{{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = Dysgerminoma | image = Dysgerminoma, high mag.jpg | caption = Micrograph of a dysgerminoma, H&E stain. | pronounce = | field = Oncology, gynecology | synonyms = | symptoms = | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }} A '''dysgerminoma''' is a type of germ cell tumor;<ref name="pmid17587461">{{cite journal | vauthors = Behtash N, Karimi Zarchi M | title = Dysgerminoma in three patients with Swyer syndrome | journal = World Journal of Surgical Oncology | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 71 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17587461 | pmc = 1934908 | doi = 10.1186/1477-7819-5-71 | doi-access = free }}</ref> it usually is malignant and usually occurs in the ovary.
A tumor of the identical histology but not occurring in the ovary may be described by an alternate name: seminoma in the testis<ref>{{DorlandsDict|three/000033062|dysgerminoma}}</ref> or germinoma in the central nervous system or other parts of the body.
Dysgerminoma accounts for less than 1% of ovarian tumors overall. Dysgerminoma usually occurs in adolescence and early adult life; about 5% occur in pre-pubertal children. Dysgerminoma is extremely rare after age 50. Dysgerminoma occurs in both ovaries in 10% of patients and, in a further 10%, there is microscopic tumor in the other ovary.
Abnormal gonads (due to gonadal dysgenesis and androgen insensitivity syndrome) have a high risk<ref>Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 18th ed. Chapter 553. Question 11, Gynecologic Problems of Childhood</ref> of developing a dysgerminoma. Most dysgerminomas are associated with elevated serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), which is sometimes used as a tumor marker.
==Signs and symptoms== thumb|Excision of a dysgerminoma They are exceptionally associated with hypercalcemia. On gross examination, dysgerminomas present with a smooth, bosselated (knobby) external surface, and are soft, fleshy and either cream-coloured, gray, pink or tan when cut. Microscopic examination typically reveals uniform cells that resemble primordial germ cells. Typically, the stroma contains lymphocytes and about 20% of patients have sarcoid-like granulomas. Metastases are most often present in the lymph nodes.
==Diagnosis== LDH tumour markers is elevated in 95% of the cases.
<gallery widths="300px" heights="200px" perrow="3"> Image:Dysgerminoma,_intermed._mag.1.jpg|Dysgerminoma characterized by uniform cells separated by fibrous septa with lymphocytes, H&E stain. Image:Dysgerminoma,_low_mag.2.jpg|Low-power view of a dysgerminoma infiltrating the colonic wall, H&E stain. </gallery>
==Treatment== Dysgerminomas, like other seminomatous germ cell tumors, are very sensitive to both chemotherapy and radiotherapy. For this reason, with treatment patients' chances of long-term survival, even cure, is excellent.<ref name = "Maoz_2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Maoz A, Matsuo K, Ciccone MA, Matsuzaki S, Klar M, Roman LD, Sood AK, Gershenson DM | display-authors = 6 | title = Molecular Pathways and Targeted Therapies for Malignant Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors and Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors: A Contemporary Review | journal = Cancers | volume = 12 | issue = 6 | date = May 2020 | page = 1398 | pmid = 32485873 | doi = 10.3390/cancers12061398 | pmc = 7353025 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Targeted treatments for dysgerminomas that do not respond to chemotherapy are being evaluated.<ref name = "Maoz_2020" />
== References == {{reflist}}
== External links == {{Medical resources | DiseasesDB = | ICD10 = | ICD9 = {{ICD9|183.0}} | ICDO = 9060/3 | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = | eMedicineTopic = | MeshID = D004407 }} {{Germ cell tumors}} {{Genital neoplasia}}
Category:Gynaecological neoplasia Category:Germ cell neoplasia