{{Short description|Automatic imitative actions}} '''Echophenomenon''' (also known as '''echo phenomenon'''; from Ancient Greek ἠχώ (ēkhṓ) "echo, reflected sound") is "automatic imitative actions without explicit awareness"<ref name=Ganos>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ganos C, Ogrzal T, Schnitzler A, Münchau A |title=The pathophysiology of echopraxia/echolalia: relevance to Gilles de la Tourette syndrome |journal=Mov. Disord. |volume=27 |issue=10 |pages=1222–9 |date=September 2012 |pmid=22807284 |doi=10.1002/mds.25103}}</ref> or pathological repetitions of external stimuli or activities, actions, sounds, or phrases, indicative of an underlying disorder.<ref name=Ford>{{cite journal |author= Ford RA |title= The psychopathology of echophenomena |journal= Psychol Med |year= 1989 |volume= 19 |issue= 3 |pages= 627–635 |pmid= 2477866 |doi=10.1017/s0033291700024223}}</ref><ref name=Kawohl>{{cite journal |vauthors= Kawohl W, Podoll K |title= Contour copying or echoplasia – a new echo phenomenon in a person with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome |journal= Psychopathology |year= 2008 |volume= 41 |issue= 3 |pages= 201–2 |doi= 10.1159/000120989 |pmid= 18337631 |url= https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/10506/2/ES2008-39_wkV.pdf |access-date= 2019-12-14 |archive-date= 2021-08-08 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210808154142/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/10506/2/ES2008-39_wkV.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> The echophenomena include repetition:<ref name=Ganos/> * echolalia (syn. echophrasia) – of vocalizations (the most common of the echophenomena)<ref name=Ganos/> ** echopalilalia – of words<ref name="Campbell2009"/> ** echothanatologia - of words centered on death, described in a review of grief in the context of neurodevelopmental disorders<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Mair |first=Ally Pax Arcari |last2=Nimbley |first2=Emy |last3=McConachie |first3=Doug |last4=Goodall |first4=Karen |last5=Gillespie-Smith |first5=Karri |date=2024-04-03 |title=Understanding the Neurodiversity of Grief: A Systematic Literature Review of Experiences of Grief and Loss in the Context of Neurodevelopmental Disorders |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-024-00447-0 |journal=Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders |language=en |doi=10.1007/s40489-024-00447-0 |issn=2195-7185|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.11820/a719370b-7c93-4e24-8d2c-447e00303cf4 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> * echopraxia (syn. echokinesis, echomatism<ref name="Campbell2009"/>) – of actions, movements ** echothanatopraxia - of actions related to the cause of death<ref name=":0" /> * echopathy – of actions or speech<ref name="Campbell2009">{{cite book |author=Robert Jean Campbell |title=Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=76vPu_G2UkgC&pg=PA317 |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-534159-1 |pages=317}}</ref> * echoplasia – physically or mentally, tracing contours of objects<ref name=Ganos/><ref name=Kawohl/> * echolalioplasia – involving sign language, described in one individual with Tourette syndrome ({{as of|2012|lc=on}}).<ref name= Ganos/><ref name=Lang>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lang AE, Consky E, Sandor P |title= "Signing tics"--insights into the pathophysiology of symptoms in Tourette's syndrome | journal = Ann Neurol |year= 1993 |volume= 33 |issue= 2 |pages= 212–5 |pmid = 8434883 |doi=10.1002/ana.410330212}}</ref>
==References== {{Reflist}}
Category:Tourette syndrome Category:Symptoms of schizophrenia