AT LOS ALAMOS: A special report.; China Stole Nuclear Secrets For Bombs, U.S. Aides Say" (includes extensive corrections)], ''The New York Times''</ref><ref>Paul Farhi (June 2, 2006), [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/02/AR2006060201060.html "U.S., Media Settle With Wen Ho Lee"] </ref> and allegations that direct management by the Department of Energy had resulted in U.S. nuclear secrets being leaked to China, the National Nuclear Security Administration was proposed.<ref>Eric Schmitt, "Spying Furor Brings Vote in Senate For New Unit", ''The New York Times'', July 22, 1999</ref> Originally proposed to be independent, NNSA was instead chartered as a semiautonomous agency within the Department of Energy to be headed by an administrator reporting to the Secretary of energy.
=== Loan guarantee program of 2005 === In 2001, American Solar Challenge was sponsored by the DOE and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.<ref>{{cite web |title=State Energy Advisory Board resolution |url=https://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/08/f25/STEAB_Resolution_07_01.pdf |website=US Department of Energy |access-date=May 26, 2017 |archive-date=May 31, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531033151/https://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/08/f25/STEAB_Resolution_07_01.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> After the 2005 race, the DOE discontinued its sponsorship.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.toyota.com/about/news/community/2008/07/30-2-solarchallenge.html |title=Toyota Sponsors World's Longest Solar Car Race |date=July 30, 2008 |website=Toyota |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927150915/http://www.toyota.com/about/news/community/2008/07/30-2-solarchallenge.html |archive-date=September 27, 2011}}</ref>
Title XVII of Energy Policy Act of 2005 authorizes the DOE to issue loan guarantees to eligible projects that "avoid, reduce, or sequester air pollutants or anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases" and "employ new or significantly improved technologies as compared to technologies in service in the United States at the time the guarantee is issued".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lgprogram.energy.gov/features.html |title=Loan Guarantee Program |date=December 31, 2006 |website=Department of Energy |access-date=August 25, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201210313/http://www.lgprogram.energy.gov/features.html |archive-date=February 1, 2010}}</ref> In loan guarantees, a conditional commitment requires to meet an equity commitment, as well as other conditions, before the loan guarantee is completed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id=12360 |title=DOE Offers $535 Million Loan Guarantee to Solyndra, Inc |website=Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy |date=March 20, 2009 |access-date=August 25, 2009 |archive-date=June 11, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611150440/http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id=12360 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In September 2008, the DOE, the Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI), the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management (INMM), and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) partnered to develop and launch the World Institute for Nuclear Security (WINS), an international non-governmental organization designed to provide a forum to share best practices in strengthening the security and safety of nuclear and radioactive materials and facilities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://secprodonline.com/Articles/2008/09/30/Institute--Nuclear-Materials.aspx |title=Institute To Strengthen Security for Nuclear Materials |date=September 30, 2008 |work=Security Today |access-date=May 13, 2017 |archive-date=February 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220112809/http://secprodonline.com/Articles/2008/09/30/Institute--Nuclear-Materials.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
In December 2024, the Loan Programs Office announced it would extend the largest loan ever sanctioned – a $15 billion (US) low-interest loan to support the modernization of Pacific Gas & Electric’s hydroelectric power structure, enhance transmission lines critical for renewable energy integration, data center operations, and the growing fleet of electric vehicles. Initially requested as a $30 billion (US) loan, the amount was reduced due to concerns over the company’s repayment capacity.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patterson |first1=Scott |last2=Blunt |first2=Katherine |title=Exclusive {{!}} Biden Administration Agrees to Record $15 Billion Loan to PG&E |url=https://www.wsj.com/us-news/climate-environment/biden-pge-record-loan-climate-change-grid-update-55b2fe6e?page=1 |work=WSJ |date=17 December 2024}}</ref>
=== Genesis Mission and AI partnerships (2025) === In November 2025, President Donald Trump signed an executive order launching the Genesis Mission, an initiative involving the Department of Energy and U.S. national laboratories to apply artificial intelligence and advanced computing to accelerate scientific research and support energy and national security-related capabilities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Launching the Genesis Mission |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/11/launching-the-genesis-mission/ |website=The White House |date=November 24, 2025 |access-date=January 16, 2026}}</ref> On December 18, 2025, the Department of Energy announced collaboration agreements with 24 organizations to support the initiative.<ref>{{cite web |title=Energy Department Announces Collaboration Agreements with 24 Organizations to Advance the Genesis Mission |url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/energy-department-announces-collaboration-agreements-24-organizations-advance-genesis |website=Energy.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of Energy |date=December 18, 2025 |access-date=January 16, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=US Energy Department signs AI collaboration deals with Big Tech for Genesis Mission |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/retail-consumer/us-energy-department-taps-big-tech-ai-powered-research-push-2025-12-18/ |work=Reuters |date=December 18, 2025 |access-date=January 16, 2026}}</ref>
== Organization == thumb|Organizational chart of the US Department of Energy after the February 2022 reorganization
To implement the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, the department announced a reorganization with new names of under secretaries in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DOE Optimizes Structure to Implement $62 Billion in Clean Energy Investments From Bipartisan Infrastructure Law|url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/doe-optimizes-structure-implement-62-billion-clean-energy-investments-bipartisan|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Energy.gov|language=en|archive-date=February 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210145224/https://www.energy.gov/articles/doe-optimizes-structure-implement-62-billion-clean-energy-investments-bipartisan|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Energy Department Announces Organizational Realignment to Strengthen Efficiency and Unleash American Energy |url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/energy-department-announces-organizational-realignment-strengthen-efficiency-and-unleash |website=Energy.gov |access-date=2 December 2025 |language=en |date=20 November 2025}}</ref>
thumb|Re-organization of the Department of Energy announced in November 2025, pending Congressional authorization
The second Trump administration announced a departmental reorganization in November 2025, without Congressional authorization.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Frazin |first1=Rachel |title=Energy Department reorganizes, a move it says will help it align with Trump priorities |url=https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/5616030-energy-department-trump-wright/ |access-date=2 December 2025 |work=The Hill |date=20 November 2025}}</ref> The chart below reflects the 2022 reorganization. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! colspan="2" scope="col" | Program |- ! rowspan="20" scope="row" | Secretary of Energy | Deputy Secretary of Energy<br />*Associate Deputy Secretary of Energy |- | Assistant Secretary of Energy (International Affairs) |- | Assistant Secretary of Energy (Congressional and Intergovernmental Affairs) |- | Office of the General Counsel |- | Office of the Chief Financial Officer |- | Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy |- | Energy Information Administration |- | Federal Energy Regulatory Commission |- | Enterprise Assessments |- | Energy Policy and System Analysis |- | Intelligence and Counterintelligence |- | Public Affairs |- |Office of Management |- |Office of Project Management |- |Chief Human Capital Officer |- |Chief Information Officer |- |Economic Impact and Diversity |- |Hearings and Appeals |- |Assistant Secretary of Energy (Environmental Management)<br />*Legacy Management |- | Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization |- ! rowspan="7" scope="row" | Under Secretary for Science and Innovation |Arctic Energy Office |- |Office of Critical and Emerging Technologies (CET) |- | Assistant Secretary of Energy (Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy) |- | Assistant Secretary of Energy (Electricity) |- | Assistant Secretary of Energy (Fossil Energy and Carbon Management) |- | Assistant Secretary of Energy (Nuclear Energy) |- | Office of Science |- ! scope="row" | Under Secretary of Energy for Nuclear Security | National Nuclear Security Administration |- ! rowspan="13" scope="row" | Under Secretary for Infrastructure | National Laboratory Operations Board |- | Associate Under Secretary of Energy (Environment, Health, Safety and Security) |- |Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations |- |Office of Federal Energy Management Programs |- |Grid Deployment Office |- |Office of Cybersecurity, Energy Security, & Energy Response<ref>{{cite web|date=February 14, 2018|title=Secretary of Energy Rick Perry Forms New Office of Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response|url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/secretary-energy-rick-perry-forms-new-office-cybersecurity-energy-security-and-emergency|access-date=June 16, 2018|website=Department of Energy|archive-date=June 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616190643/https://www.energy.gov/articles/secretary-energy-rick-perry-forms-new-office-cybersecurity-energy-security-and-emergency|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Indian Energy Policy and Programs |- |Loan Programs Office |- |Office of State and Community Energy Programs |- |Bonneville Power Administration |- |Southeastern Power Administration |- |Southwestern Power Administration |- |Western Area Power Administration |}
The department is under the control and supervision of a United States Secretary of Energy, a political appointee of the President of the United States. The Energy Secretary is assisted in managing the department by a United States Deputy Secretary of Energy, also appointed by the president, who assumes the duties of the secretary in the secretary's absence. The department also has three under secretaries, each appointed by the president, who oversee the major areas of the department's work. The president also appoints seven officials with the rank of Assistant Secretary of Energy who have line management responsibility for major organizational elements of the department. The Energy Secretary assigns their functions and duties.
=== Symbolism in the seal === Excerpt from the Code of Federal Regulations, in Title 10: Energy:<ref>{{cite web |title=Code of Federal Regulations, Title 10 - Energy, Part 1002 - Official Seal and Distinguishing Flag |work=U.S. Government Publishing Office |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2000-title10-vol4/xml/CFR-2000-title10-vol4-part1002.xml |access-date=March 5, 2014 |archive-date=March 5, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305214146/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2000-title10-vol4/xml/CFR-2000-title10-vol4-part1002.xml |url-status=live }}</ref>
The official seal of the Department of Energy "includes a green shield bisected by a gold-colored lightning bolt, on which is emblazoned a gold-colored symbolic sun, atom, oil derrick, windmill, and dynamo. It is crested by the white head of an eagle, atop a white rope. Both appear on a blue field surrounded by concentric circles in which the name of the agency, in gold, appears on a green background."
"The eagle represents the care in planning and the purposefulness of efforts required to respond to the Nation's increasing demands for energy. The sun, atom, oil derrick, windmill, and dynamo serve as representative technologies whose enhanced development can help meet these demands. The rope represents the cohesiveness in the development of the technologies and their link to our future capabilities. The lightning bolt represents the power of the natural forces from which energy is derived and the Nation's challenge in harnessing the forces."
"The color scheme is derived from nature, symbolizing both the source of energy and the support of man's existence. The blue field represents air and water, green represents mineral resources and the earth itself, and gold represents the creation of energy in the release of natural forces. By invoking this symbolism, the color scheme represents the Nation's commitment to meet its energy needs in a manner consistent with the preservation of the natural environment."
=== Facilities ===
The Department of Energy operates a system of national laboratories and technical facilities for research and development, as follows:<ref name="DOE-National-Labs">{{cite web | title=DOE National Laboratories | website=Energy.gov | url=https://www.energy.gov/doe-national-laboratories | access-date=2022-12-01 | archive-date=December 1, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201051948/https://www.energy.gov/doe-national-laboratories | url-status=live }}</ref> {{div col}} * Ames National Laboratory * Argonne National Laboratory * Brookhaven National Laboratory * Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory * Idaho National Laboratory * Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory * Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory * Los Alamos National Laboratory * National Energy Technology Laboratory * National Renewable Energy Laboratory * Oak Ridge National Laboratory * Pacific Northwest National Laboratory * Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory * Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) * Savannah River National Laboratory * DOE/SNL Scaled Wind Farm Technology (SWiFT) Facility * SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory * Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility {{div col end}} {{div col}} * Albany Research Center * Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory – under NNSA designs/develops nuclear-powered propulsion for the U.S. Navy * Kansas City National Security Campus * Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory – under NNSA designs/develops nuclear-powered propulsion for the U.S. Navy * National Petroleum Technology Office * Nevada National Security Site * New Brunswick Laboratory * Office of Fossil Energy<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fossil.energy.gov/ |title=Office of Fossil Energy |website=Department of Energy |access-date=January 22, 2017 |archive-date=November 18, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118013934/http://www2.fossil.energy.gov/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * Office of River Protection<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hanford.gov/orp/ |title=Office of River Protection |access-date=January 18, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104104623/http://www.hanford.gov/orp/ |archive-date=January 4, 2010 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> * Pantex Plant * Radiological and Environmental Sciences Laboratory * Savannah River Site—separate from Savannah River National Laboratory * Y-12 National Security Complex * Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository {{div col end}} Other major DOE facilities include:<ref name="NNSA-Locations">{{cite web | title=Locations | website=Energy.gov | url=https://www.energy.gov/nnsa/locations | access-date=2022-12-01 | archive-date=December 1, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201051946/https://www.energy.gov/nnsa/locations | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="DOE-Knolls">{{cite web | title=Naval Nuclear Laboratory contract | website=Energy.gov | date=2018-07-01 | url=https://www.energy.gov/nnsa/naval-nuclear-laboratory-contract | access-date=2022-12-01 | archive-date=December 1, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201051947/https://www.energy.gov/nnsa/naval-nuclear-laboratory-contract | url-status=live }}</ref>
Airstrip: * Pahute Mesa Airstrip – Nye County, Nevada, part of Nevada National Security Site<ref name=FAA>{{FAA-airport|ID=L23|use=PR|own=PU|site=13089.61*A}}, effective 2007-10-25</ref>
In total, the DOE oversees approximately 83 field locations, including the national laboratories and national security production facilities.
=== Nuclear weapons sites=== [[File:Wfm area51 map en.png|thumb|A map that details the federal land in southern Nevada, showing what was formerly called the Nevada Test Site - now the Nevada National Security Site]] The NNSA has federal responsibility for the design, testing and production of all nuclear weapons. Under its supervision, contractors carry out its responsibilities at the following government-owned sites:<ref name="Nuclear Matters Handbook">{{cite web |title=NMHB 2020 [Revised] |url=https://www.acq.osd.mil/ncbdp/nm//NMHB2020rev/chapters/chapter5.html |website=www.acq.osd.mil |access-date=August 31, 2021 |archive-date=August 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831151046/https://www.acq.osd.mil/ncbdp/nm//NMHB2020rev/chapters/chapter5.html |url-status=live }}</ref> * Research, development, and manufacturing guidance: Los Alamos National Laboratory<ref>{{cite web |last1=Energy |first1=Los Alamos National Laboratory, Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC, for the U. S. Department of |title=Our Customers |url=https://www.lanl.gov/about/leadership-governance/our-customers.php |website=www.lanl.gov |language=en |access-date=August 31, 2021 |archive-date=August 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831142035/https://www.lanl.gov/about/leadership-governance/our-customers.php |url-status=live }}</ref> and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory<ref>{{cite web |title=Weapons |url=https://www.llnl.gov/missions/weapons |website=www.llnl.gov |language=en |access-date=August 31, 2021 |archive-date=August 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828235220/https://www.llnl.gov/missions/weapons |url-status=live }}</ref> * Engineering of the non-nuclear components and system integration: Sandia National Laboratories<ref>{{cite web |title=Sandia National Laboratories: National Security Missions: Nuclear Weapons |url=https://www.sandia.gov/missions/nuclear_weapons/index.html |website=www.sandia.gov |access-date=August 31, 2021 |archive-date=August 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831150755/https://www.sandia.gov/missions/nuclear_weapons/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> * Manufacturing of key components: Kansas City National Security Campus, Savannah River Site and Y-12 National Security Complex.<ref name="Nuclear Matters Handbook"/> * Testing: Nevada National Security Site<ref name="Nuclear Matters Handbook"/> * Final weapon and warhead assembling and dismantling: Pantex<ref>{{cite web |title=About Pantex Plant |url=http://www.pantex.com/about |website=www.pantex.com |access-date=August 31, 2021 |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210083941/http://www.pantex.com/about |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Related legislation == [[File:Department of Energy Sign.jpg|thumb|240px|Sign in front of the United States Department of Energy Forrestal Building on 1000 Independence Avenue in Washington D.C.]] * 1920 – Federal Power Act * 1935 – Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 * 1946 – Atomic Energy Act PL 79-585 (created the Atomic Energy Commission) [Superseded by the Atomic Energy Act of 1954] * 1954 – Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as Amended PL 83-703 * 1956 – Colorado River Storage Project PL 84-485 * 1957 – Atomic Energy Commission Acquisition of Property PL 85-162 * 1957 – Price-Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act PL 85-256 * 1968 – Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act PL 90-481 * 1973 – Mineral Leasing Act Amendments (Trans-Alaska Oil Pipeline Authorization) PL 93-153 * 1974 – Energy Reorganization Act PL 93-438 (Split the AEC into the Energy Research and Development Administration and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission) * 1975 – Energy Policy and Conservation Act PL 94-163 * 1977 – Department of Energy Organization Act PL 95-91 (Dismantled ERDA and replaced it with the Department of Energy) * 1978 – National Energy Act PL 95-617, 618, 619, 620, 621 * 1980 – Energy Security Act PL 96-294 * 1989 – Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act PL 101-60 * 1992 – Energy Policy Act of 1992 PL 102-486 * 2000 – National Nuclear Security Administration Act PL 106-65 * 2005 – Energy Policy Act of 2005 PL 109-58 * 2007 – Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 PL 110-140 * 2008 – Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 PL 110-234
== Budget == On May 7, 2009 President Barack Obama unveiled a $26.4 billion budget request for DOE for fiscal year (FY) 2010, including $2.3 billion for the DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE). That budget aimed to substantially expand the use of renewable energy sources while improving energy transmission infrastructure. It also proposed significant investments{{Clarify|reason=vague|date=December 2016}} in hybrids and plug-in hybrids, smart grid technologies, and scientific research and innovation.<ref name="energy1">{{cite web |url=http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id=12509 |title=DOE Requests $2.3 Billion for Efficiency, Renewable Energy in FY 2010 |date=May 13, 2009 |website=EERE News |access-date=August 25, 2009 |archive-date=May 16, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516213250/http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id=12509 |url-status=live }}</ref>
As part of the $789 billion economic stimulus package in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, Congress provided Energy with an additional $38.3 billion for fiscal years 2009 and 2010, adding about 75 percent to Energy's annual budgets. Most of the stimulus spending was in the form of grants and contracts.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}} For fiscal year 2013, each of the operating units of the Department of Energy operated with the following budgets:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/04/f0/FY14_DOE_Budget_Highlights_Final.pdf |title=Department of Energy: FY 2014 Congressional Budget Request |publisher=Department of Energy – Office of the Chief Financial Officer |date=April 2013 |access-date=June 14, 2015 |archive-date=February 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216060641/http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/04/f0/FY14_DOE_Budget_Highlights_Final.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" |- !Division !Funding |- |Nuclear Security |$11.5 |- |Energy and Environment |$9.5 |- |Science |$4.9 |- |Management |$0.25 |- |Other |$0.85 |- |'''Total''' |'''$28''' |} In March 2018, Energy Secretary Rick Perry testified to a Senate panel about the Trump administration's DOE budget request for fiscal year 2019. The budget request prioritized nuclear security while making large cuts to energy efficiency and renewable energy programs. The proposal was a $500 million increase in funds over fiscal year 2017. It "promotes innovations like a new Office of Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response (CESER) and gains for the Office of Fossil Energy. Investments would be made to strengthen the National Nuclear Security Administration and modernize the nuclear force, as well as in weapons activities and advanced computing." However, the budget for the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy would be lowered to $696 million under the plan, down from $1.3 billion in fiscal year 2017. Overall, the department's energy and related programs would be cut by $1.9 billion.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://dailyenergyinsider.com/news/11368-perry-defends-nuclear-investment-cuts-renewables-30-6-bln-doe-budget-proposal/ |title=Perry defends nuclear investment and cuts to renewables in $30.6 bln DOE budget proposal |last=Galford |first=Chris |date=March 20, 2018 |work=Daily Energy Insider |access-date=March 22, 2018 |archive-date=March 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320220510/https://dailyenergyinsider.com/news/11368-perry-defends-nuclear-investment-cuts-renewables-30-6-bln-doe-budget-proposal/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{update needed|date=October 2024}}
==Programs and contracts== === Energy Savings Performance Contract === {{Main|Energy Savings Performance Contract}}
Energy Savings Performance Contracts (ESPCs) are contracts under which a contractor designs, constructs, and obtains the necessary financing for an energy savings project, and the federal agency makes payments over time to the contractor from the savings in the agency's utility bills. The contractor guarantees the energy improvements will generate savings, and after the contract ends, all continuing cost savings accrue to the federal agency.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id=12163 |title=DOE Awards 16 Contracts for Energy Savings at Federal Facilities |date=January 7, 2009 |website=EERE News |access-date=August 25, 2009 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114109/http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id=12163 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
=== Energy Innovation Hubs === Energy Innovation Hubs are multi-disciplinary, meant to advance highly promising areas of energy science and technology from their early stages of research to the point that the risk level will be low enough for industry to commercialize{{dubious|date=December 2021}} the technologies.<ref name="energy1"/> The Consortium for Advanced Simulation of Light Water Reactors (CASL) was the first DOE Energy Innovation Hub established in July 2010, for the purpose of providing advanced modeling and simulation (M&S) solutions for commercial nuclear reactors.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kulesza |first1=Joel |last2=Franceschini |first2=Fausto |last3=Evans |first3=Thomas |last4=Gehin |first4=Jess |title=Overview of the Consortium for the Advanced Simulation of Light Water Reactors (CASL) |journal=EPJ Web of Conferences |date=3 February 2016 |volume=106 |pages=03002 |doi=10.1051/epjconf/201610603002 |bibcode=2016EPJWC.10603002K |doi-access=free }}</ref>
The 2009 DOE budget includes $280 million to fund eight Energy Innovation Hubs, each of which is focused on a particular energy challenge. Two of the eight hubs are included in the EERE budget and will focus on integrating smart materials, designs, and systems into buildings to better conserve energy and on designing and discovering new concepts and materials needed to convert solar energy into electricity. Another two hubs, included in the DOE Office of Science budget, were created to tackle the challenges of devising advanced methods of energy storage and creating fuels directly from sunlight without the use of plants or microbes. Yet another hub was made to develop "smart" materials to allow the electrical grid to adapt and respond to changing conditions.<ref name="energy1"/>
In 2012, the DOE awarded $120 million to the Ames Laboratory to start a new EIH, the Critical Materials Institute, which will focus on improving the supply of rare earth elements.<ref name="NetworkWorld_2013">{{cite web |url=http://www.networkworld.com/community/blog/us-spots-120m-lab-tackle-rare-earth-shortages |title=US spots $120M for lab to tackle rare earth shortages |first=Michael |last=Cooney |date=January 9, 2013 |website=Network World |access-date=January 16, 2013 |archive-date=January 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116200743/http://www.networkworld.com/community/blog/us-spots-120m-lab-tackle-rare-earth-shortages |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy=== {{See also|ARPA-E}} ARPA-E was officially created by the America COMPETES Act,<!-- H.R. 364 ? --> authored by Congressman Bart Gordon,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress/house-bill/5325 |title=H.R.5325 - 111th Congress (2009-2010): America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010 |first=Bart |last=Gordon |date=May 19, 2010 |website=United States Congress |access-date=May 12, 2017 |archive-date=February 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219024945/https://www.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress/house-bill/5325 |url-status=live }}</ref> within the United States Department of Energy (DOE) in 2007, though without a budget. The initial budget of about $400 million was a part of the economic stimulus bill of February 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4081448/Stimulus-Energy-Department-scrambles-to-build-new-R-D-agency |title=Stimulus: Energy Department scrambles to build new R&D agency |first=George |last=Leopold |date=February 23, 2009 |work=EE Times |access-date=August 14, 2011 |archive-date=June 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615024328/http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4081448/Stimulus-Energy-Department-scrambles-to-build-new-R-D-agency |url-status=live }}</ref>
===High Performance Computing for Energy Innovation (HPC4EI)=== '''HPC4EI''' is an initiative that leverages supercomputing resources from DOE national laboratories to support industry partnerships in advancing energy-efficient manufacturing, materials development, and decarbonisation technologies.<ref name="HPC4EI-Site">{{Cite web |title=HPC4EnergyInnovation (HPC4EI) |url=https://hpc4energyinnovation.llnl.gov |website=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory |access-date=September 11, 2025}}</ref><ref name="DOE-FY22">{{Cite web |title=High Performance Computing for Energy Innovation: FY22 Selected Projects |url=https://www.energy.gov/eere/ammto/high-performance-computing-energy-innovation-fy22-selected-projects |website=U.S. Department of Energy |date=June 22, 2022 |access-date=September 11, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DOE To Release Funding for High-Performance Computing |url=https://www.energy.gov/eere/ammto/articles/doe-release-funding-high-performance-computing |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref>
===Other=== * DOE Isotope Program - coordinates isotope production<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://science.osti.gov/np/Research/idpra |title=''Isotope Development & Production for Research and Applications (IDPRA)'' |date=October 4, 2010 |access-date=October 28, 2020 |archive-date=October 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031071652/https://science.osti.gov/np/Research/idpra |url-status=live }}</ref> * Federal Energy Management Program * Foundation for Energy Security and Innovation - a 501(c)(3) organization dedicated to supporting DOE research * Fusion Energy Sciences - a program to research nuclear fusion, with a yearly budget in 2020 of $670 million, with $250 million of that going to ITER<ref name=SciMag_1 >{{cite news | url=https://www.science.org/content/article/us-physicists-rally-around-ambitious-plan-build-fusion-power-plant | title=U.S. physicists rally around ambitious plan to build fusion power plant | last=Cho | first=Adrian | magazine=Science | date=2020-12-08 | access-date=June 30, 2022 | archive-date=June 4, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604064931/https://www.science.org/content/article/us-physicists-rally-around-ambitious-plan-build-fusion-power-plant | url-status=live }}</ref> * GovEnergy - an annual event partly sponsored by the DOE * Grid Deployment Office - a division dedicated to spreading adoption of grid-enhancing technologies and improving transmission permitting * National Science Bowl - a high school and middle school science knowledge competition * Solar Decathlon - an international collegiate competition to design and build solar-powered houses * State Energy Program * Weatherization Assistance Program
== List of secretaries of energy == {{main|United States Secretary of Energy}}
{| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" | # ! rowspan="2" | Name ! colspan="2" | Term ! rowspan="2" | President served |- ! Start ! End |- | 1 | James R. Schlesinger | August 6, 1977 | August 23, 1979 | rowspan=2|Jimmy Carter |- | 2 | Charles W. Duncan, Jr. | August 24, 1979 | January 20, 1981 |- | 3 | James B. Edwards | January 23, 1981 | November 5, 1982 | rowspan=3|Ronald Reagan |- | 4 | Donald Paul Hodel | November 5, 1982 | February 7, 1985 |- | 5 | John S. Herrington | February 7, 1985 | January 20, 1989 |- | 6 | James D. Watkins | March 1, 1989 | January 20, 1993 | George H. W. Bush |- | 7 | Hazel R. O'Leary | January 22, 1993 | January 20, 1997 | rowspan=3|Bill Clinton |- | 8 | Federico F. Peña | March 12, 1997 | June 30, 1998 |- | 9 | Bill Richardson | August 18, 1998 | January 20, 2001 |- | 10 | Spencer Abraham | January 22, 2001 | January 31, 2005 | rowspan=2|George W. Bush |- | 11 | Samuel W. Bodman | February 1, 2005 | January 20, 2009 |- | 12 | Steven Chu | January 21, 2009 | April 22, 2013 | rowspan=2|Barack Obama |- | 13 | Ernest Moniz | May 16, 2013 | January 20, 2017 |- | 14 | Rick Perry | March 2, 2017 | December 1, 2019 | rowspan=2|Donald Trump |- | 15 | Dan Brouillette | December 4, 2019 | January 20, 2021 |- |16 |Jennifer Granholm |February 25, 2021 |January 20, 2025 |Joe Biden |- |17 |Chris Wright |February 4, 2025 | Incumbent |Donald Trump |}
== See also == {{Portal bar|United States|Energy}} * Federal Energy Regulatory Commission * United States federal executive departments
==References == {{reflist}}
== Further reading == *{{cite web |url=https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/RL31988.pdf |title=Polygraph Use by the Department of Energy: Issues for Congress |last=Cumming |first=Alfred |date=February 9, 2009 |website=Congressional Research Service |via=Federation of American Scientists |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328190935/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/RL31988.pdf |archive-date=March 28, 2014}}
* Grossman, Mark, ed. ''Encyclopedia of the United States Cabinet: 1789-2010'' (Grey House, 2010) in-depth history of the department and its leaders. [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofun0000gros online]
== External links == {{Commons category|United States Department of Energy}} * {{Official website}} * [https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/energy-department Department of Energy] in the ''Federal Register'' * [https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-energy Department of Energy] on USAspending.gov * {{gutenberg author|id=U.S.+Department+of+Energy | name=the United States Department of Energy}} * {{Librivox author |id=15150}} * [https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/stateoftheunion/2006/energy/index.html Advanced Energy Initiative] * [https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/stateoftheunion/2007/initiatives/energy.html Twenty In Ten]
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