{{short description|First series of the Permian}} {{Infobox geologic timespan | name = Cisuralian | color = Cisuralian | top_bar = | time_start = 298.9 | time_start_uncertainty = 0.15 | time_end = 274.4 | time_end_uncertainty = 0.4 | image_map = Mollweide Paleographic Map of Earth, 285 Ma (Artinskian Age).png | caption_map = A map of Earth 285 million years ago during the Cisuralian Epoch, Artinskian Age | image_outcrop = | caption_outcrop = | image_art = | caption_art = <!--Chronology--> | timeline = Permian <!--Etymology--> | name_formality = Formal | name_accept_date = | alternate_spellings = | synonym1 = Early/Lower Permian | synonym1_coined = | synonym2 = | synonym2_coined = | synonym3 = | synonym3_coined = | nicknames = | former_names = | proposed_names = <!--Usage Information--> | celestial_body = earth | usage = Global (ICS) | timescales_used = ICS Time Scale | formerly_used_by = | not_used_by = <!--Definition--> | chrono_unit = Epoch | strat_unit = Series | proposed_by = | timespan_formality = Formal | lower_boundary_def = FAD of the conodont ''Streptognathodus isolatus'' within the morphotype ''Streptognathodus wabaunsensis'' chronocline | lower_gssp_location = Aidaralash, Ural Mountains, Kazakhstan | lower_gssp_coords = {{Coord|50.2458|N|57.8914|E|display=inline}} | lower_gssp_accept_date = 1996<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Davydov |first1=Vladimir |last2=Glenister |first2=Brian |last3=Spinosa |first3=Claude |last4=Ritter |first4=Scott |last5=Chernykh |first5=V. |last6=Wardlaw |first6=B. |last7=Snyder |first7=W. |title=Proposal of Aidaralash as Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Permian System |journal=Episodes |date=March 1998 |volume=21 |pages=11–18 |doi=10.18814/epiiugs/1998/v21i1/003 |doi-access=free |url=https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/files/asselian.pdf |access-date=7 December 2020}}</ref> | upper_boundary_def = FAD of the Conodont ''Jinogondolella nanginkensis'' | upper_gssp_location = Stratotype Canyon, Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, United States | upper_gssp_coords = {{Coord|31.8767|N|104.8768|W|display=inline}} | upper_gssp_accept_date = 2001<ref>{{cite web |title=GSSP for Roadian Stage |url=https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/roadian |website=International Commission on Stratigraphy |access-date=13 December 2020}}</ref> <!--Atmospheric and Climatic Data--> | o2 = | co2 = | temp = | sea_level = }}
The '''Cisuralian,''' also known as the '''Early Permian''', is the first series/epoch of the Permian. The Cisuralian was preceded by the Pennsylvanian and followed by the Guadalupian. The Cisuralian Epoch is named after the western slopes of the Ural Mountains in Russia and Kazakhstan and dates between 298.9 ± 0.15 – 274.4 ± 0.4 Ma.<ref name="a2004">{{cite book |isbn=978-0-521-78673-7|title=A Geologic Time Scale 2004|last1=Gradstein|first1=Felix M.|last2=Ogg|first2=James G.|last3=Smith|first3=Alan G.|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref>
In the regional stratigraphy of southwestern North America, the Cisuralian encompasses two series: the '''Wolfcampian''' (Asselian to mid-Artinskian) and '''Leonardian''' (mid-Artinskian to Kungurian).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ross |first1=C. A. |last2=Ross |first2=June R. P. |title=The Permian of Northern Pangea |chapter=Permian Sequence Stratigraphy |date=1995 |pages=98–123 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-78593-1_7 |isbn=978-3-642-78595-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Permian: Stratigraphy |url=https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/permian/permstrat.html |access-date=17 June 2021 |website=UC Museum of Paleontology |publisher=University of California Berkeley}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Henderson |first1=C.M. |title=The Permian Period |date=2020 |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128243602000243 |work=Geologic Time Scale 2020 |pages=875–902 |access-date=2023-09-12 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-824360-2.00024-3 |isbn=978-0-12-824360-2 |last2=Shen |first2=S.Z. |last3=Gradstein |first3=F.M. |last4=Agterberg |first4=F.P.|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
The series saw the appearance of beetles and flies and was a relatively stable warming period of about 21 million years.
==Name and background==
The Cisuralian is the first series or epoch of the Permian.<ref name="Chart">{{cite web |last1=International Commission on Stratigraphy |title=Chart |url=http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale |access-date=10 July 2018}}</ref> The Cisuralian was preceded by the last Pennsylvanian epoch (Gzhelian) and is followed by the Permian Guadalupian Epoch.
The name "Cisuralian" was proposed in 1982,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gradstein |first1=Felix M. |last2=Ogg |first2=James G. |last3=Smith |first3=Alan G. |title=A geologic time scale 2004 |date=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-78673-7|page=250 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rse4v1P-f9kC&pg=PA254}}</ref> and approved by the International Subcommission on Permian Stratigraphy in 1996.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ganelin |first1=V.G. |last2=Goman'kov |first2=A.V. |last3=Grunt |first3=T.A. |last4=Durante |first4=M.V. |title=On the revised stratigraphic scale for the Permian System adopted at the Second Guadalupian Symposium, alpine, Texas, USA, April 1996 |journal=Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation |date=January 1997 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=126–130 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289289471}}</ref> The Cisuralian Epoch is named after the western slopes of the Ural Mountains in Russia and Kazakhstan.<ref name="Perm">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Permian Period|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Permian-Period|access-date=18 April 2019|date=16 October 2018|author-link=June Ross|last2=Ross|first2=Charles A.|first1=June R.P.|last1=Ross}}</ref><ref name="Paleos">{{cite web |title=The Cisuralian Epoch |url=http://palaeos.com/paleozoic/permian/cisuralian.html |first1= M. Alan |last1=Kazlev |date= 4 May 2002 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=palaeos.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Allaby |first1=Michael |title=A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |edition=4th |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199653065.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-965306-5 }}</ref>
Limestones on the edge of Russian Platform and make up the Ishimbay oil fields. These oil fields were vital to the Soviet Union during WW2 when the Germans controlled the oil fields to the west.<ref name="Perm"/>
The International Chronostratigraphic Chart (v2018/07)<ref name="Chart" /> provides a numerical age of 298.9 ± 0.15 – 272.3 ± 0.5 Ma.<ref>{{cite web |last1=International Commission on Stratigraphy |title=GSSPs |url=http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-gssps |access-date=10 July 2018}}</ref>
The base of the Cisuralian series and the Permian system is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where fossils of the conodont ''Streptognathodus isolatus'' first appear. The global reference profile for the base (the GSSP or golden spike) is located in the valley of the Aidaralash River, near Aqtöbe in the Ural Mountains of Kazakhstan.<ref>{{aut|Davydov, V.I.; Glenister, B.F.; Spinosa, C.; Ritter, S.M.; Chernykh, V.V.; Wardlaw, B.R. and Snyder, W.S.}}; '''1998''': ''Proposal of Aidaralash as Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Permian System'', Episodes '''21'''(1): pp 11–18.</ref>
==Geography== thumb|300px|left|The world at the start of the Cisuralian Gondwana collided with Laurussia and created the Alleghenian orogeny in present-day North America.<ref name="Perm"/> In northwestern Europe, the Hercynian orogeny continued.<ref name="Perm"/> This created the large supercontinent, Pangea, by the middle of the early Permian, which was to have an impact on the climate.<ref name="Perm"/> {{clear|left}}
==Climate== At the start of the Permian, the Late Palaeozoic Ice Age, which began in the Carboniferous, was at its peak. Glaciers receded over the course of the late Cisuralian as the Earth's climate gradually warmed,<ref name="ChristopherScotese">{{Cite journal |last1=Scotese |first1=Christopher R. |last2=Song |first2=Haijun |last3=Mills |first3=Benjamin J. W. |last4=van der Meer |first4=Douwe G. |date=April 2021 |title=Phanerozoic paleotemperatures: The earth's changing climate during the last 540 million years |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012825221000027 |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |volume=215 |article-number=103503 |bibcode=2021ESRv..21503503S |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103503 |issn=0012-8252 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108000000/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103503 |archive-date=8 January 2021 |s2cid=233579194 |access-date=18 March 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref> particularly during the Artinskian Warming Event,<ref name="MarchettiEtAl">{{cite journal |last1=Marchetti |first1=Lorenzo |last2=Forte |first2=Giuseppa |last3=Kustatscher |first3=Evelyn |last4=DiMichele |first4=William A. |last5=Lucas |first5=Spencer G. |last6=Roghi |first6=Guido |last7=Juncal |first7=Manuel A. |last8=Hartkopf-Fröder |first8=Christoph |last9=Krainer |first9=Karl |last10=Morelli |first10=Corrado |last11=Ronchi |first11=Ausonio |date=March 2022 |title=The Artinskian Warming Event: an Euramerican change in climate and the terrestrial biota during the early Permian |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S001282522200006X |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |volume=226 |article-number=103922 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103922 |bibcode=2022ESRv..22603922M |s2cid=245892961 |access-date=30 October 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref> drying the continent's interiors.<ref name="MichelEtAl2015">{{cite journal |last1=Michel |first1=Lauren A. |last2=Tabor |first2=Neil J. |last3=Montañez |first3=Isabel P. |last4=Schmitz |first4=Mark D. |last5=Davydov |first5=Vladimir |date=15 July 2015 |title=Chronostratigraphy and Paleoclimatology of the Lodève Basin, France: Evidence for a pan-tropical aridification event across the Carboniferous–Permian boundary |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=430 |pages=118–131 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.03.020 |bibcode=2015PPP...430..118M |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="palaeos.com">[http://palaeos.com/paleozoic/permian/permian.htm Palaeos: Life Through Deep Time > The Permian Period] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629232721/http://palaeos.com/paleozoic/permian/permian.htm |date=2013-06-29 }} Accessed 1 April 2013.</ref><ref name="Grossman2008">{{cite journal |last1=Grossman |first1=Ethan L. |last2=Yancey |first2=Thomas E. |last3=Jones |first3=Thomas E. |last4=Bruckschen |first4=Peter |last5=Chuvashov |first5=Boris |last6=Mazzullo |first6=S. J. |last7=Mii |first7=Horng-sheng |date=24 October 2008 |title=Glaciation, aridification, and carbon sequestration in the Permo-Carboniferous: The isotopic record from low latitudes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018208003027#! |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=286 |issue=3–4 |pages=222–233 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.03.053 |bibcode=2008PPP...268..222G |access-date=30 October 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The pan-tropical belt of Pangaea experienced particularly significant aridification during this epoch.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Forte |first1=Giuseppa |last2=Kustatscher |first2=Evelyn |last3=Roghi |first3=Guido |last4=Preto |first4=Nereo |date=15 April 2018 |title=The Permian (Kungurian, Cisuralian) palaeoenvironment and palaeoclimate of the Tregiovo Basin, Italy: Palaeobotanical, palynological and geochemical investigations |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018217308805 |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=495 |pages=186–204 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.01.012 |bibcode=2018PPP...495..186F |access-date=22 December 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="MujalEtAl2018">{{cite journal |last1=Mujal |first1=Eudald |last2=Fortuny |first2=Josep |last3=Marmi |first3=Josep |last4=Dinarès-Turell |first4=Jaume |last5=Bolet |first5=Arnau |last6=Oms |first6=Oriol |date=January 2018 |title=Aridification across the Carboniferous–Permian transition in central equatorial Pangea: The Catalan Pyrenean succession (NE Iberian Peninsula) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0037073817302476 |journal=Sedimentary Geology |volume=363 |pages=48–68 |doi=10.1016/j.sedgeo.2017.11.005 |bibcode=2018SedG..363...48M |s2cid=133713470 |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Matamales-Andreu |first1=Rafal |last2=Mujal |first2=Eudald |last3=Dinarès-Turell |first3=Jaume |last4=Kustatcher |first4=Evelyn |last5=Roghi |first5=Guido |last6=Oms |first6=Oriol |last7=Galobart |first7=Àngel |last8=Fortuny |first8=Josep |date=May 2022 |title=Early–middle Permian ecosystems of equatorial Pangaea: Integrated multi-stratigraphic and palaeontological review of the Permian of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012825222000320 |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |volume=228 |article-number=103948 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103948 |bibcode=2022ESRv..22803948M |s2cid=246438404 |access-date=3 January 2023}}</ref>
==Biodiversity== The swampy fringes were mostly ferns, seed ferns, and lycophytes. The series saw the appearance of beetles and flies.<ref name="Perm"/>
The coal swamps from the Carboniferous declined<ref name="Sahney & Benton 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Sahney |first1=Sarda |last2=Benton |first2=Michael J. |last3=Falcon-Lang |first3=Howard J. |title=Rainforest collapse triggered Carboniferous tetrapod diversification in Euramerica |journal=Geology |date=December 2010 |volume=38 |issue=12 |pages=1079–1082 |doi=10.1130/g31182.1 |bibcode=2010Geo....38.1079S |issn=1943-2682}}</ref> but the herbivores,'' Diadectes ''and ''Edaphosaurus'' persisted until the end of this series, approximately.<ref name="Brocklehurst et al. 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Brocklehurst |first1=Neil |last2=Day |first2=Michael O. |last3=Rubidge |first3=Bruce S. |last4=Fröbisch |first4=Jörg |title=Olson's Extinction and the latitudinal biodiversity gradient of tetrapods in the Permian |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=12 April 2017 |volume=284 |issue=1852 |article-number=20170231 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2017.0231 |pmid=28381616 |pmc=5394676 |language=en |issn=0962-8452}}</ref><ref name="Didier & Laurin 2024">{{cite journal |last1=Didier |first1=Gilles |last2=Laurin |first2=Michel |title=Testing extinction events and temporal shifts in diversification and fossilization rates through the skyline Fossilized Birth-Death (FBD) model: The example of some mid-Permian synapsid extinctions |journal=Cladistics |date=June 2024 |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=282–306 |doi=10.1111/cla.12577 |language=en |issn=0748-3007|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Didier & Laurin 2021">{{cite journal |last1=Didier |first1=Gilles |last2=Laurin |first2=Michel |title=Distributions of extinction times from fossil ages and tree topologies: the example of mid-Permian synapsid extinctions |journal=PeerJ |date=9 December 2021 |volume=9 |article-number=e12577 |doi=10.7717/peerj.12577 |doi-access=free |pmid=34966586 |pmc=8667717 |language=en |issn=2167-8359}}</ref><ref name="Paleos"/> The dry interior had small insectivores. Caseids and prototherapsid'' Tetraceratops'' made their appearance.<ref name="Paleos"/> The marine life was probably more diverse than modern times as the climate warmed.<ref name="Perm"/> Unusual sharks such as ''Helicoprion'' continued in this series.
Early Permian terrestrial faunas were dominated by pelycosaurs (a paraphyletic group of early synapsids), diadectids, and temnospondyls,<ref name="Huttenlocker, A. K. 2012. Pp. 90">Huttenlocker, A. K., and E. Rega. 2012. The Paleobiology and Bone Microstructure of Pelycosaurian-grade Synapsids. Pp. 90–119 in A. Chinsamy (ed.) Forerunners of Mammals: Radiation, Histology, Biology. Indiana University Press.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/napc/abs23.html#SumidaS|title=NAPC Abstracts, Sto – Tw|work=berkeley.edu}}</ref> The pelycosaurs appeared during the Late Carboniferous, and reached their apex in the Cisuralian remaining the dominant land animals for some 40 million years.<ref name="Paleos"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brocklehurst |first1=Neil |last2=Kammerer |first2=Christian F. |last3=Fröbisch |first3=Jörg |date=23 June 2013 |title=The early evolution of synapsids, and the influence of sampling on their fossil record |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/paleobiology/article/abs/early-evolution-of-synapsids-and-the-influence-of-sampling-on-their-fossil-record/F954EFC9ABBCEF36ED469C715C3B16A3 |journal=Paleobiology |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=470–490 |doi=10.1666/12049 |bibcode=2013Pbio...39..470B |s2cid=83738138 |access-date=2 April 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref> A few continued into the Capitanian. They were succeeded by the therapsids.<ref name="Paleos"/>
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> File:Dimetrodon grandis.jpg|''Dimetrodon'', a pelycosaur, was at the top of the food chain in the Cisuralian File:Helicoprion bessonovi cropped.png|''Helicoprion bessonovi'' with characteristic 'tooth-whorl' at front of jaw </gallery>
==Subdivisions ==
===Global=== *Asselian stage (298.9 ± 0.15 – 294.6 ± 0.8 Ma) *Sakmarian stage (294.6 ± 0.8 – 290.1 ± 0.7 Ma) *Artinskian stage (290.1 ± 0.7 – 283.5 ± 0.7 Ma) *Kungurian stage (283.5 ± 0.7 – 272.3 ± 0.5 Ma)
===Regional===
*New Zealand **Telfordian (289 – 278 Ma) **Mangapirian (278 – 270.6 Ma)
==References== {{reflist}}
{{Permian footer}} {{Geological history|p|m}}
Category:Cisuralian Category:Geological epochs *01