Dynatoi

The '''''dynatoi''''' ({{langx|el|δυνατοί}}, sing. Δυνατός, ''Dynatos'' "the powerful") was a legal term in the Byzantine Empire, denoting the senior levels of civil, military and ecclesiastic (including monastic) officialdom, who usually, but not always, also commanded considerable fortunes and landed estates. Although such positions were not usually hereditary, by the late 10th and early 11th centuries they had started to become monopolized by a limited number of families who by the mid-11th century formed a hereditary aristocracy.{{sfn|Cappel|1991|pp=667-68}}

Although the exact composition of the ''dynatoi'' class has been the subject of considerable scholarly debate (cf. Lemerle),{{sfn|Lemerle|1979|}} in economic terms, it encompassed the wealthy land-owners as opposed to the middling and small landowners, the ''penetes'' (πένητες).{{sfn|Morris|1976|p=3}} The former were usually members of military families, who had been able to use their influence to grab up the extensive lands that had been abandoned, especially in Asia Minor, as the result of the invasions of the 7th and 8th centuries.{{Citation needed|date=February 2015}} As the Empire's military position recovered from the 9th century on, these lands became profitable again, and major provincial magnate families began to appear. Among the main examples are the Phokades and the Maleinoi,{{sfn|Morris|1976|pp=16-17}} who almost monopolized the senior administrative and military posts in Asia Minor in the early and middle 10th century. The ''dynatoi'' were able to use their political and financial strength to enrich themselves at the expense of the ''penetes'', who had hitherto formed the main pillar of Byzantine society and economy.{{sfn|Ostrogorsky|1966|pp=215-16}} Consequently, several emperors from Romanos I Lekapenos (reigned 920–944) to Basil II (r. 976–1025) enacted agrarian legislation to combat the activities of the ''dynatoi'',{{sfn|Toynbee|1973|pp=148 ff.}} and to prevent their acquisition of the ''stratiotika ktemata'', the military lands allocated to the maintenance of the thematic armies.{{sfn|McGeer|2000|pp=15-21}} Basil II in particular showed care to check the ''dynatoi'' through the imposition of the ''allelengyon'' ("mutual guarantee") tax, making them liable to pay the taxes of their poorer neighbours.{{sfn|Rosser|2011|pp=162-63}}

In the event, these efforts failed due to the rise of the provincial aristocracy, represented by the Komnenos dynasty, to power: in the 12th century, large ''latifundia'' spread throughout the countryside at the expense of smaller communities.{{sfn|Ostrogorsky|1966|pp=221-22, 226-27}} The influence of the ''dynatoi'' reached its apogee in the Palaiologan period (1261–1453), and was marked by a concomitant decline in the authority of the central state government.{{sfn|Rosser|2011|p=163}}

==See also== *Fiefdom *Pronoia *Strateia *Timariot

== Notes == {{reflist|3}}

== Bibliography == {{sfn whitelist|CITEREFCappel1991}} *{{ODB | title = Dynatoi | last = Cappel | first = Andrew J. | pages= 667–668}} *{{citation | editor-first =Angeliki E. | editor-last = Laiou | editor-link=Angeliki Laiou | title=The Economic History of Byzantium: From the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century | year=2002 | publisher=Dumbarton Oaks | isbn=978-0-88402-332-6 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Igp8hxsHV_AC}}, esp. pp. 1074–82, 1087–1091 *{{citation | last = Lemerle | first = Paul | title = The Agrarian History of Byzantium from the Origins to the Twelfth Century: The Sources and Problems | publisher = Galway University Press | year = 1979}} *{{citation | last = McGeer | first = Eric | title = The land legislation of the Macedonian emperors | publisher = Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies | year = 2000 | isbn = 0-88844-288-2}} *{{citation | last = Morris | first = Rosemary | chapter = The Powerful and the Poor in Tenth-Century Byzantium: Law and Reality | title = Past and Present | volume = 73 | year = 1976 | pages = 3–27}} *{{citation | last = Ostrogorsky | first = George | author-link = George Ostrogorsky | chapter = V. Agrarian Conditions in the Byzantine Empire in the Middle Ages] | title = Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Volume Ι | edition = 2nd | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1966 | pages = 205–234 | chapter-url = http://histories.cambridge.org/extract?id=chol9780521045056_CHOL9780521045056A006 | access-date = 2012-08-24 | archive-date = 2012-08-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120814194935/http://histories.cambridge.org/extract?id=chol9780521045056_CHOL9780521045056A006 | url-status = dead }} *{{citation | chapter = Dynatoi | last = Rosser | first = John H. | title = Historical Dictionary of Byzantium | publisher = Scarecrow Press | year = 2011 | isbn = 9780810874770 | pages= 162–163 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1AXBIPOJ9lgC&pg=PA162}} * {{citation | last = Toynbee | first = Arnold | author-link = Arnold J. Toynbee |chapter = The Encroachments of the Δυνατοί on the Land-holdings of the Πένητες and the Emperors' Agrarian Legislation | title = Constantine Porphyrogenitus and His World | year = 1973 | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 0-19-215253-X | pages = 145–176}}

Category:Economy of the Byzantine Empire Category:Greek words and phrases Category:Society of the Byzantine Empire Category:Aristocracy