Drip coffee

{{Short description|Drink made by pouring hot water onto ground coffee beans}} {{about|a traditional coffee preparation method|the South Indian coffee drink|Indian filter coffee}} {{redirect|Coffee bloom|the Indian film|Coffee Bloom (film)}} {{use dmy dates|date=May 2023|cs1-dates=y}} {{use list-defined references|date=May 2023}} thumb|Water seeps through the ground coffee and the paper filter and is then collected in a container placed below a holder used for drip brewing.

'''Drip coffee''' is made by pouring hot water onto ground coffee beans, allowing it to brew while seeping through. There are several methods for doing this, including using a filter. Terms used for the resulting coffee often reflect the method used, such as '''drip-brewed coffee''', or, somewhat inaccurately, '''filtered coffee''' in general. Manually brewed drip coffee is typically referred to as '''pour-over coffee'''.<ref name="Barnies"/><ref name="Kitchenaid"/> Water seeps through the ground coffee, absorbing its constituent chemical compounds, and then passes through a filter. The used coffee grounds are retained in the filter, while the brewed coffee is collected in a vessel such as a carafe or pot.

== History == Commercial paper coffee filters were invented in Germany by Melitta Bentz in 1908<ref name="Hempe_2008"/><ref name="Inventors_2012"/> and are commonly used for drip brew all over the world. In 1944, Willy Brand developed an automatic drip-brewer utilizing circular paper filters in Switzerland.<ref name="Beutelspacher_2006"/>{{rp|page=144}} In 1954, one of the first electric drip brewers, the Wigomat invented by Gottlob Widmann, was patented in Germany.<ref name="Goethe_2012"/> Drip brew coffee makers largely replaced the coffee percolator (a device combining boiling, drip-brewing and steeping) in the 1970s due to the percolator's tendency to over-extract coffee, thereby making it bitter.<ref name="Perfect_2012"/> One benefit of paper filters is that the used grounds and the filter may be disposed together, without a need to clean the filter. Permanent filters are also common, made of thin perforated metal sheets, fine plastic mesh, porous ceramics or glazed porcelain sieves that restrain the grounds but allow the coffee to pass, thus eliminating the need to have to purchase separate filters which sometimes cannot be found in some parts of the world. These add to the maintenance of the machine but reduce overall cost and produce less waste.

== Characteristics == Brewing with a paper filter produces clear, light-bodied coffee. While free of sediments, such coffee is lacking in some of coffee's oils and essences; they have been trapped in the paper filter.<ref name="Geek_2011"/> Metal, nylon, or porcelain mesh filters do not normally remove these components.<ref name="Cornelis-El-Sohemy_2007"/>

It may be observed, especially when using a tall, narrow carafe, that the coffee at the bottom of the coffeepot is stronger than that at the top. This is because less flavor is available for extraction from the coffee grounds as the brewing process progresses. A mathematical argument has been made that delivering comparable strength in two cups of coffee is nearly achieved using a Thue–Morse sequence of pours.<ref name="Richman_2001"/>

== Cultural impact == thumb|Coffee drips through coffee grounds and filters into several jars in a specialty coffee shop. Filter coffee is central to Japanese coffee culture and connoisseurship.<ref name="Strand_2011"/>

In South India, filter coffee brewed at home is known as ''Kaapi'' and is a part of local culture. Most houses have a stainless-steel coffee filter and most shops sell freshly roasted and ground coffee beans. Some popular filter coffee brands include Mysore café, Hill coffee (Suresh healthcare), Cothas Coffee (Bangalore), and Narasu's Coffee (Salem). It is common in South India and Louisiana to add chicory to coffee to give it a unique taste and flavour.<ref name="Thomas_2012"/>

==Methods== There are a number of methods and pieces of equipment for making drip-brewed coffee.

==={{anchor|Circle pour|Center pour}}Manual pour-over coffee preparation=== thumb|Manual drip (pour-over) coffee thumb|A set-up used to brew coffee, featuring (from left to right) a coffee dosing tray on a small scale, a small spritzing bottle, a V60 pour over with paper filter on a digital scale, a gooseneck kettle, and a coffee grinder Pour-over methods are popular ways of making specialty drip coffee. {{anchor|Coffee bed|Cake filtration}}The method involves pouring water over a bed of coffee (sometimes also called ''cake'') in a filter-lined conical, trapezoid, or cylindrical chamber typically consisting of a filter and a suitable filter holder. The filtering can be with paper, cloth, plastic, ceramics, or metal.<ref name="Carman_2014"/><ref name="Hoffmann_2014"/>

The quality of the resulting coffee is extremely dependent on the technique of the user, with pour-over brewing being a popular method used in the World Brewers Cup.<ref name="Hoffmann_2014"/><ref name="Cadwalader_2017"/>

{{anchor|Blooming}}The pour-over coffee preparation method typically starts by pouring a small amount of hot water over the coffee grounds and allow it to sit for about 30 seconds before continuing the pouring. This pre-wetting, called ''blooming'',<ref group="nb" name="NB_Blooming_Preinfusion"/> will cause carbon dioxide to be released in bubbles or foam from the coffee grounds and helps to improve the taste. thumb|Ceramic Pour-over Set, includes two mugs, one pour-over, one creamer pitcher, and one sugar jar with a spoon and a lid There are several manual drip-brewing devices on the market, offering more control over brewing parameters than automatic machines, and which incorporate stopper valves and other innovations that offer greater control over steeping time and the proportion of coffee to water. There also exist small, portable, single-serving drip brew makers that only hold the filter and rest on top of a mug or cup, making them a popular option for backcountry campers and hikers. Hot water is poured in and drips directly into the cup.

Different filter shapes and sizes exist, most notable the (paper) coffee filter systems introduced by Melitta (1908, 1932, 1936, 1965), Chemex (1941), and Hario (2004).

=== {{anchor|Drip coffee maker|Manual drip-coffee maker}}Manual drip-coffee makers === ====Bavarian coffee pot====

In 1812, Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford), had published an essay of his on improvements to an Italian coffee bean roaster, along with improvements to the Bavarian Coffee pot.<ref name="jstor/30074978" >{{Cite journal |last=Count |first=Benjamin |date=1813 |title=Extracts from an Essay, No. 18, on the Excellent Qualities of Coffee, and the Art of Making it in the Highest Perfection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30074978 |journal=The Belfast Monthly Magazine |volume=10 |issue=59 |pages=477–486 |doi=10.2307/30074978 |issn=1758-1605|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="books/r6RkAAAAcAAJ">{{cite book |last1=Rumford |first1=Benjamin Graf von |title=Essays, political, economical, and philosophical. Essay XVIII. Of the Excellent qualities of Coffee, and the art of making it in the highest perfection. Illustrated by copper-plates Vol, IV. |date=1812 |publisher=Cadell & Davies |via= archive.org |url=https://archive.org/details/b29307156 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Cafetière du Belloy and similar coffee makers ==== {{anchor|Cafetière du Belloy|Grègue|French drip|Arndt}}  thumb|Enameled metal French drip coffee pot thumb|Porcelain French drip coffee pot, with round drilled holes of the filter visible Manual drip coffee makers include the so-called French drip coffee pot (invented in 1795 by François-Antoine-Henri Descroizilles and manufactured by a metal-smith in Rouen,<ref name="Duval_1951"/><ref name="Lerue_1875"/> then popularized by bishop Jean-Baptiste de Belloy<ref name="Duval_1951"/><ref name="Lerue_1875"/> for why it became known as {{ill|Cafetière du Belloy|de|Seihkanne}} in Paris since 1800<ref name="Ukers_1922"/><ref name="Bramah_1995"/> to the point that it was sometimes incorrectly attributed to the bishop himself<ref name="Fiu"/><ref name="Bramah_1995"/>), the {{ill|Grègue|fr}} ({{lang|fr|café grègue}}, {{lang|fr|café coulé}}, etc.)<ref name="Cohen_2000"/> originating from La Réunion and also common in Louisiana, and the so-called {{lang|de|Arndt'sche Caffee-Aufgussmaschine}} (Quedlinburg, Germany, c. 1900). French drip devices emerged from the earlier coffee biggins where cloth filters would be fully inserted into the pot for steeping instead of drip filtering.<ref name="Bersten_1993"/> French drip coffee pots don't use paper filters but a permanent filter featuring many small round drilled holes made out of (enameled) metal, ceramics or porcelain. A cafetière du Belloy was originally made out of tin, later versions were made out of silver, copper, ceramics or porcelain. The Grègue and the {{lang|de|Arndt'sche Caffee-Aufgussmaschine}} are built out of (enameled) metal. To avoid sediments in the coffee, coarsely ground coffee has to be used.

{{anchor|MadamBlå}}Around 1895, skyblue enameled metal coffee pots named {{ill|Madam Blå|da}} were introduced in Denmark by Glud & Marstrand. They looked similar to French drip coffee pots, but used cotton filters and were available in 18 sizes for up to {{not a typo|50|cups}} of coffee.

{{anchor|Dripolator}}thumb|A complete Drip-O-lator unit The ''Drip-O-lator'' is an American coffee pot for making drip coffee patented in 1921 and in 1930 and manufactured in Massillon, Ohio,<ref name="USP1370782"/> or Macon, Georgia,<ref name="USP1743925"/> United States. The production of Drip-O-lators ceased in the middle of the twentieth century. The pots have become collectibles similar to bric-à-brac.<ref name="Ohio_2007"/>

{{anchor|Kaffeefiltriermaschine}}In the 1930s, the German company Melitta produced a series of manual coffee makers called {{lang|de|Kaffeefiltriermaschine}} ("coffee filtering machine"). They worked on the principle of French drip coffee pots, but used a paper filter and allowed to pour the whole amount of water at once instead of having to pour several times.<ref name="Melitta"/>

thumb|right|Metal South Indian coffee filter disassembled In south India the use of a two part cylindrical, stainless steel filter is common in the production of Indian filter coffee.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Bopanna |first=B.T. |title=The Romance of Indian Coffee |publisher=Rolling Stone Publications |year=2011 |isbn=978-81-909765-7-2 |location=Bengaluru |pages=77–78}}</ref>

==== Flip coffee pots ==== {{Main|Flip coffee pot}}

A less familiar form of drip brewing is the reversible or "flip" pot commonly known as Napoletana (1819) and late-19th century variants like the ''Russian reversible pot'' aka ''Russian egg'', the ''reversible Potsdam cafetière'' aka ''Potsdam boiler'', or the {{lang|de|Arndt'sche Sturzmaschine}} (c. 1920).

====Karlsbad-style coffee makers==== {{main|Karlsbad-style coffee maker}}

A variant of the category of French drip coffee pots is the group of "Bohemian" coffee pots including the original Karlsbad coffee makers, historically produced by several mostly Bohemian porcelain manufacturers since 1878 up into the first half of the 20th century, and variants produced by Siegmund Paul Meyer (SPM) / Walküre since 1910,<ref name="Walküre_2017"/><ref name="Hack_2019"/><ref name="Gütling_2020"/><ref name="Schreibelmayer_2020_1"/> {{As of|alt=now|February 2020}} Friesland (FPM).<ref name="Schreibelmayer_2020_2"/><ref name="FPM_2021"/> In contrast to French drip coffee pots which feature round holes, they all use a special double-layered cross-slit strainer made from through-glazed porcelain.<ref name="Rosenthal_Karlsbader"/><ref name="Rosenthal_Cup-filter"/> Before World War I, they were very popular in the Viennese coffee house culture. The special kind of drip coffee they produce is called a {{lang|de|Karlsbader}} ("Karlsbad coffee").<ref name="Rosenthal_Karlsbader"/><ref name="Gloess-Schönbächler-Klopprogge-DAmbrosio-Chatelain-Bongartz-Strittmatter-Rast-Yeretzian_2013"/>

==== System Büttner coffee makers ==== {{Main|System Büttner coffee maker}}

''System Büttner'' coffee makers are a type of coffee makers featuring a special permanent through-glazed porcelain filter with triangularly-arranged slits and a valving mechanism to combine steeping with drip-brewing. They were invented in 1926 by the coffee roaster Carl A. Büttner (Berlin, Germany)<ref name="Velten_2018"/> and produced up into, at least, the 1940s by the porcelain manufacturer {{ill|Bauscher (company)|de|Bauscher|lt=Bauscher}} (Weiden, Germany) for various German coffee roasters and distributors.

=== Automatic drip-coffee makers === {{Expand section|date=June 2023}}thumb|Specimen of Mr. Coffee drip machine [[File:Kahvin tiputtelu Moccamasterilla.webm|thumb|The full process of brewing a cup of coffee with Moccamaster drip coffee maker takes around four minutes.]] ==== {{anchor|Batch brew}}Electric drip-coffee makers ==== One of the first electrical drip coffee makers was the German Wigomat, patented in 1954. In the early 1970s electrical drip coffee makers became more common, causing a decline in manual drip coffee preparation methods until the 2010s, and the near-extinction of coffee percolators. Among the early electrical drip coffee machines was a machine designed by two former Westinghouse engineers and sold under the brand Mr. Coffee in the early 1970s.

It normally works by admitting water from a cold-water reservoir into a flexible hose in the base of the reservoir leading directly to a thin metal tube or heating chamber (usually, of aluminium), where a heating element surrounding the metal tube heats the water. The heated water moves through the machine using the thermosiphon principle. Thermally induced pressure and the siphoning effect move the heated water through an insulated rubber or vinyl riser hose, into a spray head, and onto the ground coffee, which is contained in a brew basket mounted below the spray head. The coffee passes through a filter and drips down into the carafe. A one-way valve in the tubing prevents water from siphoning back into the reservoir. The carafe, usually made of glass, rests on a warming plate that keeps the brewed coffee warm. A thermostat attached to the heating element turns off the heating element as needed to prevent overheating the water in the metal tube (overheating would produce only steam in the supply hose), then turns back on when the water cools below a certain threshold. For a standard 10- to 12-cup drip coffeemaker, using a more powerful thermostatically controlled heating element (in terms of wattage produced), can heat increased amounts of water more quickly using larger heating chambers, generally producing higher average water temperatures at the spray head over the entire brewing cycle. This process can be further improved by changing the aluminium construction of most heating chambers to a metal with superior heat transfer qualities, such as copper.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

Throughout the latter part of the 20th century, a number of inventors patented various coffeemaker designs using an automated form of the drip brew method. Subsequent designs have featured changes in heating elements, spray head, and brew-basket design, as well as the addition of timers and clocks for automatic-start, water filtration, filter and carafe design, drip stop, and even built-in coffee grinding mechanisms.

==Notes== {{reflist|group="nb"|refs= <ref group="nb" name="NB_Blooming_Preinfusion">Blooming is sometimes incorrectly also called preinfusion, a term used in espresso-making.</ref> }}

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A lower risk of coronary heart disease among moderate coffee drinkers might be due to antioxidants found in coffee.}}</ref> <ref name="Richman_2001">{{cite journal |author-last=Richman |author-first=Robert |title=Recursive Binary Sequences of Differences |journal=Complex Systems |date=2001 |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=381–392 |url=http://www.complex-systems.com/pdf/13-4-3.pdf |access-date=2013-02-19}}</ref> <ref name="Strand_2011">{{cite news |author-last=Strand |author-first=Oliver |title=Coffee's Slow Dance |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/13/magazine/13Food-t-000.html |access-date=2019-12-07 |work=The New York Times |date=2011-02-09}}</ref> <ref name="Thomas_2012">{{cite web |author-last=Thomas |author-first=Rans |title=Chicory: A Powerful Perennial |url=http://www.qdma.com/what-we-do/articles/food-plotshabitat/chicory/ |website=Quality Deer Management Association |access-date=2018-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111104203/http://www.qdma.com/what-we-do/articles/food-plotshabitat/chicory/ |archive-date=2012-01-11 |date=2012-01-11}}</ref> <ref name="Carman_2014">{{cite news |author-last=Carman |author-first=Tim |title=For Coffee Fanatics, Only The Best Will Do |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/667727406/ |access-date=2022-08-22 |work=The Modesto Bee |date=2014-02-08 |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Hoffmann_2014">{{cite book |author-last=Hoffmann |author-first=James Alexander |author-link=James Alexander Hoffmann |title=The world atlas of coffee: from beans to brewing: coffees explored, explained and enjoyed |date=2014 |location=Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada |edition=1 |publisher=Firefly Books Ltd. |isbn=978-1-77085470-3}}</ref> <ref name="Cadwalader_2017">{{cite news |author-last=Cadwalader |author-first=Zac |title=6 Coffee Recipes From The World Brewers Cup |url=https://sprudge.com/6-recipes-from-the-2017-world-brewers-cup-123165.html |access-date=2022-08-22 |work=Sprudge |date=2017-07-19}}</ref> <ref name="Ohio_2007">{{cite web |url=http://www.ohioriverpottery.com/pages3/hclline08.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070414121150/http://www.ohioriverpottery.com/pages3/hclline08.html |archive-date=2007-04-14 |title=Drip-O-lator |website=OhioRiverPottery.com}}</ref> <ref name="Duval_1951">{{cite journal |author-first=Clément |author-last=Duval |title=François Descroizilles, the Inventor of Volumetric Analysis |editor=American Chemical Society ACS |journal=Journal of Chemical Education |volume=28 |number=10 |publisher=ACS Publications |date=October 1951 |pages=508–519 |issn=0021-9584 |doi=10.1021/ed028p508 |bibcode=1951JChEd..28..508D}}</ref> <ref name="Lerue_1875">{{cite book |author-first=Jules-Adrien |author-last=de Lérue |title=Notice sur Descroizilles (François-Antoine-Henri) - chimiste, né à Dieppe, et sur les membres de sa famille |language=fr |publisher=C.-F. Lapierre Rouen |date=1875 |pages=14–16 |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6457139x/f21 |quote=une cafetière qu'il avait fait fabriquer par un petit ferblantier de Rouen}}</ref> <ref name="Ukers_1922">{{cite book |author-last=Ukers|author-first=William Harrison|author-link=:d:Q28854736|title=All About Coffee|date=1922|publisher=The Tea and Coffee Trade Journal Company|edition=1|location=New York, USA|pages=621–622|chapter=Chapter 34. The Evolution of Coffee Apparatus|quote=De Belloy's (or Du Belloy's) coffee pot appeared in Paris about 1800. It was first made of tin; but later, of porcelain and silver|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/allaboutcoffee00ukeruoft#page/620/mode/2up}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20081123045245/http://www.coffeewisdom.com/all_about_coffee/all_about_coffee.pdf]</ref> <ref name="Fiu">{{cite web |url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1803.htm#Belloy |title=(33) 5. BELLOY, Jean-Baptist de (1709–1808) |quote=he invented the filter}}</ref> <ref name="Cohen_2000">{{cite book |title=Le cari partagé - Anthropologie de l'alimentation à l'ile de la Réunion |language=fr |publisher=Karthala éditions |date=2000 |page=148 |author-first=Patrice |author-last=Cohen |isbn=978-2-84586017-9 |series=Collection Hommes et sociétés |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qvSjmNljMfQC}} (358 pages)</ref> <ref name="Bramah_1995">{{cite book |title=Coffee Makers - 300 years of art & design |author-first1=Edward Roderick |author-last1=Bramah |author-first2=Joan |author-last2=Bramah |edition=2 |date=1995 |orig-date=1989 |translator-first=Georg |translator-last=Auerbach |publisher=Quiller Press Ltd. |publication-place=London, UK |isbn=1-870948-33-5}} (2+2+166+8+2 pages) (NB. Original 1989 edition was by Lucchetti editore, Bergamo, Italy.); {{cite book |title=Kaffeemaschinen - Die Kulturgeschichte der Kaffeeküche |language=de |trans-title=Coffeemachines - The cultural history of the coffee kitchen |author-first1=Edward Roderick |author-last1=Bramah |author-first2=Joan |author-last2=Bramah |edition=Special |date=1995 |orig-date=1989 |translator-first=Georg |translator-last=Auerbach |publisher=Parkland Verlag (originally: Blanckenstein Verlag) |publication-place=Stuttgart, Germany (originally: Munich, Germany) |isbn=3-88059-826-6 |page=152}} (168+2 pages) (NB. The German translation contains many typographical errors.)</ref> <ref name="Beutelspacher_2006">{{cite book |chapter=Techniken der Kaffeezubereitung. Auf dem Weg zu einer Optimierung des Kaffeegenusses |language=de |trans-title= |author-first=Martin |author-last=Beutelspacher |editor-first=Ruth-Elisabeth |editor-last=Mohrmann |editor-link=:de:Ruth-Elisabeth Mohrmann |title=Essen und Trinken in der Moderne |series=Beiträge zur Volkskultur in Nordwestdeutschland |publisher={{ill|Waxmann Publishing|de|Waxmann Verlag|lt=Waxmann Verlag GmbH / Waxmann Publishing Co.}} |edition=1 |publication-place=Münster, Germany; New York, USA |date=July 2006 |isbn=978-3-8309-1701-4 |issn=0724-4096 |pages=125–146 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvUWJZe4u24C&pg=PA125 |access-date=2023-06-09}} (159+1 pages)</ref> <ref name="Bersten_1993">{{cite book |title=Coffee floats, tea sinks. Through History and Technology to a Complete Understanding |author-first1=Ian |author-last1=Bersten |author-first2=Helen |author-last2=Bersten |date=1993 |edition=1 |publisher=Helian Books |publication-place=Sydney / Roseville, Australia |isbn=0-646-09180-8}} (284+4 pages)</ref> <ref name="Walküre_2017">{{cite web |date=2017|title=Walküre SPM Porzellanfabrik - Made in Germany|trans-title=Walküre SPM porcelain manufacturing|url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/document.issuu.com/171030143704-105bfa41cf8434367f91cacfe927aaf3/original.file?AWSAccessKeyId=ASIATDDRE5J76IILNYWM&Signature=GoJKUeQYz1gI9GVKjfr3YLby6dw%3D&x-amz-security-token=FwoGZXIvYXdzEEYaDF4oJhIr%2BPBymMjUpiLZAvAo29lVahR%2FIdwaTKkwUfXjD5yVxVtXNjvfyTp5T4Xi6%2BT83xFN3d3KcBtlrxvubMdXsxflEBQWjgsC5etaEo3iEQVPU%2FxLErz%2FmMHLUfHHyk3K21Vr8sR%2BmI8yil7b0qOyufPI44mGsFGm3pzngpEwhUNzILiHevuffEGJvZzQWuzPwimde8jiGmJYfRSTrjYRuNZMtgIZ%2BJZZw2Tzn%2BgdBANM7%2F6JsmrW96RGL4BFSn%2FGmI7FMaxErTyLk3FcrtbzYmM66BSmkBbBIEIulChjCVKtcMbQgbCF2FwNCPT3abrIf%2Fmi9EgifxOFvqzm9B51posoDgA3BgrVHKMlSpKGTm54mipk6w39I6uqgVOhu8U6fE12BcTJbNqZfNqdapwra7Dp0E%2F4s09xUc4nEvAc4SfCoY1Q6fpS2lDgu5x9FlK3gvM4%2BALGNZX%2FyZml6wDzEWYlO08QRCi3yrWsBjIpzYnmjraafWIPuP3%2BRyM7p3E82%2F70hS%2BSrGlobZ%2BrZ7%2Fq9faoMRTCmSY%3D&Expires=1703770333|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228124646/https://s3.amazonaws.com/document.issuu.com/171030143704-105bfa41cf8434367f91cacfe927aaf3/original.file?AWSAccessKeyId=ASIATDDRE5J76IILNYWM&Signature=GoJKUeQYz1gI9GVKjfr3YLby6dw%3D&x-amz-security-token=FwoGZXIvYXdzEEYaDF4oJhIr%2BPBymMjUpiLZAvAo29lVahR%2FIdwaTKkwUfXjD5yVxVtXNjvfyTp5T4Xi6%2BT83xFN3d3KcBtlrxvubMdXsxflEBQWjgsC5etaEo3iEQVPU%2FxLErz%2FmMHLUfHHyk3K21Vr8sR%2BmI8yil7b0qOyufPI44mGsFGm3pzngpEwhUNzILiHevuffEGJvZzQWuzPwimde8jiGmJYfRSTrjYRuNZMtgIZ%2BJZZw2Tzn%2BgdBANM7%2F6JsmrW96RGL4BFSn%2FGmI7FMaxErTyLk3FcrtbzYmM66BSmkBbBIEIulChjCVKtcMbQgbCF2FwNCPT3abrIf%2Fmi9EgifxOFvqzm9B51posoDgA3BgrVHKMlSpKGTm54mipk6w39I6uqgVOhu8U6fE12BcTJbNqZfNqdapwra7Dp0E%2F4s09xUc4nEvAc4SfCoY1Q6fpS2lDgu5x9FlK3gvM4%2BALGNZX%2FyZml6wDzEWYlO08QRCi3yrWsBjIpzYnmjraafWIPuP3%2BRyM7p3E82%2F70hS%2BSrGlobZ%2BrZ7%2Fq9faoMRTCmSY%3D&Expires=1703770333|archive-date=2023-12-28|access-date=2023-12-28|publisher=Walküre Porzellanfabrik|pages=8–9, 12–13, 24–25, 116–143, 218–223, 253|language=de, en|publication-place=Bayreuth, Germany|id=Katalog Nr. 58}} [https://issuu.com/fredyangst/docs/walk__re_2017] (262 pages)</ref> <ref name="Gütling_2020">{{cite web |title=Die Bayreuther Porzellanfabrik Walküre ist Geschichte |language=de |trans-title= |author-first=Thorsten |author-last=Gütling |editor-first=Anja |editor-last=Bischof |date=2020-01-08 |work=BR24 Regionalnachrichten Franken |publisher=Bayerischer Rundfunk |url=https://www.br.de/nachrichten/bayern/die-bayreuther-porzellanfabrik-walkuere-ist-geschichte,Rmz2xt7 |access-date=2023-06-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025065809/https://www.br.de/nachrichten/bayern/die-bayreuther-porzellanfabrik-walkuere-ist-geschichte,Rmz2xt7 |archive-date=2020-10-25}}</ref> <ref name="Hack_2019">{{cite news |title=Geschichte von Walküre: Porzellan vom Bayreuther Festspielhügel |language=de |trans-title=History of Walküre: Porcelain from Bayreuth's Green Hill |author-first=Markus |author-last=Hack |website=nordbayern.de (Nürnberger Nachrichten) |department=Wirtschaft |publisher={{ill|Verlag Nürnberger Presse|de}} |publication-place=Nürnberg, Germany |date=2019-01-04 |url=https://www.nordbayern.de/wirtschaft/geschichte-von-walkure-porzellan-vom-bayreuther-festspielhugel-1.8448518 |access-date=2023-12-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104011247/https://www.nordbayern.de/wirtschaft/geschichte-von-walkure-porzellan-vom-bayreuther-festspielhugel-1.8448518 |archive-date=2023-01-04}}</ref> <ref name="Schreibelmayer_2020_1">{{cite news |title=Kein Investor - Porzellanfabrik Walküre wird abgewickelt |language=de |trans-title= |author-first=Stefan |author-last=Schreibelmayer |newspaper={{ill|Nordbayerischer Kurier|de}} |department=Wirtschaft |publisher=Nordbayerischer Kurier Zeitungsverlag GmbH |publication-place=Bayreuth, Germany |date=2020-01-07 |url=https://www.kurier.de/inhalt.kein-investor-porzellanfabrik-walkuere-wird-abgewickelt.4c0876a5-8174-4b8f-a4bb-995a3a52fd4a.html |access-date=2023-12-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231215934/https://www.kurier.de/inhalt.kein-investor-porzellanfabrik-walkuere-wird-abgewickelt.4c0876a5-8174-4b8f-a4bb-995a3a52fd4a.html |archive-date=2023-12-31}}</ref> <ref name="Schreibelmayer_2020_2">{{cite news |title=Rechte verkauft - Porzellanfabrik: Nur der Name Walküre bleibt |language=de |trans-title=Rights sold - Porcelain manufacturer: Only the name Walküre remains |author-first=Stefan |author-last=Schreibelmayer |newspaper={{ill|Nordbayerischer Kurier|de}} |department=News |publisher=Nordbayerischer Kurier Zeitungsverlag GmbH |publication-place=Bayreuth, Germany |location=Bayreuth & Varel, Germany |date=2020-02-09 |url=https://www.kurier.de/inhalt.rechte-verkauft-porzellanfabrik-nur-der-name-walkuere-bleibt.422ad918-79d2-4076-8627-4bd4c93ba37a.html |access-date=2023-12-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229192215/https://www.kurier.de/inhalt.rechte-verkauft-porzellanfabrik-nur-der-name-walkuere-bleibt.422ad918-79d2-4076-8627-4bd4c93ba37a.html |archive-date=2023-12-29}}</ref> <ref name="FPM_2021">{{cite web |title=Walküre Germany / FPM - Katalog |language=de |trans-title= |date=2021-12-01 |publisher=Friesland Porzellanfabrik GmbH & Co. KG |publication-place=Varel, Germany |pages=30–39 |url=https://walkuere-porzellan.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Katalog_Walkuere_Hyperlink_25.11.21.pdf |access-date=2023-12-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228121305/https://walkuere-porzellan.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Katalog_Walkuere_Hyperlink_25.11.21.pdf |archive-date=2023-12-28}} (78 pages)</ref> <ref name="Gloess-Schönbächler-Klopprogge-DAmbrosio-Chatelain-Bongartz-Strittmatter-Rast-Yeretzian_2013">{{cite journal |title=Comparison of nine common coffee extraction methods: instrumental and sensory analysis |author-first1=Alexia N. |author-last1=Gloess |author-first2=Barbara |author-last2=Schönbächler |author-first3=Babette |author-last3=Klopprogge |author-first4=Lucio |author-last4=D'Ambrosio |author-first5=Karin |author-last5=Chatelain |author-first6=Annette |author-last6=Bongartz |author-first7=André |author-last7=Strittmatter |author-first8=Markus |author-last8=Rast |author-first9=Chahan |author-last9=Yeretzian |location=Wädenswil & Zürich, Switzerland |journal={{ill|European Food Research and Technology|d|Q186703}} |issn=1438-2377 |eissn=1438-2385 |publisher=Springer Science+Business Media |volume=236 |issue=4 |date=April 2013 |orig-date=2012-06-05, 2013-01-08, 2013-01-10, 2013-01-30 |doi=10.1007/s00217-013-1917-x |doi-access=free |s2cid=31366362 |pages=607–627 |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00217-013-1917-x.pdf |access-date=2023-12-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231222635/https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00217-013-1917-x.pdf |archive-date=2023-12-31}} (21 pages) ([https://web.archive.org/web/20231231222644/https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00217-013-1917-x/MediaObjects/217_2013_1917_MOESM1_ESM.docx Supplemental material])</ref> <ref name="Rosenthal_Karlsbader">{{cite web |title=Preisabbau der weltbekannten Karlsbader Kanne Marke Rosenthal in weißer Ausführung |language=de |date= |publisher=Rosenthal |location=Kronach, Germany |url=https://www.sampor.de/index.php?id=4173 |access-date=2024-01-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108205249/https://www.sampor.de/index.php?id=4173 |archive-date=2023-01-08}} (4 pages)</ref> <ref name="Rosenthal_Cup-filter">{{cite web |title=Tassenfilter - Der neue Tassenfilter Marke Rosenthal |language=de-NHD |trans-title=The new cup filter |date= |publisher=Rosenthal |publication-place=Nürnberg, Germany |url=https://www.sampor.de/assets/images/getraenke-und-co/filter/ga_tassenfilter_rosenthal_01.jpg |access-date=2023-12-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231191454/https://www.sampor.de/assets/images/getraenke-und-co/filter/ga_tassenfilter_rosenthal_01.jpg |archive-date=2023-12-31 |quote=Der Kaffee kommt mit keinem Metall in Berührung, behält daher sein natürliches Aroma. […] Durch Verwendung des doppelt geschlitzten, durchaus glasierten Siebes, kommt das lästige Filtrierpapier, das dem Kaffeearoma schädlich ist, in Fortfall. |trans-quote=}}</ref> <ref name="Melitta">https://www.sampor.de/index.php?id=4938</ref> <ref name="USP1370782">{{US Patent |1370782}} (direct link)</ref> <ref name="USP1743925">{{US Patent|1743925}} (direct link)</ref> <ref name="Velten_2018">{{cite book |title=Im Kalten Krieg |language=de |trans-title= |chapter=Historie der Gebrüder Büttnerkaffeeröstereien |trans-chapter= |author-first=Tom |author-last=Velten né Rudzinski |location=Celle, Germany |publisher=epubli |publication-place=Berlin, Germany |date=2018 |edition=1 |volume=3 |series=Bankgeflüster: Realitäten nahe gebracht |isbn=978-3-746743-19-6 |pages=30–38}} (251+3 pages)</ref> <ref name="Hempe_2008">{{cite book |title=100 Jahre Melitta - Geschichte eines Markenunternehmens |language=de |trans-title=100 years Melitta - History of a brand company |date=2008 |edition=1 |author-first=Mechthild |author-last=Hempe |editor=Melitta Unternehmensgruppe |editor-link=Melitta Unternehmensgruppe |location=Minden, Germany |publisher=Geschichtsbüro Verlag / Geschichtsbüro Reder, Roeseling & Prüfer GbR |publication-place=Cologne, Germany |isbn=978-3-940371-12-6}} (2+140+2 pages) (NB. There is also a French translation named {{lang|fr|100 années Melitta - L'histoire d'une marque}}. Reportedly, English and Brazilian translations exist as well.)</ref> </references>

== External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120610030029/https://files.nyu.edu/yk810/public/index.html Hand Drip Coffee] {{Coffee}}

Category:Coffee preparation Category:Coffee culture Category:Types of coffee sv:Kaffebryggare