Emperor Montoku

{{Short description|Emperor of Japan from 850 to 858}} {{Infobox monarch | name = Emperor Montoku<br>{{nobold|{{lang|ja|文徳天皇}}}} | succession = Emperor of Japan | image = Emperor Montoku.jpg | caption = | reign = 4 May 850 – 7 October 858 | coronation = 31 May 850 | cor-type = Japan | predecessor = Ninmyō | successor = Seiwa | posthumous name = Chinese-style ''shigō'':<br/>Emperor Montoku ({{lang|ja|文徳天皇}}) | issue = Emperor Seiwa | issue-link = #Consorts and children | issue-pipe = more... | royal house = Imperial House of Japan | father = Ninmyō | mother = Fujiwara no Junshi | birth_date = August 827 | birth_place = Heian Kyō (Kyōto) | death_date = {{death date and age|858|10|7|827|8|df=y}} | death_place = Heian Kyō (Kyōto) | burial_place = ''Tamura no misasagi'' (田邑陵) (Kyoto)| }} {{Nihongo|'''Emperor Montoku'''|文徳天皇|Montoku-tennō}} (August 827 – 7 October 858) was the 55th emperor of Japan,<ref name="kunaicho">Imperial Household Agency (''Kunaichō''): [http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/ryobo/guide/055/index.html 文徳天皇 (55)]</ref> according to the traditional order of succession.<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). ''The Imperial House of Japan,'' pp. 64–65.</ref>

Montoku's reign lasted from 850 to 858.<ref>Brown, Delmer ''et al.'' (1979). ''Gukanshō,'' pp. 264–265; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). ''Jinnō Shōtōki,'' p. 165; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|''Annales des empereurs du japon,'' p. 112.|page=112}}</ref> Before Montoku's ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (''imina'')<ref>Brown, pp. 264; prior to Emperor Jomei, the personal names of the emperors were very long and people did not generally use them; however, the number of characters in each name diminished after Jomei's reign.</ref> was {{Nihongo|Michiyasu|道康}}.<ref>Titsingh, p. 112; Brown p. 285.</ref> He was also known as ''Tamura-no-mikado''<ref name="v165">Varley, p. 165.</ref> or ''Tamura-tei''.<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, p. 8.</ref>Montoku had six Imperial consorts and 29 Imperial children.<ref name="b285">Brown, p. 285.</ref>

==Biography== Emperor Montoku was the eldest son of Emperor Ninmyō. His mother was Empress Dowager Fujiwara no Junshi (also called the Gojō empress 五条后), daughter of the minister of the left, Fujiwara no Fuyutsugu.<ref name="v165"/>In 842, during the Jōwa Incident, when Crown Prince Tsunesada was deposed, Fujiwara no Yoshifusa, supported him as Crown Prince and he ascended to the throne in 850, following Emperor Ninmyō's abdication. This sequence of events, among others, contributed to the increasing control of the Fujiwara over every aspect of the government. While Montoku was still Crown Prince, Yoshifusa's daughter, Akira Keiko, entered the imperial court, and in March of the year of the Emperor's enthronement, she gave birth to his fourth son (Prince Korehito, later Emperor Seiwa). In November, at eight months old, Prince Korehito was appointed Crown Prince, supplanting the eldest son, Prince Korechika, who had been born to the official consort Ki no Shizuko. Yoshifusa's pressure forced Ninmyō to appoint Korehito as Crown Prince. However, the power struggle between the Emperor and Yoshifusa continued, and under Yoshifusa's pressure, Emperor Ninmyō resided in places such as the Togu Gain in the eastern part of the Imperial Palace and the Reizen-in, which had been the post-retirement residence of Emperor Saga, never once living in the main palace building. Furthermore, the Emperor himself was in poor health and rarely attended court meetings or ceremonies. The Emperor also once attempted to abdicate in favor of Prince Korehito on the condition that Prince Korechika be appointed Crown Prince, but this was abandoned due to the admonition of the Minister of the Left, Minamoto no Makoto, who feared that Prince Korechika's life would be in danger.

Under these circumstances, Emperor Montoku died suddenly of illness in August 858. He was 32 years old. The prevailing theory is that the cause of death was a stroke; however, the possibility that he had been assassinated cannot be ruled out.

During Montoku's reign, the compilation of the ''Shoku Nihon Koki'' began. There is a 10-volume ''Nihon Montoku Tenno Jitsuroku'' (Chronicles of Emperor Montoku of Japan), compiled by Fujiwara no Yoshifusa, Haruzumi Yoshinawa, and others, which records the history of the Emperor's reign in chronological order. In 851, the Seiryōden, where Emperor Ninmyō died, was dismantled and relocated to the side of his mausoleum in Fukakusa, becoming the Kasho-do.

==Grave of Emperor Montoku== The site of Montoku's grave is designated by the Imperial Household Agency in what is now Ukyo-ku, Kyoto<ref name="kunaicho"/> It is formally named ''Tamura no misasagi''.<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, p. 420.</ref> According to the ''Nihon Montoku Tenno Jitsuroku'', the site was on Mount Maharayama, and that 40 monks from nearby Kōryū-ji were assigned to chant sutras for 49 days after the funeral; however, the exact location was lost soon afterwards. During the Muromachi period and into the Edo Period, the Tennō-no-Mori Kofun, a 4th century ''zenpō-kōen-fun'' located in Nishikyō-ku, Kyoto was widely believed to be the tomb of Emperor Montoku; the present site was only so designated during the Bunkyu Restoration Project in 1862-1863. The tomb is a circular mound facing almost south, flanked by ponds to the east and west.

==Events of Montoku's life== * '''6 May 850''' (''Kashō 3, 21st day of the 3rd month''): In the 17th year of Ninmyō''-tennō''{{'}}s reign (仁明天皇十七年), the emperor died; and his eldest son received the succession (''senso'').<ref>Titsingh, p. 112; Brown, p. 284; Varley, p. 44; a distinct act of ''senso'' is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except Jitō, Yōzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have ''senso'' and ''sokui'' in the same year until the reign of Emperor Go-Murakami.</ref> * '''850''' (''Kashō 3, 4th month''): Emperor Montoku formally acceded to the throne (''sokui'').<ref>Titsingh, p. 112; Varley, p. 44</ref> * '''850''' (''Kashō 3, 5th month''): The widow of Emperor Saga, who was also the mother of Emperor Ninmyō and the grandmother of Emperor Montoku, died. This very devout Buddhist had founded a temple called {{Nihongo|Danrin-ji|檀林寺}} on the site of present-day {{Nihongo|Tenryū-ji|天龍寺}} – more formally known as {{Nihongo|Tenryū Shiseizen-ji|天龍資聖禅寺}}, located in what is now Susukinobaba-chō, Ukyō Ward in Kyoto, Before her death, the former empress had been known by the honorific title, {{Nihongo|Danrin-kōgō |檀林皇后}}; and she had been honored as if she were a saint.<ref name="t112">Titsingh, p. 112.</ref> * '''850''' (''Kashō 3, 11th month''): The emperor named Korehito''-shinnō'', the 4th son of Emperor Montoku as his heir.<ref>Brown, p. 286.</ref> This 9-month-old baby was also the grandson of ''udaijin'' Fujiwara no Yoshifusa.<ref name="t113">Titsingh, p. 113.</ref> * '''853''' (''Ninju 3, 2nd month''): The emperor visited the home of ''udaijin'' Yoshifusa, the grandfather of his designated heir.<ref name="t113"/> * '''11 July 854''' (''Saikō 1, 13th day of the 6th month''): The ''sadaijin'' Minamoto no Tokiwa, also known as Minamoto no Tsune, died at age 43.<ref>Brown, p. 285; Titsingh, p. 113.</ref> * '''855''' (''Saikō 2, in the 1st month''): The Emishi organized a rebellion; and in response, a force of 1,000 men and provisions were sent to the north.<ref name="t114">Titsingh, p. 114.</ref> * '''855''' (''Saikō 2, 5th month''): The head of the great statue of Buddha in the Tōdai-ji fell off; and in consequence, the emperor ordered the then ''dainagon'' Fujiwara no Yoshisuke, the brother of ''sadaijin'' Yoshifusa, to be in charge of gathering the gifts of the pious from throughout the empire to make another head for the Daibutsu.<ref name="t114"/>

Events during his reign included the repression of insurrections among the Ebisu people in Mutsu Province in 855, and among the people of the island of Tsushima two years later.

* '''7 October 858''' (''Ten'an 2, 27th day of the 8th month''): Montoku died at the age of 32.<ref>Brown, pp. 285–286; Varley, p. 165.</ref>

===Kugyō=== {{Nihongo|''Kugyō''|公卿}} is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras.[http://www.furugosho.com/moyenage/empereur-g2.htm – ''kugyō'' of Montoku-tennō (in French)]

In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Montoku's reign, this apex of the ''Daijō-kan'' included: * ''Daijō-daijin'', Fujiwara no Yoshifusa (藤原良房), 804–872.<ref name = "b285"/> * ''Sadaijin'', Minamoto no Tokiwa (源常), 812–854.<ref name = "b285"/> * ''Sadaijin'', Minamoto no Makoto (源信), 810–868.<ref name = "b285"/> * ''Udaijin'', Fujiwara no Yoshifusa (藤原良房), 804–872.<ref name="b285"/> * ''Udaijin'', Fujiwara no Yoshimi (藤原良相), 813–867.<ref name="b285"/> * ''Naidaijin'' (not appointed) * ''Dainagon''

==Eras of Montoku's reign== The years of Montoku's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or ''nengō''.<ref name="t112"/> * ''Kashō'' (848–851) * ''Ninju'' (851–854) * ''Saikō'' (854–857) * ''Ten'an'' (857–859)

==Consorts and children== *Consort (Nyōgo) (Tai-Kotaigō): Fujiwara no Akirakeiko (藤原明子; 829–899), also known as Somedono-no-Kisaki, Fujiwara no Yoshifusa's daughter.<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, pp. 319–320.</ref> **Fourth Son: Imperial Prince Korehito (惟仁親王) later Emperor Seiwa **Third Daughter: Imperial Princess ''Gishi'' (儀子内親王; d. 879), 6th Saiin in Kamo Shrine 859–876

*Consort (Nyōgo): Fujiwara no ''Koshi''/Furuko (藤原古子), Fujiwara no Fuyutsugu's daughter

*Consort (Nyōgo): Fujiwara no Takakiko (藤原多賀幾子; d. 858), Fujiwara no Yoshimi's daughter

*Consort (Nyōgo): Princess Azumako (東子女王; d. 865)

*Consort (Nyōgo): Fujiwara no ''Nenshi''/Toshiko (藤原年子)

*Consort (Nyōgo): Fujiwara no Koreko (藤原是子)

*Consort (Nyōgo): Tachibana no Fusako (橘房子), Tachibana no Ujikimi's daughter

*Consort (Nyōgo): Tachibana no ''Chushi'' (橘忠子), Tachibana no Ujikimi's daughter

*Consort (Koui): Ki no Shizuko (紀静子; d. 866), Ki no Natora's daughter **First Son: Imperial Prince Koretaka (惟喬親王; 844–897) **Second son: Imperial Prince Koreeda (惟条親王; 848–868) **Imperial Princess ''Tenshi'' (恬子内親王; d. 913), 20th Saiō in Ise Shrine 859–876 **Fifth daughter: Imperial Princess ''Jutsushi'' (述子内親王; d. 897), 5th Saiin in Kamo Shrine 857–858 **Imperial Princess ''Chinshi'' (珍子内親王; d. 877)

*Court lady: Shigeno no Okuko (滋野奥子), Shigeno no Sadanushi's daughter **Third Son: Imperial Prince Korehiko (惟彦親王; 850–883) **Imperial Princess ''Nōshi'' (濃子内親王; d. 903) **Imperial Princess ''Shōshi'' (勝子内親王; d. 871)

*Court lady: Fujiwara no ''Konshi''/Imako (藤原今子), Fujiwara no Sadamori's daughter **Imperial Prince Koretsune (惟恒親王; d. 904) **Imperial Princess ''Reishi'' (礼子内親王; d. 899) **Seventh Daughter: Imperial Princess ''Keishi'' (掲子内親王; d. 914), 22nd Saiō in Ise Shrine 882–884

*Court lady: Fujiwara no ''Retsushi'' (藤原列子), Fujiwara no Koreo's daughter **First Daughter: Imperial Princess ''Anshi'' (晏子内親王; d. 900), 19th Saiō in Ise Shrine 850–858 **Eighth Daughter: Imperial Princess Akirakeiko (慧子内親王; d. 881), 4th Saiin in Kamo Shrine 850–857

*Court lady: Shigeno no Mineko (滋野岑子), Shigeno no Sadao's daughter **Minamoto no Motoari (源本有) **Minamoto no Noriari (源載有) **Minamoto no Fuchiko/Shigeko (源淵子/滋子; d. 911)

*Court lady: Tomo clan's daughter **Minamoto no Yoshiari (源能有; 845–897), ''Udaijin'' 896–897

*Court lady: Fuse clan's daughter **Minamoto no Yukiari (源行有; 854–887)

*Court lady: Tajihi clan's daughter **Minamoto no ''Tsuneari'' (源毎有)

*Court lady: Kiyohara clan's daughter **Minamoto no Tokiari (源時有)

*Court lady: Sugawara clan's daughter **Minamoto no Sadaari (源定有) **Minamoto no Tomiko (源富子)

*(from unknown women) **Minamoto no Tomiari (源富有, d.887) **Minamoto no ''Hyōshi'' (源憑子) **Minamoto no ''Kenshi'' (源謙子) **Minamoto no Okuko (源奥子) **Minamoto no ''Retsushi'' (源列子) **Minamoto no ''Seishi'' (源済子), married to Emperor Seiwa **Minamoto no ''Shuko'' (源修子)

==Ancestry== {{ahnentafel |collapsed=yes |align=center |boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc; |boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9; |boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc; |boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe; |ref=<ref name=descent>{{cite web|url=https://reichsarchiv.jp/%e5%ae%b6%e7%b3%bb%e3%83%aa%e3%82%b9%e3%83%88/%e5%a4%a9%e7%9a%87%e5%ae%b6#emp055|title=Genealogy|website=Reichsarchiv|date=30 April 2010 |access-date=30 January 2018|language=ja}}</ref> |1= 1. '''Emperor Montoku''' |2= 2. Emperor Ninmyō (808-850) |3= 3. Fujiwara no Junshi (809–871) |4= 4. Emperor Saga (786–842) |5= 5. Tachibana no Kachiko (786–850) |6= 6. Fujiwara no Fuyutsugu (775–826) |7= 7. Fujiwara no Mitsuko (781–828) |8= 8. Emperor Kanmu (737–806) |9= 9. Fujiwara no Otomuro (760–790) |10=10. Tachibana no Kiyotomo (758–789) |11=11. Taguchi Michihime |12=12. Fujiwara no Uchimaro (756–812) |13=13. Kudara no Nagatsugu |14=14.Fujiwara no Matsukuri |15= }}

==Notes== [[File:Imperial Seal of Japan.svg|thumb|right|120px|Japanese Imperial kamon — a stylized chrysanthemum blossom]] {{Reflist}}

==References== * Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). [https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&q=Gukansho ''Gukanshō: The Future and the Past''.] Berkeley: University of California Press. {{ISBN|978-0-520-03460-0}}; {{OCLC|251325323}} * Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLAeAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Imperial+House+of+Japan ''The Imperial House of Japan''.] Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. {{OCLC|194887}} * Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). ''Nihon Ōdai Ichiran''; ou, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&q=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran ''Annales des empereurs du Japon''.] Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. {{OCLC|5850691}} * Varley, H. Paul. (1980). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tVv6OAAACAAJ ''Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns''.] New York: Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-231-04940-5}}; {{OCLC|59145842}}

{{S-start}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bef|before=Emperor Ninmyō}} {{s-ttl|title=Emperor of Japan:<br>Montoku|years=850–858}} {{s-aft|after=Emperor Seiwa}} {{S-end}} {{Emperors of Japan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Montoku}} Category:Emperors of Japan Category:827 births Category:858 deaths Category:9th-century Japanese monarchs