European emigration

'''European emigration''' is the successive emigration waves from the European continent to other continents. The origins of the various European diasporas can be traced to the people who left the European nation states or stateless ethnic communities on the European continent. From 1500 to the mid-20th century, 60–65 million people left Europe, of which less than 9% went to tropical areas (the Caribbean, Asia, and Africa).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Etemad |first1=Bouda |title=Pour une approche démographique de l'expansion coloniale de l'Europe |journal=Annales de démographie historique |trans-title=For a demographic approach to the colonial expansion of Europe |language=fr |date=27 August 2007 |volume=113 |issue=1 |pages=13–32 |doi=10.3917/adh.113.0013 }}</ref>

From 1815 to 1932, 65 million people left Europe, primarily to areas of European settlement in North and South America, with the largest numbers going to the United States, Canada, Cuba, Brazil, Argentina, Chile and Uruguay,<ref name="BailyMíguez2003" /><ref name="SRWSe7s_xUIC">{{cite book |last1=Altman |first1=Ida |last2=Horn |first2=James |chapter=European Diaspora: The Magnitude and Pace of Emigration |pages=3–6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SRWSe7s_xUIC&pg=PA3 |title='To Make America': European Emigration in the Early Modern Period |date=1991 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07233-6 }}</ref> in addition to Australia,<ref name="MascitelliMycak2016">{{cite book|last1=De Lazzari|first1=Chiara|author2=Bruno Mascitelli|editor1=Bruno Mascitelli|editor2=Sonia Mycak|editor3=Gerardo Papalia|title=The European Diaspora in Australia: An Interdisciplinary Perspective|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrT6DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA203|access-date=28 February 2017|year=2016|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-9419-7|page=203|chapter=Migrant "Assimilation" in Australia: The Adult Migrant English Program from 1947 to 1971}}</ref> New Zealand, South Africa, and Siberia.<ref name="European Migration"/> These populations also multiplied rapidly in their new habitat; much more so than the populations of Africa and Asia. As a result, on the eve of World War I, 38% of the world's total population was of European ancestry.<ref name="European Migration">{{cite web|url=http://historydoctor.net/Advanced%20Placement%20European%20History/Notes/european_migration_and_imperiali.htm|title=European Migration and Imperialism|publisher=historydoctor.net|access-date=14 September 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122193228/http://historydoctor.net/Advanced%20Placement%20European%20History/Notes/european_migration_and_imperiali.htm|archive-date=22 November 2010|quote=The population of Europe entered its third and decisive stage in the early eighteenth century. Birthrates declined, but death rates also declined as the standard of living and advances in medical science provided for longer life spans. The population of Europe including Russia more than doubled from 188 million in 1800 to 432 million in 1900. From 1815 through 1932, sixty million people left Europe, primarily to "areas of European settlement," in North and South America, Australia, New Zealand and Siberia. These populations also multiplied rapidly in their new habitat; much more so than the populations of Africa and Asia. As a result, on the eve of World War I (1914), 38 percent of the world's total population was of European ancestry. This growth in population provided further impetus for European expansion, and became the driving force behind emigration. Rising populations put pressure on land, and land hunger and led to "land hunger." Millions of people went abroad in search of work or economic opportunity. The Irish, who left for America during the great Potato famine, were an extreme but not unique example. Ultimately, one third of all European migrants came from the British Isles between 1840 and 1920. Italians also migrated in large numbers because of poor economic conditions in their home country. German migration also was steady until industrial conditions in Germany improved when the wave of migration slowed. Less than one half of all migrants went to the United States, although it absorbed the largest number of European migrants. Others went to Asiatic Russia, Canada, Argentina, Brazil, Australia and New Zealand.}}</ref> Most European emigrants to the Americas came from Italy, Germany, France, Ireland, United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, Poland, Greece, Hungary, Netherlands, Austria, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Armenia, Lithuania, Russia, and Ukraine.

More contemporary, European emigration can also refer to emigration from one European country to another, especially in the context of the internal mobility in the European Union (intra-EU mobility) or mobility within the Eurasian Union.

==History== ===8th - early 5th century BC: Greek settlement=== In Archaic Greece, trading and colonizing activities of the Greek tribes from the Black Sea, Southern Italy (the so-called "Magna Graecia") and Asia Minor propagated Greek culture, religion and language around the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins. Greek city-states were established in Southern Europe, northern Libya and the Black Sea coast, and the Greeks founded over 400 colonies in these areas.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bentley |first1=Jerry H. |last2=Salter |first2=Heather Streets |last3=Ziegler |first3=Herbert F. |last4=Benjamin |first4=Craig |chapter=Civilizations of the Mediterranean Basin: The Greeks |title=Traditions & Encounters: A Global Perspective on the Past |date=2020 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education |isbn=978-1-260-57101-1 }}</ref> Alexander the Great's conquest of the Achaemenid Empire marked the beginning of the Hellenistic period, which was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization in Asia and Africa; the Greek ruling classes established their presence in Egypt, southwest Asia, and Northwest India.<ref>[http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc1/lectures/10hellenism.html Hellenistic Civilization] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705195541/http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc1/lectures/10hellenism.html |date=July 5, 2008 }}{{self-published inline|date=January 2025}}</ref> Many Greeks migrated to the new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as geographically dispersed as Uzbekistan<ref>"Menander became the ruler of a kingdom extending along the coast of western India, including the whole of Saurashtra and the harbour Barukaccha. His territory also included Mathura, the Punjab, Gandhara and the Kabul Valley", Bussagli p101</ref> and Kuwait.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/failaka.htm|title=Failaka Island|author=John Pike|website=Globalsecurity.org|access-date=20 April 2016}}</ref>

===1450-1800: Immigration to the Americas=== [[File:Ridolfo del Ghirlandaio - Ritratto di Cristoforo Colombo (1520).jpg|thumb|The voyages of Christopher Columbus, starting in 1492, coincided with the first wave of European colonization and began sustained contact between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.]]

The European continent has been a central part of a complex migration system, which included swaths of North Africa, the Middle East and Asia Minor well before the modern era. Yet, only the population growth of the late Middle Ages allowed for larger population movements, inside and outside of the continent.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Liberal states and the freedom of movement : selective borders, unequal mobility|date=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|author=Mau, Steffen |isbn=9780230277847|location=Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire|oclc=768167292}}</ref> The European exploration of the Americas stimulated a steady stream of voluntary migration from Europe.

Roughly one and a half million Europeans settled in the New World during the period of 1500 and 1800.<ref name="SRWSe7s_xUIC" />

==== Spanish and Portuguese ==== {{also|Portuguese Brazilians}} About 200,000 Spaniards settled in their American provinces prior to 1600, a small settlement compared to the 3 to 4 million Amerindians who lived in Spanish territory in the Americas.

During the 1500s, Spain and Portugal sent a steady flow of government and church officials, members of the lesser nobility, people from the working classes and their families averaging roughly three-thousand people per year from a population of around eight million. A total of around 437,000 left Spain in the 150-year period from 1500 to 1650 mainly to New Spain,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Axtell |first=James |date=September–October 1991 |title=The Columbian Mosaic in Colonial America |url=http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/art/AXTELL01.ART |journal=Humanities |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=12–18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517052031/http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/art/AXTELL01.ART |archive-date=May 17, 2008 |access-date=2008-10-08}}</ref> Peru in South America, and the Caribbean Islands. It has been estimated that over 1.86 million Spaniards immigrated to the Americas in the period between 1492 and 1824, one million in the 18th century (during this century, emigration was encouraged by the new Bourbon dynasty in Spain), with millions more continuing to immigrate following independence.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Macías |first1=Rosario Márquez |title=La emigración española a América, 1765-1824 |trans-title=Spanish emigration to America, 1765-1824 |language=es |date=1995 |publisher=Universidad de Oviedo |isbn=978-84-7468-856-6 |page=64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lvvynCzrJOwC&q=emigraci%C3%B3n+espa%C3%B1ola+a+las+indias+cifras&pg=PA64 }}</ref>

Between 1500 and 1700, 100,000 Portuguese crossed the Atlantic to settle in Brazil. However, with the discovery of numerous highly productive gold mines in the Minas Gerais region, the Portuguese immigration to Brazil increased by fivefold. From 1500, when the Portuguese reached Brazil, until its independence in 1822, from 500,000 to 700,000 Portuguese settled in Brazil, with 600,000 in the 1700s.<ref name="ibge">{{cite web |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/portugueses.html |title=IBGE teen |accessdate=2011-12-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224012534/http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/portugueses.html |archivedate=24 February 2013 }}</ref> Though not usually studied, this represented one of the largest movements of European populations to their colonies to the Americas during the colonial times. According to historian Leslie Bethell, "In 1700 Portugal had a population of about two million people." During the 18th century hundreds of thousands left for the Portuguese Colony of Brazil, despite efforts by the crown to place severe restrictions on emigration.<ref>Leslie Bethell (1986). "''[{{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=hhNfVshMw64C |page=47 }} The Cambridge history of Latin America: Colonial Latin America]''". Cambridge University Press. p.47. {{ISBN|0-521-24516-8}}</ref>

[[File:Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Rosário (Ouro Preto) por Rodrigo Tetsuo Argenton (02).jpg|270px|right|thumb|Ouro Preto, an 18th-century colonial city of large Portuguese settlement]] In the 18th century, thanks to the gold rush, the capital of the province of Minas Gerais, the town of Vila Rica (today, Ouro Preto) became for a time one of the most populous cities in the New World. This massive influx of Portuguese immigration and influence created a city which remains to this day, one of the best examples of 18th century European architecture in the Americas.<ref name="SRWSe7s_xUIC" /> The 2022 Brazilian census showed that 41.1% of Minas Gerais state identified as white Brazilian of European descent with the rest possibly having mixed Portuguese origins.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censo2022.ibge.gov.br/panorama/|title=Minas Gerais censo|date=2022|accessdate=14 October 2025}}</ref> However, the development of the mining economy in the 18th century raised wages and employment opportunities in the Portuguese colony and emigration increased: in the 18th century alone, about 600,000 Portuguese settled in Brazil.<ref name="ibge">{{cite web |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/portugueses.html |title=IBGE teen |accessdate=2011-12-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224012534/http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/portugueses.html |archivedate=24 February 2013 }}</ref><ref name="1944- 1988">{{Cite book |last=Francis |first=R. D. |url=https://archive.org/details/originscanadianh00fran |title=Origins : Canadian history to Confederation |date=1988 |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston of Canada |others=Jones, Richard, 1943-, Smith, Donald B. |isbn=978-0039217051 |location=Toronto |oclc=16577780 |url-access=registration}}</ref>

==== British, Irish and German settlement in North America ==== {{See also|European immigration to the Americas}} [[Image:Mayflower in Plymouth Harbor, by William Halsall.jpg|thumb|270px|right|Mayflower bringing one of the first groups of English settlers to North America]]

Between one-half and two-thirds of European immigrants to the Thirteen Colonies between the 1630s and the American Revolution came under indentures.<ref name="Galenson 1984: 1">Galenson 1984: 1</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=April 2026}} The practice was sufficiently common that the Habeas Corpus Act 1679, in part, prevented imprisonments overseas; it also made provisions for those with existing transportation contracts and those "praying to be transported" in lieu of remaining in prison upon conviction.<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol5/pp935-938#h3-0012 Charles II, 1679: An Act for the better secureing the Liberty of the Subject and for Prevention of Imprisonments beyond the Seas.], Statutes of the Realm: Volume 5, 1628–80, pp 935–938. Great Britain Record Commission, (1819)</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=April 2026}} In any case, while half the European immigrants to the Thirteen Colonies had been indentured servants, at any one time they were outnumbered by workers who had never been indentured, or whose indenture had expired. Free wage labor was more common for Europeans in the colonies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Donoghue |first1=John |date=October 2013 |title=Indentured Servitude in the 17th Century English Atlantic: A Brief Survey of the Literature: Indentured Servitude in the 17th Century English Atlantic |journal=History Compass |volume=11 |issue=10 |pages=893–902 |doi=10.1111/hic3.12088}}</ref>

Indentured persons were numerically important, mostly in the region from Virginia north to New Jersey. Other colonies saw far fewer of them. The total number of European immigrants to all 13 colonies before 1775 was about 500,000–550,000; of these, 55,000 were involuntary prisoners. Of the 450,000 or so European arrivals who came voluntarily, Tomlins estimates that 48% were indentured.<ref name="Tomlins2001">{{cite journal |last1=Tomlins |first1=Christopher |date=February 2001 |title=Reconsidering Indentured Servitude: European Migration and the Early American Labor Force, 1600–1775 |journal=Labor History |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=5–43 |doi=10.1080/00236560123269 }}</ref> About 75% were under the age of 25. The age of legal adulthood for men was 24 years; those over 24 generally came on contracts lasting about 3 years.<ref name="Tomlins2001" /> Regarding the children who came, Gary Nash reports that, "many of the servants were actually nephews, nieces, cousins and children of friends of emigrating Englishmen, who paid their passage in return for their labour once in America."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nash |first1=Gary B. |title=The Urban Crucible: Social Change, Political Consciousness, and the Origins of the American Revolution |date=1979 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-93056-8 |page=15 }}</ref>

Figures for emigration in the Spanish Empire in 1650–1800 and in Brazil in 1700–1800 are not given in the table. Of the 322,000 from Britain, 190,000–250,000 were Scottish and Irish.<ref name="SRWSe7s_xUIC"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |+Numbers of European Emigrants 1500–1783<ref name="SRWSe7s_xUIC"/> ! Country of origin ! Number ! Period |- | align="left" | Britain and Ireland|| 722,000|| 1607–1780 |- | rowspan="2" align="left" | Portugal ||100,000 ||1500–1700 |- |500,000 ||1700–1760 |- | align="left" | Spain || 437,000|| 1500–1650 |- | align="left" |German-speaking Europe || style="text-align:center;" | 100,000|| style="text-align:center;" |1683–1783 |- | align="left" | France|| 51,000|| 1608–1760 |- ! Totals !!1,410,000 !!1500–1783 |}

In North America, immigration was dominated by British, German, Irish and other Northern Europeans.<ref name="Boris Fauto. Fazer a América: a imigração em massa para a América Latina">Boris Fautos – Fazer a América: a imigração em massa para a América Latina."</ref> Immigration to New France laid the origins of modern Canada, with important early emigration of colonists from Northern France.<ref name="1944- 1988" />

From 1760 to 1820, the final phase of colonial immigration became dominated by free settlers and was marked by a huge increase in British immigrants to North America and the United States in particular. In that period, 871,000 Europeans immigrated to the Americas, of which over 70% were British (including Irish in that category). Many independent farmers and tenants emigrated to establish farms and plantations, as well as craftsmen.<ref name="California">Altman, Ida, and James Horn, eds. "To Make America": European Emigration in the Early Modern Period. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.</ref>

===19th century to 20th century=== [[File:William Allsworth - The emigrants - Google Art Project.jpg|250px|thumb|Scottish Highland family migrating to New Zealand by William Allsworth]] There was mass European immigration to the Americas, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa in the 19th and 20th centuries, as a result of a dramatic demographic transition in 19th-century Europe, subsequent wars and political changes on the continent. From the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 to the end of World War I in 1918, millions of Europeans emigrated. Of these, 71% went to North America, 21% to Central and South America and 7% to Australia. About 11 million of these people went to Latin America, of whom 38% were Italians, 28% were Spaniards and 11% were Portuguese.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Marília D. Klaumann |last1=Cánovas |url=https://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/srh/article/view/11303/6417 |title=A grande emigração européia para o Brasil e o imigrante espanhol no cenário da cafeicultura paulista: aspectos de uma (in)visibilidade |trans-title=The great European immigration to Brazil and immigrants within the Spanish scenario of the Paulista coffee plantations: one of the issues (in) visibility |language=pt |journal=Sæculum |volume=11 |year=2004 |pages=115–136 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:1ex 5 1ex 1ex;" |+European emigrants 1800–1960 ! Destination ! Percent |- | United States || 70.0% |- | Latin America||12.0% |- | Russian Siberia|| 9.0% |- | Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa|| 9.0% |- ! Total !!100.0% |} {{refbegin}}<small>Source:</small><ref name="World Civilizations: Volume II">[https://books.google.com/books?id=v0E4DQAAQBAJ&dq=european+emigration+1500+-&pg=PA456 World Civilizations: Volume II:] Since 1500 By Philip J. Adler, Randall L. Pouwels</ref>{{pages needed|date=September 2021}}{{failed verification|date=September 2021}}{{refend}}

====Immigration to Brazil==== [[File:Carmen Miranda 1941.JPG|thumb|220px|Portuguese-born singer Carmen Miranda was nicknamed "The Brazilian Bombshell".]] In Brazil, the proportion of immigrants in the national population was much smaller. Immigrants tended to be concentrated in the central and southern parts of the country. The proportion of foreigners in Brazil peaked in 1920, at just 7 percent or 2 million people, mostly Portuguese and Italians. However, the influx of 4 million European immigrants between 1870 and 1920 significantly altered the racial composition of the country.<ref name="Boris Fauto. Fazer a América: a imigração em massa para a América Latina" /> From 1901 to 1920, immigration was responsible for only 7 percent of Brazilian population growth, but in the years of high immigration, from 1891 to 1900, the share was as high as 30 percent (higher than Argentina's 26 percent in the 1880s).<ref name="Sánchez-Alonso" />

====Country of arrivals==== The countries in the Americas that received a major wave of European immigrants from 1820s to the early 1930s were: the United States (32.5 million), Argentina (6.5 million), Canada (5 million), Brazil (4.5 million), Cuba (1.4 million), Chile (728,000), Uruguay (713,000).<ref name="Baily-Miguez-2003"/> [[File:FamigliaCastagnaColoniCapitanPastene1910.jpg|thumb|Italian emigrants to Capitan Pastene (Chile) in 1910: the Castagnoli family]] Other countries that received a more modest immigration flow (accounting for less than 10 percent of total European immigration to Latin America) were: Mexico (326,000), Colombia (126,000), Puerto Rico (62,000), Peru (30,000), and Paraguay (21,000).<ref name="Baily-Miguez-2003">{{cite book|editor1-last=Baily|editor1-first=Samuel L.|editor2-last=Míguez|editor2-first=Eduardo José|title=Mass Migration to Modern Latin America|date=2003|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=Wilmington, Delaware|isbn=978-0-8420-2831-8|page=14|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZQxkfvMJFgC&pg=PA14|access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="Sánchez-Alonso">{{cite web|author=Blanca Sánchez-Alonso|url=http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor%20and%20Immigration%20in%20LA-2005.pdf|title=European Immigration into Latin America, 1870-1930|publisher=docentes.fe.unl.pt|date=2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022094058/http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor%20and%20Immigration%20in%20LA-2005.pdf|archive-date=22 October 2008}}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable" !Destination !Years !Arrivals !{{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}} |- | {{flagcountry|United States}} | 1821–1932 | 32,244,000 |<ref name="BailyMíguez2003">{{cite book|author1=Samuel L. Baily|author2=Eduardo José Míguez|title=Mass Migration to Modern Latin America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZQxkfvMJFgC&pg=PR14|access-date=20 December 2015|year=2003|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8420-2831-8|page=xiv}}</ref> |- | {{flagcountry|Argentina}} | 1856–1932 | 6,405,000 |<ref name="BailyMíguez2003"/> |- | {{flagcountry|Canada}} | 1831–1932 | 5,206,000 |<ref name="BailyMíguez2003"/> |- | {{flagcountry|Brazil}} | 1818–1932 | 4,431,000 |<ref name="BailyMíguez2003"/> |- | {{flagcountry|Australia}} | 1821–1932 | 2,913,000 |<ref name="BailyMíguez2003"/> |- | {{flagcountry|Cuba}} | 1901–1931 | 857,000 |<ref name="BailyMíguez2003"/> |- | {{flagcountry|Union of South Africa|South Africa}} | 1881–1932 | 852,000 |<ref name="BailyMíguez2003"/> |- | {{flagcountry|Chile}} | 1882–1932 | 726,000 |<ref name="BailyMíguez2003"/> |- | {{flagcountry|Uruguay}} | 1836–1932 | 713,000 |<ref name="BailyMíguez2003"/> |- | {{flagcountry|New Zealand}} | 1821–1932 | 594,000 |<ref name="BailyMíguez2003"/> |- | {{flagcountry|Mexico}} | 1901–1931 | 326,000 |<ref name="BailyMíguez2003"/> |}

==Legacy== ===Distribution=== [[File:Greek Colonization Archaic Period.svg|thumb|250px|Map of Greek territories and colonies during the Archaic period (800–480 BC)]] thumb|250px|Global emigration map for 1858, by CJ Minard, Paris, 1862 After the Age of Discovery, different ethnic European communities began to emigrate out of Europe with particular concentrations in Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Canada, Argentina, Uruguay, Colombia, Venezuela, Cuba, Costa Rica, Brazil, Chile, and Puerto Rico where they came to constitute a European-descended majority population.<ref name="World Civilizations: Volume II"/><ref>{{cite web|author1=Francisco Hernández Delgado| author2=María Dolores Rodríguez Armas|title=La emigración de Lanzarote y sus causas| url=http://www.archivoteguise.es/publicacion/2/la-emigracion-de-lanzarote-y-sus-causas| website=Archivo Histórico Municipal de Teguise (www.archivoteguise.es)|publisher=Departamento de Cultura y Patrimonio, Ayuntamiento de Teguise|access-date=27 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727180641/http://www.archivoteguise.es/publicacion/2/la-emigracion-de-lanzarote-y-sus-causas|archive-date=27 July 2016|location=Teguise, Lanzarote, Canary Islands|language=es|date=2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-29904-4_5 |chapter=British Diaspora |title=Encyclopedia of Diasporas |date=2005 |last1=Richards |first1=Eric |pages=47–56 |isbn=978-0-306-48321-9 }}</ref><ref name="Marsh254">{{harvnb|Marshall|2001|p=254}}.</ref> These statistics rely on identification with a European ethnic group in censuses, and as such are subjective (especially in the case of mixed origins). Nations and regions outside Europe with significant populations:<ref name="Ethnic groups by country">{{cite web |title=Ethnic groups |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/ethnic-groups/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219052909/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/ethnic-groups/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 December 2025 |website=The World Factbook }}</ref>

====Canada==== In the first Canadian census in 1871, 98.5% chose a European origin with it slightly decreasing to 96.3% declared in 1971.<ref name="Ethnic origins of the population">{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-516-x/pdf/5500092-eng.pdf|title= Ethnic origins of the population 1871 to 1971|website=Statcan.gc.ca|page= 17|accessdate=13 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="justice.gc.ca">{{cite web|url=http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/csj-sjc/jsp-sjp/rp02_8-dr02_8/rp02_8.pdf |title=Table 1: Population by Ethnic Origin, Canada, 1921-1971|page= 2|website=Government of Canada|accessdate=13 November 2023}}</ref> In the 2016 census, 19,683,320 self-identified with a European ethnic origin, the largest being of British Isles origins (11,211,850). Individually, they are English (6,320,085), Scottish (4,799,005), French (4,680,820), Irish (4,627,000), German (3,322,405), Italian (1,587,965).<ref name="Census Profile, 2016 Census">{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1&wbdisable=true |title=Statistics Canada Census Profile, 2016 Census: Ethnic origin population|website=Statcan.gc.ca|accessdate=13 November 2023}}</ref> As of the 2021 Census, 67.4% of Canadians self-identify as white.

====United States==== As of the 2020 census, 61.6% of Americans identify as white alone. The 2020 United States census data revealed that English Americans 46.5 million (19.8%), German Americans 45m (19.1%), Irish Americans 38.6m (16.4%) and Italian Americans 16.8m (7.1%) were the four largest self-reported European ancestry groups at 62.4% of the white alone or in combination population, reflecting the early settlement.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-race-overview.html|title= Census Bureau Releases 2020 Census Population for More Than 200 New Detailed Race and Ethnicity Groups|date= September 21, 2023|accessdate= October 21, 2023}}</ref> At the time of the first U.S. census in 1790, 80.7% of the American people self-identified as White, where it remained above that level, even reaching as high as 90% prior to the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965. However, numerically it increased from 3.17 million (1790) to 199.6 million (1990) two hundred years later.<ref name="USHispanicOrigin">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab01.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327163915/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab01.pdf |archive-date=March 27, 2010 |title=Official census statistics of the United States race and Hispanic origin population |work=US Statistics Bureau |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Mexico==== {{See also|La Raza}} [[File:Guillermo_del_Toro_in_2017.jpg|thumb|Guillermo del Toro, Mexican filmmaker, is a European Mexican.]] Mexico is a multi-ethnic country where a large majority of the population have at least some European ancestry. ''Britannica'' estimates that around three-fifths are Mestizo, which includes people with mixed European and Amerindian ancestry, while White Mexicans are the largest part of the remainder.<ref name=BritannicaMex>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Mexico: Ethnic groups |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mexico/Ethnic-groups |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=March 8, 2024}}</ref><ref name=MMSI1>[http://www.inegi.org.mx/saladeprensa/boletines/2017/mmsi/mmsi2017_06.pdf "Resultados del Modulo de Movilidad Social Intergeneracional"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709120023/http://www.inegi.org.mx/saladeprensa/boletines/2017/mmsi/mmsi2017_06.pdf |date=July 9, 2018 }}, ''INEGI'', 16 June 2017, Retrieved on 30 April 2018.</ref><ref name=MMSI2>[http://bibliodigitalibd.senado.gob.mx/bitstream/handle/123456789/3525/JASC%2520IBD%2520MMSI%25202016%2520V1.0.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y "Visión INEGI 2021 Dr. Julio Santaella Castell"], ''INEGI'', 03 July 2017, Retrieved on 30 April 2018.</ref> Skin color palettes have been used as a primary criteria to estimate the ethnoracial groups within Latin America. A summary published by the Latin American Public Opinion Project has described this as more accurate than self-identification particularly, where the different discourses that exist in regards to national identity have rendered previous attempts to estimate ethnic groups unreliable.<ref name="Princeton">[http://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/insights/IO873en.pdf "Americas Latinobarometer Insights: 2012"], ''Vanderbilt University'', 2012, Retrieved on 26 June 2021.</ref> If the criterion used is the presence of blond hair, it is 18%<ref name="journals.jstor.com">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20799484 "Stratification by Skin Color in Contemporary Mexico"], ''Jstor org, available creating a free account '', Retrieved on 27 January 2018.</ref><ref name="journals.plos.org">[http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004572 "Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals" table 1], ''Plosgenetics'', 25 September 2014. Retrieved on 9 May 2017.</ref> - 23%.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ortiz-Hernández |first1=Luis |last2=Compeán-Dardón |first2=Sandra |last3=Verde-Flota |first3=Elizabeth |last4=Flores-Martínez |first4=Maricela Nanet |title=Racism and mental health among university students in Mexico City |journal=Salud Pública de México |date=April 2011 |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=125–133 |doi=10.1590/s0036-36342011000200005 |pmid=21537803 |doi-access=free }}</ref>{{primary inline|date=January 2025}}

====Caribbean and Central America==== [[File:Supervisors and enumerators, Pinar del Rio.jpg|thumb|Cuban enumerators in Pinar del Rio, 1899]]

According to the 2012 census, white Cubans make up 64.1% or 7,160,399 of the population.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.almendron.com/tribuna/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/publicacion-completa-color-de-la-piel.pdf|title= Censo de Población y Viviendas de Cuba de 2012|publisher=almendron|date=2016|page=17|access-date=24 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latercera.com/noticia/mundo/2013/11/678-550807-9-censo-en-cuba-concluye-que-la-poblacion-decrece-envejece-y-se-vuelve-cada-vez.shtml|title=Censo en Cuba concluye que la población decrece, envejece y se vuelve cada vez más mestiza|last=Copesa|first=Grupo|date=8 November 2013|work=latercera.com|access-date=22 May 2014|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020219/http://www.latercera.com/noticia/mundo/2013/11/678-550807-9-censo-en-cuba-concluye-que-la-poblacion-decrece-envejece-y-se-vuelve-cada-vez.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> Cubans of European origin (predominantly Spanish) reached its highest proportion during the early to mid twentieth century. In 1943, the census showed 74.3% or 3,553,312 were white.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.onei.gob.cu/sites/default/files/publicacion_completa_color_de_la_piel__0.pdf |title=El Color de la Piel según el Censo de Población y Viviendas - ONEI P17 |access-date=22 January 2022 |language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0yj7RKzfRQMC&dq=2002++cuba+color+de+piel&pg=PA81|title= Revolutionizing Romance: Interracial Couples in Contemporary Cuba|first=Nadine T|last=Fernandez|date= 18 February 2010|publisher= Rutgers University Press|isbn= 9780813549231|accessdate=21 January 2022}}</ref>

thumb|Germans in Costa Rica In Costa Rica 83.7% of the population is White and Mestizo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cipacdh.org/pdf/Resultados_Generales_Censo_2011.pdf |title=Resultados Generales Censo 2011 |date=2011 |access-date=August 5, 2021}}</ref> Other sources estimate different results between whites and mestizos. The White population is around 60-65%.<ref name="Lizcano">{{cite journal |last1=Lizcano Fernández |first1=Francisco |date=August 2005 |title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI |trans-title=Ethnic Composition of the Three Cultural Areas of the American Continent at the Beginning of the XXI Century |url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1405-14352005000200185 |journal=Convergencia |language=es |volume=12 |issue=38 |pages=185–232}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Costa-Rica |title=Costa Rica | Location, Geography, People, Culture, Economy, & History |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZoGAAAAQBAJ&q=%22las+personas+de+origen+europeo+predominan+en+Argentina+Uruguay+y+Costa+Rica%22&pg=PA21|title = Latinoamerica: Su civilizacion y su cultura|isbn = 978-1111801472|last1 = Chang-Rodriguez|first1 = Eugenio|date = 29 October 2007| publisher=Cengage Learning }}</ref> Most are of Spanish and Italian descent,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bariatti |first1=Rita |title=La inmigración italiana en Costa Rica |trans-title=Italian immigration in Costa Rica |language=es |journal=Acta Académica |date=2004 |volume=34 |issue=Mayo |pages=182–210 |id={{Gale|A149769977}} |url=http://revista.uaca.ac.cr/index.php/actas/article/view/1186 }}</ref> however there are also German,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://expoferiaalemana.com/blog/herzlich-willkommen-bienvenidos-a-la-expo-feria-alemana |title=Herzlich Willkommen: Bienvenidos a la Expo Feria Alemana — Expo Feria Alemana |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731114727/https://expoferiaalemana.com/blog/herzlich-willkommen-bienvenidos-a-la-expo-feria-alemana |url-status=dead }}{{self-published inline|date=January 2025}}</ref> Polish<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Villalobos |first1=Zuleyma |last2=Villalobos |first2=Jacobo |last3=Colina |first3=Virginia Leticia |title=Migraciones Judías en Centroamérica y el Caribe: Proyección Epidemiológica de la Enfermedad de Gaucher |trans-title=Jewish Migrations in Central America and the Caribbean: Epidemiological Projection of Gaucher Disease |language=es |journal=Vitae |date=2011 |issue=45 |url=http://saber.ucv.ve/ojs/index.php/rev_vit/article/view/4530 }}</ref> and French communities. During the last half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, it welcomed more than 30,000 Europeans.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://revistahistoria.historia.ucr.ac.cr/Numeros%20Anteriores/11/Herrera%20Balharry,%20Eugenio.%20Los%20inmigrantes%20y%20el%20poder%20en%20C.R.pdf |title=Los inmigrantes y el poder en Costa Rica |access-date=29 June 2021 |archive-date=3 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703224114/http://revistahistoria.historia.ucr.ac.cr/Numeros%20Anteriores/11/Herrera%20Balharry%2C%20Eugenio.%20Los%20inmigrantes%20y%20el%20poder%20en%20C.R.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Costa Rica had the greatest European migratory impact in Central America. When Costa Rica became independent, the population was barely 60,000 inhabitants.<ref name="ia801502.us.archive.org">{{cite web|author=Carlos Garcia684 |url=https://archive.org/details/inmigracion-europea-en-centroamerica-despues-de-la-colonia-1 |title=Inmigracion Europea En Centroamérica Después De La Colonia ( 1) : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive |date= |accessdate=2022-04-06}}</ref>

The 2022 Dominican census showed 1,611,752 people or 18.7% of those 12 years old as white, 731,855 males and 879,897 females.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://listindiario.com/la-republica/20241001/poblacion-negra-morena-mestiza-mulata-e-india-rd-6-821-359-personas_827843.html|title= En RD 2,879,388 se identificaron como negras y morenas y 1,640,095 como asiaticas o blancas|date= 1 October 2024|accessdate= 23 October 2024}}</ref>

In El Salvador 12.7% of the population identifies as "white", and 86.3% of the population were mestizo or people of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry.<ref name="CIA Factbook El Salvador">{{cite web |title=El Salvador |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/el-salvador/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110024846/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/el-salvador |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 January 2021 |website=The World Factbook |date=October 2025 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency }}</ref> The majority being Spanish descendants from Galicia and Asturias. In El Salvador, settlement peaked between 1920 and 1930, when 8,152 European and Arab immigrants entered the country, the Europeans being mostly Italians, Spanish and Germans.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gómez |first1=Moisés |title=Ser extranjero en Centroamérica. Génesis y evolución de las leyes de extranjería y migración en El Salvador: siglos XIX y XX |trans-title=Being a foreigner in Central America. Genesis and evolution of immigration and migration laws in El Salvador: 19th and 20th centuries |language=es |journal=Realidad, Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades |date=March 2013 |issue=135 |pages=117–151 |doi=10.5377/realidad.v0i135.3167 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In Guatemala, 5% of the population is of European descent, primarily of either Spanish and German origins. Many German, Italian and Spanish Families arrived in Guatemala, the Germans for their part were the largest group,<ref name=Schoonover>{{cite book |title=Hitler's Man in Havana: Heinz Luning and Nazi Espionage in Latin America |date=2008 |publisher=The University Press of Kentucky |location=United States of America |isbn=978-0-8131-2501-5 |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CojTWMNxso4C&q=Hitler%27s+Man+in+Havana%3A+Heinz+Luning+and+Nazi+Espionage+in+Latin+America&pg=PA20 |first=Thomas |last=Schoonover |access-date=27 May 2014}}</ref> Immigration had a massive character.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://servicios.prensalibre.com/pl/domingo/archivo/revistad/2005/julio05/240705/dfondo.shtml |title=Revista D - D fondo |access-date=29 June 2021 |archive-date=28 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028034013/http://servicios.prensalibre.com/pl/domingo/archivo/revistad/2005/julio05/240705/dfondo.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="ia801502.us.archive.org"/>

====South America==== [[File:XXXIV Fiesta Nacional del Inmigrante - desfile - colectividad italiana.JPG|thumb|Italian Argentines during the opening parade of the XXXIV Immigrant's Festival in Oberá, Misiones. An estimated 62.5% of Argentina's population has Italian ancestry.<ref name=LaMatanza>{{cite web|url =http://infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar/noticia.php?titulo=historias_de_inmigrantes_italianos_en_argentina&id=1432#.U2cKkYHa70s |title=Historias de inmigrantes italianos en Argentina |date=14 November 2011 |author =Departamento de Derecho y Ciencias Políticas de la Universidad Nacional de La Matanza |publisher=infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715055112/http://argentinainvestiga.edu.ar/noticia.php?titulo=historias_de_inmigrantes_italianos_en_argentina&id=1432#.VaX01KR9VPw |archive-date=15 July 2015 |language=es |url-status=dead |quote=Se estima que en la actualidad, el 90% de la población argentina tiene alguna ascendencia europea y que al menos 25 millones están relacionados con algún inmigrante de Italia.}}</ref>]] [[File:Directiva Centro Galego de Montevideo 1909.png|thumb|Galician immigrants in Uruguay, 1909 ]] Uruguay and Argentina are the South American countries with the highest proportion of European ancestry, both estimated to exceed 85%.<ref name="Lizcano" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Constituciones hispanoamericanas - Constituciones - Uruguay - Datos estadísticos |trans-title=Hispano-American Constitutions - Constitutions - Uruguay - Statistical data |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/portal/constituciones/pais.formato?pais=Uruguay&indice=datos |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212063809/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/portal/constituciones/pais.formato?pais=Uruguay&indice=datos |archive-date=12 February 2008 |access-date=26 June 2010 |publisher=Cervantesvirtual.com |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Argentina. The World Factbook. 2008 |url=http://www.bartleby.com/151/ar.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402135150/http://www.bartleby.com/151/ar.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=29 March 2015}}</ref> The most significant immigrant groups came from Italy and Spain, followed by France, Germany and Switzerland.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Vidart |first1=Daniel |url=https://anaforas.fic.edu.uy/jspui/bitstream/123456789/9985/1/Nuestra_tierra_39.pdf |title=El legado de los inmigrantes II |last2=Pi Hugarte |first2=Renzo |publisher=Editorial "Nuestra Tierra" |pages=52 |trans-title=Our land, the legacy of immigrants II}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reseña histórica – Municipio de Nueva Helvecia – Colonia Suiza |url=https://municipiodenuevahelvecia.com/?page_id=35 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922225449/https://municipiodenuevahelvecia.com/?page_id=35 |archive-date=2023-09-22 |access-date=2025-01-13 |language=es}}</ref> These European immigrants played a fundamental role in shaping the cultural fabric and societal development of both nations.<ref name="pihugarte">{{cite web |last=Pi Hugarte |first=Renzo |date=9 October 2001 |title=Elementos de la cultura italiana en la cultura del Uruguay |url=http://www.unesco.org.uy/shs/fileadmin/templates/shs/archivos/anuario2001/1-pihugarte.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821005114/http://www.unesco.org.uy/shs/fileadmin/templates/shs/archivos/anuario2001/1-pihugarte.pdf |archive-date=21 August 2017 |access-date=20 August 2017 |language=es}}</ref>

In Brazil, according to the 2022 census, 88.8% (180 million) of Brazilians are of full or partial European descent with 43.46% or 88 million self-identifying as White of European descent.<ref name=":5" /<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tabela 9605: População residente, por cor ou raça, nos Censos Demográficos |url=https://sidra.ibge.gov.br/tabela/9605#resultado |access-date= 1 February 2025|website=sidra.ibge.gov.br}}</ref> 45.34% (92 million) are descendants of Europeans mixed with Africans or indigenous people and declare themselves as Pardo.<ref name=":5" /<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tabela 9605: População residente, por cor ou raça, nos Censos Demográficos |url=https://sidra.ibge.gov.br/tabela/9605#resultado |access-date= 1 February 2025|website=sidra.ibge.gov.br}}</ref>

In Venezuela, according to the 2011 National Population and Housing Census, 43.6% of the population identified themselves as white people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.gob.ve/documentos/Demografia/CensodePoblacionyVivienda/pdf/nacional.pdf|title=Resultado Básico del XIV Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2011 (Mayo 2014)|page=29|publisher=Ine.gov.ve|access-date=14 February 2026}}</ref> After 1935, the country underwent a period of economic and social advancement with the discovery of oil, positioning itself as an attractive destination for immigrants. From 1940 to 1961, an estimated 900,000 European immigrants arrived in Venezuela, following the Second World War, the Francoist dictatorship and the policies of the governments of the Warsaw Pact.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cruz|first=Edgar|date=1997-05-02|title=La Iglesia ortodoxa rumana de Venezuela. UN TROZO DE LOS CÁRPATOS EN EL HATILLO|url=http://www.eluniversal.com/1997/05/02/cul_art_02312A|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722064702/http://www.eluniversal.com/1997/05/02/cul_art_02312A|archivedate=2015-07-22|accessdate=2015-07-22|website=El Universal|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=La Comunidad Europea en Venezuela |date=1985 |publisher=Servicio de Prensa e Información, Delegación para América Latina de la Comisión de las Comunidades Europeas |pages=117 |url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/1599857}}</ref>

The Falkland Islanders are mainly of European descent, especially British, and can trace their heritage back 9 generations or 200 years. In 2016, the census showed that 42.9 percent were native born and 27.4 percent were born in the U.K. (the second largest birthplace) for a total of more than 70 percent.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://falklandstimeline.files.wordpress.com/2018/01/falkland_islands_census_2016_-_report_without_data_tables.pdf|title=2016 Falkland Island census report| website=Falklandislandstimeline|page=28|access-date=10 August 2020}}</ref> The Falkland Islands were entirely unoccupied and were first claimed by Britain in 1765.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.falklands.gov.fk/our-people/|title=Our People. Local life, traditions and services on the Islands.|website=Falklands.gov.fk|access-date=10 August 2020}}</ref> Settlers largely from the United Kingdom, especially Scotland and Wales arrived after the 1830s. The total population of then islands grew from a 287 estimate in 1851 to 3,200 in the most recent 2016 census.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.fig.gov.fk/policy/component/jdownloads/send/4-statistics/61-falkland-islands-census-2016-data-tables?option=com_jdownloads| title=Falkland Island census data tables| website=Fig.gov.fk| access-date=10 August 2020}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://falklandstimeline.files.wordpress.com/2018/01/falkland_islands_census_2016_-_report_without_data_tables.pdf|title=2016 Falkland Island census report| website=Falklandislandstimeline| access-date=10 August 2020}}</ref> The Falkland Islanders historically had a Gaucho presence.

====Australia and New Zealand==== [[File:Southern Cross - call to British.jpg|thumb|right|Australian Government poster issued by the Overseas Settlement Office to attract British immigrants (1928)]] Using data from the 2016 census, it was estimated that around 58% of the Australian population were Anglo-Celtic Australians with 18% being of other European origins, a total of 76% for European ancestries as a whole.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/document/publication/Leading%20for%20Change_Blueprint2018_FINAL_Web.pdf|title=Australian Human Rights commission 2018|date=2018|access-date=12 December 2019}}</ref> As of 2016, the majority of Australians of European descent are of English (36.1%), Irish (11.0%), Scottish (9.3%), Italian (4.6%), German (4.5%), Greek (1.8%) and Dutch (1.6%) ancestries. A large proportion —33.5%— chose to identify as 'Australian', however the census Bureau has stated that most of these are of old Anglo-Celtic colonial stock.<ref>Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who list "Australian" as their ancestry are part of the "Anglo-Celtic" group. {{cite web |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/49f609c83cf34d69ca2569de0025c182!OpenDocument |title=Feature Article - Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Australia (Feature Article) |access-date=2008-06-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420205113/http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs%40.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/49f609c83cf34d69ca2569de0025c182%21OpenDocument |archive-date=20 April 2016 |df=dmy |date=January 1995}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Cultural%20Diversity%20Article~60|title=THE ANCESTRIES OF AUSTRALIANS Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia - Stories from the Census, 2016|website=abs.gov.au|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Cultural%20Diversity%20Data%20Summary~30|title=Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia - Ancestry 2016|website=abs.gov.au|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref>

Europeans historically (especially Anglo-Celtic) and presently are still the largest ethnic group in New Zealand. Their proportion of the total New Zealand population has been decreasing gradually since the 1916 census where they formed 95.1 percent.<ref name="Historical and statistical survey">{{cite web|url=http://atojs.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/atojs?a=d&d=AJHR1946-I.2.5.3.12&l=mi&e=-------10--1------0--|title=Historical and statistical survey (P. 18)|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref> The 2018 official census had over 3 million people or 71.76% of the population were ethnic Europeans, with 64.1% choosing the New Zealand European option alone.<ref name="Results info">{{cite web| url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2018-census-totals-by-topic-national-highlights| title=2018 Census totals by topic – national highlights| date=23 September 2019| website=Stats NZ| access-date=12 December 2019| archive-date=23 September 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923102431/https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2018-census-totals-by-topic-national-highlights| url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Asia=== {{See also|Britons in India|Russians in Kazakhstan}} [[File:Calcuttarugby.jpg|thumb|An 1875 painting of rugby being played by Europeans in Calcutta (today Kolkata)<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Love |first1=Adam |last2=Dzikus |first2=Lars |date=2020-02-26 |title=How India came to love cricket, favored sport of its colonial British rulers |url=https://theconversation.com/how-india-came-to-love-cricket-favored-sport-of-its-colonial-british-rulers-132302 |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref>]] [[File:Map of the ethnic groups of the Soviet Union.png|thumb|Ethnographic map of the Soviet Union, 1970. Large numbers of East Slavs migrated to Siberia and Central Asia.]] In Asia, European-derived populations (specifically Russians), predominate in North Asia and some parts of northern Kazakhstan.<ref>{{cite web|first=Fiona|last=Hill|author-link=Fiona Hill (presidential advisor)|url=http://www.theglobalist.com/printStoryId.aspx?StoryId=3727| title=Russia — Coming In From the Cold?|publisher=The Globalist|date=23 February 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715022142/http://www.theglobalist.com/printStoryId.aspx?StoryId=3727|archive-date=15 July 2011}}</ref> They are also a significant minority in Kyrgyzstan, predominantly in the northern part of the country (Chüy Region, Bishkek and the Issyk-Kul Region), where they constitute approximately 1/5 of the population. In Japan and China, there's a sizeable community of ethnic Russians as well, which are Russians in Japan and Russians in China.

Approximately 5–7 million Muslim migrants from the Balkans (from Bulgaria 1.15 million-1.5 million; Greece 1.2 million; Romania, 400,000; Former Yugoslavia, 800,000), Russia (500,000), the Caucasus (900,000 of whom 2/3 remained the rest going to Syria, Jordan and Cyprus) and Syria (500,000 mostly as a result of the Syrian Civil War) arrived in Ottoman Anatolia and modern Turkey from 1783 to 2016 of whom 4 million came by 1924, 1.3 million came post-1934 to 1945 and more than 1.2 million before the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War. Today, between a third and a quarter of Turkey's population of almost 80 million have ancestry from these Muhacirs.<ref name="Bosma et al 2012 loc=17">{{Harvnb|Bosma|Lucassen|Oostindie|2012|loc=17}}</ref>

==== Philippines ==== {{See also|Spanish Filipinos|Mexican Filipinos|American Filipinos}}

In the Philippines, a genetic study by the National Geographic, shows that about 5% of the ancestry of Filipinos comes from Southern Europe (mostly Spanish Filipinos)<ref name="NatGeo">{{cite web |url=https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/reference-populations-next-gen/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407092418/https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/reference-populations-next-gen/|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 7, 2016|title=Reference Populations – Geno 2.0 Next Generation|access-date=December 21, 2017}} National Geographic Genetic Study</ref> that had arrived during the Spanish colonisation of the archipelago, with the census data exactly corroborating this statistic.<ref name="Estadismo1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.xeniaeditrice.it/zu%C3%B1igaIocrpdf.pdf |title=ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO PRIMERO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish) |year=1893 |access-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-date=March 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309030040/http://www.xeniaeditrice.it/zu%C3%B1igaIocrpdf.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Estadismo2">[https://ia601608.us.archive.org/10/items/bub_gb_ElhFAAAAYAAJ_2/bub_gb_ElhFAAAAYAAJ.pdf ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO SEGUNDO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish)]</ref> Meanwhile, 2.33% of the population also descend from Mexicans,<ref>Stephanie Mawson, ‘Between Loyalty and Disobedience: The Limits of Spanish Domination in the Seventeenth Century Pacific’ (Univ. of Sydney M.Phil. thesis, 2014), appendix 3.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Forced Migration in the Spanish Pacific World: From Mexico to the Philippines, 1765-1811}}</ref> and Mexicans have diverse ancestries which includes: European Mexicans, Native American Mexicans, and Mestizo Mexicans. Additionally, an estimated 250,000 Filipino Amerasians descend from American servicemen stationed in the country.<ref name="JournalHuman">{{cite journal |last1=Go |first1=Matthew |last2=Jones |first2=Ansley |last3=Algee-Hewitt |first3=Bridget |last4=Dudzik |first4=Beatrix |last5=Hughes |first5=Cris |title=Classification Trends among Contemporary Filipino Crania Using Fordisc 3.1 |journal=Forensic Anthropology |date=October 2019 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=293–303 |doi=10.5744/fa.2019.1005 |quote = [Page 1] ABSTRACT: Filipinos represent a significant contemporary demographic group globally, yet they are underrepresented in the forensic anthropological literature. Given the complex population history of the Philippines, it is important to ensure that traditional methods for assessing the biological profile are appropriate when applied to these peoples. Here we analyze the classification trends of a modern Filipino sample (n = 110) when using the Fordisc 3.1 (FD3) software. We hypothesize that Filipinos represent an admixed population drawn largely from Asian and marginally from European parental gene pools, such that FD3 will classify these individuals morphometrically into reference samples that reflect a range of European admixture, in quantities from small to large. Our results show the greatest classification into Asian reference groups (72.7%), followed by Hispanic (12.7%), Indigenous American (7.3%), African (4.5%), and European (2.7%) groups included in FD3. This general pattern did not change between males and females. Moreover, replacing the raw craniometric values with their shape variables did not significantly alter the trends already observed. These classification trends for Filipino crania provide useful information for casework interpretation in forensic laboratory practice. Our findings can help biological anthropologists to better understand the evolutionary, population historical, and statistical reasons for FD3-generated classifications. The results of our study indicate that ancestry estimation in forensic anthropology would benefit from population-focused research that gives consideration to histories of colonialism and periods of admixture. }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-20 |title=The Philippines' forgotten generation |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-27379710.amp |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=BBC News |language=en-gb}}</ref> Furthermore, as of the year 2025, a recorded 750,000 American citizens (of mostly European ancestry) live in the Philippines.<ref name="ManilaBulletin">[https://mb.com.ph/2025/07/05/us-ph-alliance-stronger-than-everenvoy US-PH alliance 'stronger than ever'—envoy By Raymund Antonio (Manila Bulletin)]"Beyond the economic and defense partnership, the US and Philippines maintain “meaningful people-to-people ties,” which Carlson described is “the foundation of everything we do together.” Some four million Filipinos and Filipino-Americans call the United States their home, while more than 750,000 US citizens are currently living in the Philippines, she noted."</ref> Combined, the American<ref name="ManilaBulletin" /> and Amerasian minority form 1% of the Philippines' population.

==Populations of European descent== {{Further|List of diasporas}} {{columns-list|colwidth=22em| *Albanian diaspora **Kosovar diaspora *Armenian diaspora *Azerbaijani diaspora *Ashkenazi diaspora *Austrian diaspora *Belarusian diaspora *Belgian diaspora **Flemish diaspora **Walloon diaspora *Bosnian diaspora *British diaspora **Cornish diaspora **English diaspora **Manx diaspora **Scottish diaspora **Welsh diaspora *Bulgarian diaspora *Croatian diaspora *Czech diaspora *Danish diaspora *Dutch diaspora *Estonian diaspora *Finnish diaspora *French diaspora **Breton diaspora **Corsican diaspora **Quebec diaspora *Georgian diaspora *German diaspora *Greek diaspora **Greek Cypriot diaspora *Hungarian diaspora *Icelandic diaspora *Irish diaspora *Italian diaspora **Calabrian diaspora **Istrian–Dalmatian diaspora **Niçard diaspora *Latvian diaspora *Lithuanian diaspora *Maltese diaspora *Macedonian diaspora *Montenegrin diaspora *North Caucasian diaspora **Chechen diaspora **Circassian diaspora *Norwegian diaspora *Polish diaspora **Kashubian diaspora *Portuguese diaspora *Romani diaspora *Romanian diaspora **Moldovan diaspora *Russian diaspora *Serb diaspora *Slovak diaspora *Slovene diaspora *Spanish diaspora **Asturian diaspora **Basque diaspora **Canarian diaspora **Catalan diaspora **Galician diaspora **Sephardic diaspora *Swedish diaspora *Swiss diaspora *Ukrainian diaspora **Crimean Tatar diaspora **Ruthenian/Rusyn diaspora}}

==References== {{reflist}}

===Bibliography=== * {{cite book |last1=Bosma |first1=Ulbe |last2=Lucassen |first2=Jan |last3=Oostindie |first3=Gert |year=2012 |chapter=Introduction. Postcolonial Migrations and Identity Politics: Towards a Comparative Perspective |title=Postcolonial Migrants and Identity Politics: Europe, Russia, Japan and the United States in Comparison |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-0857453273}} * {{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-29904-4 |title=Encyclopedia of Diasporas |date=2005 |isbn=978-0-306-48321-9 |editor-last1=Ember |editor-last2=Ember |editor-last3=Skoggard |editor-first1=Melvin |editor-first2=Carol R. |editor-first3=Ian }} * {{cite book|title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire|first=Peter James|last=Marshall|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-521-00254-7}}

{{European diasporas}}{{Diasporas}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Emigration From Europe}} Category:European diaspora Category:European people Europe Category:History of Europe