Ununennium

{{Good article}} {{Infobox ununennium}}<!--Please do not add any fan-made names in this article.-->

'''Ununennium''', also known<ref name="Landau"/> as '''eka-francium''' or '''element 119''', is a hypothetical chemical element; it has symbol '''Uue''' and atomic number 119. ''Ununennium'' and ''Uue'' are the temporary systematic IUPAC name and symbol respectively, which are used until the element has been discovered, confirmed, and a permanent name is decided upon. In the periodic table of the elements, it is expected to be an s-block element, an alkali metal, and the first element in the eighth period. It is the lightest element that has not yet been synthesized.

An attempt to synthesize the element has been ongoing since 2018 in RIKEN in Japan. The Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, plans to make an attempt starting in 2026. The Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou, China (HIRFL) also plans to make an attempt. Theoretical and experimental evidence has shown that the synthesis of ununennium will likely be far more difficult than that of the previous elements.

Ununennium's position as the seventh alkali metal suggests that it would have similar properties to its lighter congeners. However, relativistic effects may cause some of its properties to differ from those expected from a straight application of periodic trends. For example, ununennium is expected to be less reactive than caesium and francium and closer in behavior to potassium or rubidium, and while it should show the characteristic +1 oxidation state of the alkali metals, it is also predicted to show the +3 and +5 oxidation states, which are unknown in any other alkali metal.

==Introduction== {{Excerpt|Superheavy element|Introduction|subsections=yes}}

==History== ===Synthesis attempts=== {{main|Isotopes of ununennium}} ====Past==== Elements 114 to 118 (flerovium through oganesson) were discovered in "hot fusion" reactions at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia. This involved bombarding the actinides plutonium through californium with calcium-48, a quasi-stable neutron-rich isotope which could be used as a projectile to produce more neutron-rich isotopes of superheavy elements.<ref name="Folden" /> (The term "hot" refers to the high excitation energy of the resulting compound nucleus.) This cannot easily be continued to element 119, because it would require a target of the next actinide einsteinium. Tens of milligrams of einsteinium would be needed for a reasonable chance of success, but only micrograms have so far been produced.<ref name=usprogram/> An attempt to make element 119 from calcium-48 and less than a microgram of einsteinium was made in 1985 at the superHILAC accelerator at Berkeley, California, but did not succeed.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lougheed |first1=R. |last2=Landrum |first2=J. |last3=Hulet |first3=E. |last4=Wild |first4=J. |last5=Dougan |first5=R. |last6=Dougan |first6=A. |last7=Gäggeler |first7=H. |last8=Schädel |first8=M. |last9=Moody |first9=K. |display-authors=3 |date=3 June 1985 |title=Search for superheavy elements using the {{sup|48}}Ca + {{sup|254}}Es{{sup|g}} reaction |url=https://journals.aps.org/prc/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevC.32.1760 |journal=Physical Review C |publication-date=1 November 1985 |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=1760–1763 |bibcode=1985PhRvC..32.1760L |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.32.1760 |pmid=9953034 |url-access=registration |access-date=21 March 2022 |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330005749/https://journals.aps.org/prc/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevC.32.1760 |url-status=live }}</ref> :{{nuclide|Es|254}} + {{nuclide|Ca|48}} → {{nuclide|Uue|302}}* → no atoms

More practical production of further superheavy elements requires projectiles heavier than {{sup|48}}Ca,<ref name="Folden">{{cite journal |last1=Folden III |first1=C. M. |last2=Mayorov |first2=D. A. |last3=Werke |first3=T. A. |last4=Alfonso |first4=M. C. |last5=Bennett |first5=M. E. |last6=DeVanzo |first6=M. J. |display-authors=2 |year=2013 |title=Prospects for the discovery of the next new element: Influence of projectiles with ''Z'' > 20 |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012007 |journal=Journal of Physics: Conference Series |publisher=IOP Publishing Ltd |volume=420 |issue=1 |at=012007 |arxiv=1209.0498 |bibcode=2013JPhCS.420a2007F |doi=10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012007 |s2cid=119275964 |access-date=2022-03-21 |archive-date=2022-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321211112/https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012007 |url-status=live }}</ref> but this makes the reaction more symmetric<ref name=search/> and gives it a smaller chance of success.<ref name=usprogram/> Attempts to synthesize element 119 push the limits of current technology, due to the decreasing cross sections of the production reactions and the probably short half-lives of produced isotopes,{{sfn|Zagrebaev|Karpov|Greiner|2013}} expected to be on the order of microseconds.<ref name="Haire" /><ref name="Hofmann">{{cite book |last=Hofmann |first=Sigurd |editor1-first=Walter |editor1-last=Greiner |date=2013 |title=Overview and Perspectives of SHE Research at GSI SHIP |pages=23–32 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-00047-3 |isbn=978-3-319-00046-6 |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1551965 |access-date=2023-06-21 |archive-date=2024-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924104827/https://catalogue.library.cern/legacy/1551965 |url-status=live }}</ref>

From April to September 2012, an attempt to synthesize {{sup|295}}Uue and {{sup|296}}Uue was made by bombarding a target of berkelium-249 with titanium-50 at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt, Germany.<ref name="economist">[https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2012/05/12/turning-a-line Modern alchemy: Turning a line], The Economist, May 12, 2012.</ref><ref name="Khuyagbaatar">{{Cite journal |last=DÜLLMANN |first=CHRISTOPH E. |title=Superheavy Element Research at Tasca at Gsi |year=2013 |journal=Fission and Properties of Neutron-Rich Nuclei |pages=271–277 |publisher=WORLD SCIENTIFIC |doi=10.1142/9789814525435_0029 |isbn=978-981-4525-42-8 }}</ref> This reaction between {{sup|249}}Bk and {{sup|50}}Ti was predicted to be the most favorable practical reaction for formation of ununennium,<ref name="Khuyagbaatar" /> as it is the most asymmetric reaction available.{{sfn|Zagrebaev|Karpov|Greiner|2013}} Moreover, as berkelium-249 decays to californium-249 (the next element) with a short half-life of 327&nbsp;days, this allowed elements 119 and 120 to be searched for simultaneously.<ref name="search">{{cite journal |last1=Khuyagbaatar |first1=J. |last2=Yakushev |first2=A. |last3=Düllmann |first3=Ch. E. |display-authors=etal |date=2020 |title=Search for elements 119 and 120 |url=https://jyx.jyu.fi/bitstream/handle/123456789/73027/2/khuyagbaatarym0812.pdf |journal=Physical Review C |volume=102 |issue=6 |at=064602 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.102.064602 |bibcode=2020PhRvC.102f4602K |hdl=1885/289860 |s2cid=229401931 |access-date=25 January 2021 |archive-date=9 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209203725/https://jyx.jyu.fi/bitstream/handle/123456789/73027/2/khuyagbaatarym0812.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to the predicted short half-lives, the GSI team used new "fast" electronics capable of registering decay events within microseconds.<ref name="Khuyagbaatar" />{{sfn|Zagrebaev|Karpov|Greiner|2013}} :{{nuclide|Bk|249}} + {{nuclide|Ti|50}} → {{nuclide|Uue|299}}* → no atoms :{{nuclide|Cf|249}} + {{nuclide|Ti|50}} → {{nuclide|Ubn|299}}* → no atoms Neither element 119 nor element 120 was observed.<ref name="search" /><ref name="Yakushev">{{cite web | url=http://asrc.jaea.go.jp/soshiki/gr/chiba_gr/workshop3/%26Yakushev.pdf | title=Superheavy Element Research at TASCA | access-date=2024-01-26 | archive-date=2016-03-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082617/http://asrc.jaea.go.jp/soshiki/gr/chiba_gr/workshop3/%26Yakushev.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> The experiment was originally planned to continue to November 2012,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www-win.gsi.de/tasca12/program/contributions/TASCA12_Duellmann.pdf|title=Search for element 119: Christoph E. Düllmann for the ''TASCA E119'' collaboration|access-date=2015-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094201/https://www-win.gsi.de/tasca12/program/contributions/TASCA12_Duellmann.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref> but was stopped early to make use of the {{sup|249}}Bk target to confirm the synthesis of tennessine (thus changing the projectile to {{sup|48}}Ca).<ref name="Yakushev" />

====Present==== [[File:Curium oxide targets.jpg|thumb|The curium oxide targets used by RIKEN for the search for element 119<ref name=nelson/>]] The team at RIKEN in Wakō, Japan began bombarding curium-248 targets with a vanadium-51 beam in January 2018<ref name=sakai22/> to search for element 119. Curium was chosen as a target, rather than heavier berkelium or californium, as these heavier targets are difficult to prepare.<ref name="sakai">{{cite web |url=http://www0.mi.infn.it/~colo/slides_27_2_19/2019-2_Milano-WS_sakai.pdf |title=Search for a New Element at RIKEN Nishina Center |last=Sakai |first=Hideyuki |date=27 February 2019 |website=infn.it |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-date=9 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209203724/http://www0.mi.infn.it/~colo/slides_27_2_19/2019-2_Milano-WS_sakai.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The {{sup|248}}Cm targets were provided by Oak Ridge National Laboratory. RIKEN developed a high-intensity vanadium beam.<ref name=usprogram>{{cite journal |url=https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1896856 |title=The Status and Ambitions of the US Heavy Element Program |first1=J. |last1=Gates |first2=J. |last2=Pore |first3=H. |last3=Crawford |first4=D. |last4=Shaughnessy |first5=M. A. |last5=Stoyer |date=25 October 2022 |website=osti.gov |publisher= |access-date=13 November 2022 |doi=10.2172/1896856 |osti=1896856 |s2cid=253391052 |quote= |archive-date=24 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924104831/https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1896856 |url-status=live }}</ref> The experiment began at a cyclotron while RIKEN upgraded its linear accelerators; the upgrade was completed in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nishina.riken.jp/about/greeting_e.html|title=Greeting &#124; RIKEN Nishina Center|quote=With the completion of the upgrade of the linear accelerator and BigRIPS at the beginning of 2020, the RNC aims to synthesize new elements from element 119 and beyond.|date=1 April 2020|first=Hiroyoshi|last=Sakurai|access-date=5 March 2021|archive-date=2 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202084613/https://www.nishina.riken.jp/about/greeting_e.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Bombardment may be continued with both machines until the first event is observed.<ref name="ball19">{{cite journal |last=Ball |first=P. |title=Extreme chemistry: experiments at the edge of the periodic table |date=2019 |journal=Nature |volume=565 |issue=7741 |pages=552–555 |issn=1476-4687 |doi=10.1038/d41586-019-00285-9 |pmid=30700884 |bibcode=2019Natur.565..552B |s2cid=59524524 |doi-access=free |url=https://www.nature.com/magazine-assets/d41586-019-00285-9/d41586-019-00285-9.pdf |quote="We started the search for element 119 last June," says RIKEN researcher Hideto En'yo. "It will certainly take a long time — years and years — so we will continue the same experiment intermittently for 100 or more days per year, until we or somebody else discovers it." |access-date=2019-08-23 |archive-date=2019-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412102259/https://www.nature.com/magazine-assets/d41586-019-00285-9/d41586-019-00285-9.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="sakai" /> The RIKEN team's efforts are being financed by the Emperor of Japan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eic.rsc.org/feature/the-hunt-is-on/3008580.article |title=The hunt is on |last1=Chapman |first1=Kit |last2=Turner |first2=Kristy |date=13 February 2018 |website=Education in Chemistry |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry |access-date=28 June 2019 |quote=The hunt for element 113 was almost abandoned because of lack of resources, but this time Japan's emperor is bankrolling Riken's efforts to extend the periodic table to its eighth row. |archive-date=20 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720192510/https://eic.rsc.org/feature/the-hunt-is-on/3008580.article |url-status=live }}</ref>

:{{nuclide|curium|248}} + {{nuclide|vanadium|51}} → {{nuclide|ununennium|299}}* → no atoms yet

The produced isotopes of ununennium are expected to undergo two alpha decays to known isotopes of moscovium, {{sup|287}}Mc and {{sup|288}}Mc. This would anchor them to a known sequence of five or six further alpha decays, respectively, and corroborate their production.<ref name=sakai22>{{cite journal |last1=Sakai |first1=Hideyuki |last2=Haba |first2=Hiromitsu |first3=Kouji |last3=Morimoto |first4=Naruhiko |last4=Sakamoto |date=9 December 2022 |title=Facility upgrade for superheavy-element research at RIKEN |journal=The European Physical Journal A |volume=58 |issue=238 |page=238 |doi=10.1140/epja/s10050-022-00888-3 |pmid=36533209 |pmc=9734366 |bibcode=2022EPJA...58..238S }}</ref><ref name=Mc2022>{{Cite journal |title=New isotope {{sup|286}}Mc produced in the {{sup|243}}Am+{{sup|48}}Ca reaction |last1=Oganessian |first1=Yu. Ts. |last2=Utyonkov |first2=V. K. |last3=Kovrizhnykh |first3=N. D. |display-authors=et al. |date=2022 |journal=Physical Review C |volume=106 |number=64306 |article-number=064306 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.106.064306|bibcode=2022PhRvC.106f4306O |s2cid=254435744 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

As of September 2023, the team at RIKEN had run the {{sup|248}}Cm+{{sup|51}}V reaction for 462 days. A report by the RIKEN Nishina Center Advisory Committee noted that this reaction was chosen because of the availability of the target and projectile materials, despite predictions favoring the {{sup|249}}Bk+{{sup|50}}Ti reaction, because the {{sup|50}}Ti projectile is closer to doubly magic {{sup|48}}Ca and has an even atomic number (22); reactions with even-''Z'' projectiles have generally been shown to have greater cross-sections.<ref name=report/> (With that said, {{sup|249}}Bk has the disadvantage of a short half-life.)<ref name=nelson/> The report recommended that if the 5&nbsp;fb cross-section limit is reached without any events observed, then the team should "evaluate and eventually reconsider the experimental strategy before taking additional beam time."<ref name=report>{{cite web |url=https://www.riken.jp/medialibrary/riken/about/reports/evaluation/rnc/ncac/ncac2023-report-e.pdf |title=RIKEN Nishina Center Advisory Committee Report |last= |first= |date=7 September 2023 |website=riken.jp |publisher=Riken |access-date=11 April 2024 |quote= |archive-date=24 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924105317/https://www.riken.jp/medialibrary/riken/about/reports/evaluation/rnc/ncac/ncac2023-report-e.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> As of August 2024, the team at RIKEN was still running this reaction "24/7".<ref name=nelson>{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Felicity |date=15 August 2024 |title=How Japan Took the Lead in the Race to Discover Element 119 |journal=ACS Central Science |volume= 10|issue= 9|pages= 1669–1673|doi=10.1021/acscentsci.4c01266 |doi-access=free |pmid=39507239 |pmc=11539895 }}</ref>

====Planned==== The team at the JINR plans to attempt synthesis of element 119.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jinr.ru/posts/jinr-presented-largest-periodic-table-to-dubna/ |title=JINR presented largest Periodic Table to Dubna |author=Joint Institute for Nuclear Research |date=24 July 2021 |website=jinr.ru |publisher=Joint Institute for Nuclear Research |access-date=27 January 2022 |archive-date=24 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924083007/http://www.jinr.ru/posts/jinr-presented-largest-periodic-table-to-dubna/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In late 2023, the JINR reported the first successful synthesis of a superheavy element with a projectile heavier than {{sup|48}}Ca: {{sup|238}}U was bombarded with {{sup|54}}Cr to make a new isotope of livermorium (element 116), {{sup|288}}Lv. Successful synthesis of a superheavy nuclide in this experiment was an unexpectedly good result; the aim was to experimentally determine the cross-section of a reaction with {{sup|54}}Cr projectiles and prepare for the synthesis of element 120.<ref name=Lv288>{{cite news |url=http://www.jinr.ru/posts/v-lyar-oiyai-vpervye-v-mire-sintezirovan-livermorij-288/ |title=В ЛЯР ОИЯИ впервые в мире синтезирован ливерморий-288 |trans-title=Livermorium-288 was synthesized for the first time in the world at FLNR JINR |language=ru |date=23 October 2023 |publisher=Joint Institute for Nuclear Research |access-date=18 November 2023 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303145516/https://www.jinr.ru/posts/v-lyar-oiyai-vpervye-v-mire-sintezirovan-livermorij-288/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The JINR has also alluded to a future attempt to synthesize element 119 with the same projectile, bombarding {{sup|243}}Am with {{sup|54}}Cr.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jinr.ru/posts/superheavy-element-factory-overview-of-obtained-results/ |title=Superheavy Element Factory: overview of obtained results |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=24 August 2023 |website= |publisher=Joint Institute for Nuclear Research |access-date=7 December 2023 |quote= |archive-date=24 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924104859/https://www.jinr.ru/posts/superheavy-element-factory-overview-of-obtained-results/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In February 2026, Yuri Oganessian at the JINR stated that an experiment to synthesize element 119 should begin in May of that year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grigory Trubnikov’s congratulations on 70th JINR anniversary |url=https://www.jinr.ru/posts/grigory-trubnikov-s-congratulations-on-70th-jinr-anniversary/ |access-date=2026-04-16 |website=Joint Institute for Nuclear Research |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.jinr.ru/posts/v-oiyai-podveli-itogi-139-j-sessii-uchenogo-soveta/ |title=В ОИЯИ подвели итоги 139-й сессии Ученого совета |quote=Научную программу первого дня сессии завершил доклад научного руководителя Лаборатории ядерных реакций имени Г. Н. Флерова Юрия Оганесяна «На пути к синтезу 119-го элемента». В своем выступлении он представил анализ текущего состояния работ по синтезу сверхтяжелых элементов и перспектив расширения периодической таблицы Менделеева. Академик Оганесян рассказал о подготовке к новому эксперименту и о вызовах, стоящих перед учеными. «Этот эксперимент принципиален: он даст ответ, есть ли путь к еще более тяжелым элементам, или же мы уже достигли предела. Теории пока не дают однозначного ответа, поэтому решающее слово остается за экспериментом, который должен начаться уже в этом году», — подчеркнул Юрий Цолакович. |language=ru |date=20 February 2026 |publisher=Joint Institute for Nuclear Research |access-date=22 February 2026 |url-status=live }}</ref> The team at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL), which is operated by the Institute of Modern Physics (IMP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, also plans to try the {{sup|243}}Am+{{sup|54}}Cr reaction.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Chang|last1=Geng|first2=Peng-Hui|last2=Chen|first3=Fei|last3=Niu|first4=Zu-Xing|last4=Yang|first5=Xiang-Hua|last5=Zeng|first6=Zhao-Qing|last6=Feng|date=23 February 2024|title=Assessing the Impact of Nuclear Mass Models on the Prediction of Synthesis Cross Sections for Superheavy Elements|journal=Physical Review C |volume=109 |issue=5 |article-number=054611 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.109.054611 |arxiv=2402.15304v1|bibcode=2024PhRvC.109e4611G }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gan |first1=Z. G. |last2=Huang |first2=W. X. |last3=Zhang |first3=Z. Y. |last4=Zhou |first4=X. H. |last5=Xu |first5=H. S. |date=2022 |title=Results and perspectives for study of heavy and super-heavy nuclei and elements at IMP/CAS |url= |journal=The European Physical Journal A |volume=58 |issue=158 |article-number=158 |doi=10.1140/epja/s10050-022-00811-w |bibcode=2022EPJA...58..158G }}</ref>

===Naming=== Using Mendeleev's nomenclature for unnamed and undiscovered elements, ununennium should be known as ''eka-francium''. Using the 1979 IUPAC recommendations, the element should be temporarily called ''ununennium'' (symbol ''Uue'') until it is discovered, the discovery is confirmed, and a permanent name chosen.<ref name="iupac">{{cite journal |last=Chatt |first=J. |journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry |date=1979 |volume=51 |pages=381–384 |title=Recommendations for the naming of elements of atomic numbers greater than 100 |doi=10.1351/pac197951020381 |issue=2 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Although widely used in the chemical community on all levels, from chemistry classrooms to advanced textbooks, the recommendations are mostly ignored among scientists who work theoretically or experimentally on superheavy elements, who call it "element 119", with the symbol ''E119'', ''(119)'' or ''119''.<ref name="Haire" />

==Predicted properties==

===Nuclear stability and isotopes=== center|thumb|alt=A 2D graph with rectangular cells colored in black-and-white colors, spanning from the llc to the urc, with cells mostly becoming lighter closer to the latter|A chart of nuclide stability as used by the Dubna team in 2010. Characterized isotopes are shown with borders. Beyond element 118 (oganesson, the last known element), the line of known nuclides is expected to rapidly enter a region of instability. The white ring encloses the predicted location of the island of stability.{{sfn|Zagrebaev|Karpov|Greiner|2013}}|400x400px

[[File:Next proton shell.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|right|upright=1.2|Orbitals with high azimuthal quantum number are raised in energy, eliminating what would otherwise be a gap in orbital energy corresponding to a closed proton shell at element 114, as shown in the left diagram which does not take this effect into account. This raises the next proton shell to the region around element 120, as shown in the right diagram, potentially increasing the half-lives of element 119 and 120 isotopes.<ref name="Kratz">{{cite conference |last1=Kratz |first1=J. V. |date=5 September 2011 |title=The Impact of Superheavy Elements on the Chemical and Physical Sciences |url=http://tan11.jinr.ru/pdf/06_Sep/S_1/02_Kratz.pdf |conference=4th International Conference on the Chemistry and Physics of the Transactinide Elements |access-date=27 August 2013 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://tan11.jinr.ru/pdf/06_Sep/S_1/02_Kratz.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>]] The stability of nuclei decreases greatly with the increase in atomic number after curium, element 96, whose half-life is four orders of magnitude longer than that of any currently known higher-numbered element. All isotopes with an atomic number above 101 undergo radioactive decay with half-lives of less than 30 hours. No elements with atomic numbers above 82 (after lead) have stable isotopes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=de Marcillac |first1=Pierre |last2=Coron |first2=Noël |last3=Dambier |first3=Gérard |last4=Leblanc |first4=Jacques |last5=Moalic |first5=Jean-Pierre |display-authors=3 |date=2003 |title=Experimental detection of α-particles from the radioactive decay of natural bismuth |journal=Nature |volume=422 |pages=876–878 |pmid=12712201 |doi=10.1038/nature01541 |issue=6934 |bibcode=2003Natur.422..876D |s2cid=4415582 }}</ref> Nevertheless, for reasons not yet well understood, there is a slight increase of nuclear stability around atomic numbers 110–114, which leads to the appearance of what is known in nuclear physics as the "island of stability". This concept, proposed by University of California professor Glenn Seaborg, explains why superheavy elements last longer than predicted.<ref>{{cite book |title=Van Nostrand's scientific encyclopedia |first1=Glenn D. |last1=Considine |first2=Peter H. |last2=Kulik |publisher=Wiley-Interscience |date=2002 |edition=9th |isbn=978-0-471-33230-5 |oclc=223349096 }}</ref>

The alpha-decay half-lives predicted for ^291–307Uue are on the order of microseconds. The longest alpha-decay half-life predicted is ~485 microseconds for the isotope ²⁹⁴Uue.<ref name="npa07">{{cite journal|journal=Nucl. Phys. A|volume=789|issue=1–4|pages=142–154|title=Predictions of alpha decay half lives of heavy and superheavy elements|author=Chowdhury, P. Roy|author2=Samanta, C. |author3=Basu, D. N. |name-list-style=amp |doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2007.04.001 |bibcode=2007NuPhA.789..142S |arxiv=nucl-th/0703086 |year=2007 |citeseerx=10.1.1.264.8177 |s2cid=7496348}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Phys. Rev. C |volume=77 |issue=4 |at=044603 |title=Search for long lived heaviest nuclei beyond the valley of stability |author=Chowdhury, P. Roy |author2=Samanta, C. |author3=Basu, D. N. |name-list-style=amp |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.77.044603 |bibcode=2008PhRvC..77d4603C |arxiv=0802.3837 |year=2008 |s2cid=119207807}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables|volume=94|issue=6 |pages=781–806|title=Nuclear half-lives for α -radioactivity of elements with 100 ≤ Z ≤ 130 |author=Chowdhury, P. Roy |author2=Samanta, C. |author3=Basu, D. N. |name-list-style=amp |doi=10.1016/j.adt.2008.01.003 |bibcode=2008ADNDT..94..781C |arxiv=0802.4161 |year=2008|s2cid=96718440 }}</ref> When factoring in all decay modes, the predicted half-lives drop further to only tens of microseconds.<ref name="Haire" /><ref name="Hofmann" /> Some heavier isotopes may be more stable; Fricke and Waber predicted ³¹⁵Uue to be the most stable ununennium isotope in 1971.<ref name="Fricke1971" /> This has consequences for the synthesis of ununennium, as isotopes with half-lives below one microsecond would decay before reaching the detector, and the heavier isotopes cannot be synthesised by the collision of any known usable target and projectile nuclei.<ref name="Haire" /><ref name="Hofmann" /> Nevertheless, new theoretical models show that the expected gap in energy between the proton orbitals 2f_7/2 (filled at element 114) and 2f_5/2 (filled at element 120) is smaller than expected, so that element 114 no longer appears to be a stable spherical closed nuclear shell, and this energy gap may increase the stability of elements 119 and 120. The next doubly magic nucleus is now expected to be around the spherical ³⁰⁶Ubb (element 122), but the expected low half-life and low production cross section of this nuclide makes its synthesis challenging.<ref name="Kratz" />

The most likely isotopes of ununennium to be synthesised in the near future are ²⁹³Uue through ²⁹⁶Uue, because they are populated in the 3n and 4n channels of the ²⁴³Am+⁵⁴Cr and ²⁴⁹Bk+⁵⁰Ti reactions.<ref name=jinr2024>{{Cite web |url=https://indico.jinr.ru/event/4343/contributions/28663/attachments/20748/36083/U%20+%20Cr%20AYSS%202024.pptx |title=Synthesis and study of the decay properties of isotopes of superheavy element Lv in Reactions ²³⁸U + ⁵⁴Cr and ²⁴²Pu + ⁵⁰Ti |last=Ibadullayev |first=Dastan |date=2024 |website=jinr.ru |publisher=Joint Institute for Nuclear Research |access-date=2 November 2024 |quote=}}</ref>

===Atomic and physical=== Being the first period 8 element, ununennium is predicted to be an alkali metal, taking its place in the periodic table below lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium, and francium. Each of these elements has one valence electron in the outermost s-orbital (valence electron configuration ''n''s¹), which is easily lost in chemical reactions to form the +1 oxidation state: thus, the alkali metals are very reactive elements. Ununennium is predicted to continue the trend and have a valence electron configuration of 8s¹. It is therefore expected to behave much like its lighter congeners; however, it is also predicted to differ from the lighter alkali metals in some properties.<ref name="Haire" />

The main reason for the predicted differences between ununennium and the other alkali metals is the spin–orbit (SO) interaction—the mutual interaction between the electrons' motion and spin. The SO interaction is especially strong for the superheavy elements because their electrons move faster—at speeds comparable to the speed of light—than those in lighter atoms.<ref name="Thayer" /> In ununennium atoms, it lowers the 7p and 8s electron energy levels,<!-- |level is an important word. Lv has no 8s electrons but they've been shown to affect its chemistry--> stabilizing the corresponding electrons, but two of the 7p electron energy levels are more stabilized than the other four.<ref name="Faegri">{{Cite journal | last1 = Fægri Jr. | first1 = Knut | last2 = Saue | first2 = Trond | doi = 10.1063/1.1385366 | title = Diatomic molecules between very heavy elements of group 13 and group 17: A study of relativistic effects on bonding | journal = The Journal of Chemical Physics | volume = 115 | issue = 6 | page = 2456 | year = 2001 |bibcode = 2001JChPh.115.2456F | doi-access = free }}</ref> The effect is called subshell splitting, as it splits the 7p subshell into more-stabilized and the less-stabilized parts. Computational chemists understand the split as a change of the second (azimuthal) quantum number ''ℓ'' from 1 to {{frac|1|2}} and {{frac|3|2}} for the more-stabilized and less-stabilized parts of the 7p subshell, respectively.<ref name="Thayer" />{{efn|The quantum number corresponds to the letter in the electron orbital name: 0 to s, 1 to p, 2 to d, etc. See azimuthal quantum number for more information.}} Thus, the outer 8s electron of ununennium is stabilized and becomes harder to remove than expected, while the 7p_3/2 electrons are correspondingly destabilized, perhaps allowing them to participate in chemical reactions.<ref name="Haire" /> This stabilization of the outermost s-orbital (already significant in francium) is the key factor affecting ununennium's chemistry, and causes all the trends for atomic and molecular properties of alkali metals to reverse direction after caesium.<ref name="Pershina" />

{| align="center" | valign=bottom | [[File:Atomic radius of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|none|upright=1.2|Empirical (Na–Cs, Mg–Ra) and predicted (Fr–Uhp, Ubn–Uhh) atomic radii of the alkali and alkaline earth metals from the third to the ninth period, measured in angstroms<ref name="Haire" /><ref name="pyykko" />]] | valign=bottom | [[File:Electron affinity of alkali metals.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|none|upright=1.2|Empirical (Na–Cs), semi-empirical (Fr), and predicted (Uue) electron affinities of the alkali metals from the third to the eighth period, measured in electron volts.<ref name="Haire" /><ref name="pyykko" /> They decrease from Li to Cs, but the Fr value, {{val|492|10|u=meV}}, is 20&nbsp;meV higher than that of Cs, and that of Uue is much higher still at 662&nbsp;meV.<ref name="Landau">{{cite journal |last1=Landau |first1=Arie |last2=Eliav |first2=Ephraim |first3=Yasuyuki |last3=Ishikawa |first4=Uzi |last4=Kador |date=25 May 2001 |title=Benchmark calculations of electron affinities of the alkali atoms sodium to eka-francium (element 119) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234859102 |journal=Journal of Chemical Physics |volume=115 |issue=6 |pages=2389–2392 |doi=10.1063/1.1386413 |access-date=15 September 2015|bibcode=2001JChPh.115.2389L }}</ref>]] | valign=bottom | class=skin-invert-image|thumb|none |upright=1.25|Empirical (Na–Fr, Mg–Ra) and predicted (Uue–Uhp, Ubn–Uhh) ionization energy of the alkali and alkaline earth metals from the third to the ninth period, measured in electron volts<ref name="Haire" /><ref name="pyykko">{{Cite journal|last1=Pyykkö|first1=Pekka|title=A suggested periodic table up to Z ≤ 172, based on Dirac–Fock calculations on atoms and ions|journal=Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=161–168|date=2011|pmid=20967377|doi=10.1039/c0cp01575j|bibcode=2011PCCP...13..161P |s2cid=31590563 }}</ref> |}

Due to the stabilization of its outer 8s electron, ununennium's first ionization energy—the energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom—is predicted to be 4.53&nbsp;eV, higher than those of the known alkali metals from potassium onward. This effect is so large that unbiunium (element 121) is predicted to have a lower ionization energy of 4.45&nbsp;eV, so that the alkali metal in period 8 would not have the lowest ionization energy in the period, as is true for all previous periods.<ref name="Haire" /> Ununennium's electron affinity is expected to be far greater than that of caesium and francium; indeed, ununennium is expected to have an electron affinity higher than all the alkali metals lighter than it at about 0.662&nbsp;eV, close to that of cobalt (0.662&nbsp;eV) and chromium (0.676&nbsp;eV).<ref name="Landau" /> Relativistic effects also cause a very large drop in the polarizability of ununennium<ref name="Haire" /> to 169.7&nbsp;a.u.<ref name="Borschevsky">{{cite journal |last1=Borschevsky |first1=A. |last2=Pershina |first2=V. |last3=Eliav |first3=E. |last4=Kaldor |first4=U. |date=22 March 2013 |title=''Ab initio'' studies of atomic properties and experimental behavior of element 119 and its lighter homologs |journal=The Journal of Chemical Physics |volume=138 |issue=12 |at=124302 |doi=10.1063/1.4795433 |pmid=23556718 |bibcode=2013JChPh.138l4302B |url=http://repository.gsi.de/record/52121/files/PHN-ENNA-THEORY-08.pdf |access-date=5 December 2018 |archive-date=15 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315200718/https://repository.gsi.de/record/52121/files/PHN-ENNA-THEORY-08.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Indeed, the static dipole polarisability (α_''D'') of ununennium, a quantity for which the impacts of relativity are proportional to the square of the element's atomic number, has been calculated to be small and similar to that of sodium.<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=3 |last1=Lim |first1=Ivan S. |last2=Pernpointner |first2=Markus |first3=Michael |last3=Seth |first4=Jon K. |last4=Laerdahl |first5=Peter |last5=Schwerdtfeger |first6=Pavel |last6=Neogrady |first7=Miroslav |last7=Urban |date=1999 |title=Relativistic coupled-cluster static dipole polarizabilities of the alkali metals from Li to element 119 |journal=Physical Review A |volume=60 |issue=4 |at=2822 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevA.60.2822 |bibcode=1999PhRvA..60.2822L}}</ref>

The electron of the hydrogen-like ununennium atom—oxidized so it has only one electron, Uue¹¹⁸⁺—is predicted to move so quickly that its mass is 1.99 times that of a non-moving electron, a consequence of relativistic effects. For comparison, the figure for hydrogen-like francium is 1.29 and the figure for hydrogen-like caesium is 1.091.<ref name="Thayer" /> According to simple extrapolations of relativity laws, that indirectly indicates the contraction of the atomic radius<ref name="Thayer" /> to around 240&nbsp;pm,<ref name="Haire" /> very close to that of rubidium (247&nbsp;pm); the metallic radius is also correspondingly lowered to 260&nbsp;pm.<ref name="Haire" /> The ionic radius of Uue⁺ is expected to be 180&nbsp;pm.<ref name="Haire" />

Ununennium is predicted to have a melting point between 0&nbsp;°C and 30&nbsp;°C: thus it may be a liquid at room temperature.{{Fricke1975}} It is not known whether this continues the trend of decreasing melting points down the group, as caesium's melting point is 28.5&nbsp;°C and francium's is estimated to be around 8.0&nbsp;°C.<ref name="L&P">{{cite book |title=Analytical Chemistry of Technetium, Promethium, Astatine, and Francium |first1=Avgusta Konstantinovna |last1=Lavrukhina |first2=Aleksandr Aleksandrovich |last2=Pozdnyakov |year=1970 |publisher=Ann Arbor–Humphrey Science Publishers |others=Translated by R. Kondor |isbn=978-0-250-39923-9 |page=269}}</ref> The boiling point of ununennium is expected to be around 630&nbsp;°C, similar to that of francium, estimated to be around 620&nbsp;°C; this is lower than caesium's boiling point of 671&nbsp;°C.<ref name="Fricke1971" /><ref name="L&P" /> The density of ununennium has been variously predicted to be between 3 and 4&nbsp;g/cm³, continuing the trend of increasing density down the group: the density of francium is estimated at 2.48&nbsp;g/cm³, and that of caesium is known to be 1.93&nbsp;g/cm³.<ref name="Fricke1971" /><ref name="B&K" /><ref name="L&P" />

===Chemical=== {| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:85%;" |+ Bond lengths and bond-dissociation energies of alkali metal dimers. Data for Fr{{sub|2}} and Uue{{sub|2}} are predicted.<ref name="Liddle" /> ! Dimer ! Bond length<br />(Å) ! Bond-dissociation<br />energy (kJ/mol) |- ! Li{{sub|2}} | 2.673 | 101.9 |- ! Na{{sub|2}} | 3.079 | 72.04 |- ! K{{sub|2}} | 3.924 | 53.25 |- ! Rb{{sub|2}} | 4.210 | 47.77 |- ! Cs{{sub|2}} | 4.648 | 43.66 |- ! Fr{{sub|2}} | ~ 4.61 | ~ 42.1 |- ! Uue{{sub|2}} | ~ 4.27 | ~ 53.4 |} The chemistry of ununennium is predicted to be similar to that of the alkali metals,<ref name="Haire" /> but it would probably behave more like potassium<ref name="EB">{{cite web|author=Seaborg|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/603220/transuranium-element|title=transuranium element (chemical element)|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=c. 2006|access-date=2010-03-16|archive-date=2010-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130112151/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/603220/transuranium-element|url-status=live}}</ref> or rubidium<ref name="Haire" /> than caesium or francium. This is due to relativistic effects, as in their absence periodic trends would predict ununennium to be even more reactive than caesium and francium. This lowered reactivity is due to the relativistic stabilization of ununennium's valence electron, increasing ununennium's first ionization energy and decreasing the metallic and ionic radii;<ref name="EB" /> this effect is already seen for francium.<ref name="Haire" />

The chemistry of ununennium in the +1-oxidation state should be more similar to the chemistry of rubidium than to that of francium. On the other hand, the ionic radius of the Uue{{sup|+}} ion is predicted to be larger than that of Rb{{sup|+}}, because the 7p orbitals are destabilized and are thus larger than the p-orbitals of the lower shells. Ununennium may also show the +3 oxidation state,<ref name="Haire" /> which is not seen in any other alkali metal,<ref name="Greenwood&Earnshaw">{{Greenwood&Earnshaw|p=28}}</ref> in addition to the +1 oxidation state that is characteristic of the other alkali metals and is also the main oxidation state of all the known alkali metals: this is because of the destabilization and expansion of the 7p{{sub|3/2}} spinor, causing its outermost electrons to have a lower ionization energy than what would otherwise be expected.<ref name="Haire" /><ref name="Greenwood&Earnshaw" /> The 7p{{sub|3/2}} spinor's chemical activity has been suggested to make the +5 oxidation state possible in [UueF{{sub|6}}]{{sup|−}}, analogous to [SbF{{sub|6}}]{{sup|−}} or [BrF{{sub|6}}]{{sup|−}}. The analogous francium(V) compound, [FrF{{sub|6}}]{{sup|−}}, might also be achievable, but is not experimentally known.<ref name=Cao/>

Many ununennium compounds are expected to have a large covalent character, due to the involvement of the 7p{{sub|3/2}} electrons in the bonding: this effect is also seen to a lesser extent in francium, which shows some 6p{{sub|3/2}} contribution to the bonding in francium superoxide (FrO{{sub|2}}).<ref name="Thayer">{{cite book |last1=Thayer |first1=John S. |editor-last1=Maria |editor-first1=Barysz |editor-last2=Ishikawa |editor-first2=Yasuyuki |title=Relativistic Methods for Chemists |volume=10 |date=2010 |pages=63–67, 81, 84 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2|chapter=Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements |publisher=Springer Netherlands |isbn=978-1-4020-9974-8 |series=Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics }}</ref> Thus, instead of ununennium being the most electropositive element, as a simple extrapolation would seem to indicate, caesium retains this position, with ununennium's electronegativity most likely being close to sodium's (0.93 on the Pauling scale).<ref name="Pershina" /> The standard reduction potential of the Uue{{sup|+}}/Uue couple is predicted to be −2.9&nbsp;V, the same as that of the Fr{{sup|+}}/Fr couple and just over that of the K{{sup|+}}/K couple at −2.931&nbsp;V.{{Fricke1975|name}}

:{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:85%;" |+ Bond lengths and bond-dissociation energies of MAu (M = an alkali metal). All data are predicted, except for the bond-dissociation energies of KAu, RbAu, and CsAu.<ref name="Pershina" /> ! Compound ! Bond length<br />(Å) ! Bond-dissociation<br />energy (kJ/mol) |- ! KAu | 2.856 | 2.75 |- ! RbAu | 2.967 | 2.48 |- ! CsAu | 3.050 | 2.53 |- ! FrAu | 3.097 | 2.75 |- ! UueAu | 3.074 | 2.44 |}

In the gas phase, and at very low temperatures in the condensed phase, the alkali metals form covalently bonded diatomic molecules. The metal–metal bond lengths in these M{{sub|2}} molecules increase down the group from Li{{sub|2}} to Cs{{sub|2}}, but then decrease after that to Uue{{sub|2}}, due to the aforementioned relativistic effects that stabilize the 8s orbital. The opposite trend is shown for the metal–metal bond-dissociation energies. The Uue–Uue bond should be slightly stronger than the K–K bond.<ref name="Pershina" /><ref name="Liddle">{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Cameron |last2=Mountford |first2=Philip |last3=Stasch |first3=Andreas |last4=Blake |first4=Matthew P. |editor-last=Liddle |editor-first=Stephen T. |title=Molecular Metal-Metal Bonds: Compounds, Synthesis, Properties |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |date=22 June 2015 |pages=23–24 |chapter=s-block Metal-Metal Bonds |isbn=978-3-527-33541-1}}</ref> From these M{{sub|2}} dissociation energies, the enthalpy of sublimation (Δ''H''{{sub|sub}}) of ununennium is predicted to be 94&nbsp;kJ/mol (the value for francium should be around 77&nbsp;kJ/mol).<ref name="Pershina" />

The UueF molecule is expected to have a significant covalent character owing to the high electron affinity of ununennium. The bonding in UueF is predominantly between a 7p orbital on ununennium and a 2p orbital on fluorine, with lesser contributions from the 2s orbital of fluorine and the 8s, 6d_''z''², and the two other 7p orbitals of ununennium. This is very different from the behaviour of s-block elements, as well as gold and mercury, in which the s-orbitals (sometimes mixed with d-orbitals) are the ones participating in the bonding. The Uue–F bond is relativistically expanded due to the splitting of the 7p orbital into 7p{{sub|1/2}} and 7p{{sub|3/2}} spinors, forcing the bonding electrons into the largest orbital measured by radial extent: a similar expansion in bond length is found in the hydrides AtH and TsH.<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=3 |last1=Miranda |first1=P. S. |last2=Mendes |first2=A. P. S. |first3=J. S. |last3=Gomes |first4=C. N. |last4=Alves |first5=A. R. |last5=de Souza |first6=J. R. |last6=Sambrano |first7=R. |last7=Gargano |first8=L. G. M. |last8=de Macedo |date=2012 |title=Ab Initio Correlated All Electron Dirac-Fock Calculations for Eka-Francium Fluoride (E119F) |journal=Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=1104–1113 |doi=10.1590/S0103-50532012000600015 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262650693 |access-date=14 January 2018 |doi-access=free|hdl=11449/41585 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The Uue–Au bond should be the weakest of all bonds between gold and an alkali metal, but should still be stable. This gives extrapolated medium-sized adsorption enthalpies (−Δ''H''{{sub|ads}}) of 106&nbsp;kJ/mol on gold (the francium value should be 136&nbsp;kJ/mol), 76&nbsp;kJ/mol on platinum, and 63&nbsp;kJ/mol on silver, the smallest of all the alkali metals, that demonstrate that it would be feasible to study the chromatographic adsorption of ununennium onto surfaces made of noble metals.<ref name="Pershina" /> The enthalpy of adsorption of ununennium on a Teflon surface is predicted to be 17.6&nbsp;kJ/mol, which would be the lowest among the alkali metals.<ref name="Borschevsky" /> The Δ''H''{{sub|sub}} and −Δ''H''{{sub|ads}} values for the alkali metals change in opposite directions as atomic number increases.<ref name="Pershina" />

==See also== * Extended periodic table

==Notes== {{notelist}}

==References== {{Reflist|refs=

}}

==Bibliography== * {{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Audi et al.|2017}} |title=The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties |doi=10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001 |last1=Audi |first1=G. |last2=Kondev |first2=F. G. |last3=Wang |first3=M. |last4=Huang |first4=W. J. |last5=Naimi |first5=S. |display-authors=3 |journal=Chinese Physics C |volume=41 |number=3|article-number=030001 |year=2017 |bibcode=2017ChPhC..41c0001A |url=http://cms.iopscience.org/ac0c0614-0d60-11e7-9a47-19ee90157113/030001.pdf?guest=true}}<!--for consistency and specific pages, do not replace with {{NUBASE2016}}--> * {{cite book|last=Beiser|first=A.|title=Concepts of modern physics|date=2003|publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-07-244848-1|edition=6th|oclc=48965418}} * {{cite book |last1=Hoffman |first1=D. C. |author-link=Darleane C. Hoffman |last2=Ghiorso |first2=A. |author-link2=Albert Ghiorso |last3=Seaborg |first3=G. T. |title=The Transuranium People: The Inside Story |year=2000 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-1-78-326244-1}} * {{cite book|last=Kragh|first=H.|author-link=Helge Kragh|date=2018 |title=From Transuranic to Superheavy Elements: A Story of Dispute and Creation |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-75813-8}} * {{cite journal|last1=Zagrebaev|first1=V.|last2=Karpov|first2=A.|last3=Greiner|first3=W.|date=2013 |title=Future of superheavy element research: Which nuclei could be synthesized within the next few years? |journal=Journal of Physics: Conference Series|volume=420|issue=1|at=012001|doi=10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012001|arxiv=1207.5700|bibcode=2013JPhCS.420a2001Z|s2cid=55434734|issn=1742-6588}}

==External links== * {{Wiktionary-inline}}

{{Extended periodic table (by Fricke, 32 columns, compact)}}

Category:Ununennium Category:Alkali metals 119