Douchi

{{Short description|Fermented and salted black soybeans}} {{Italic title}} {{Infobox food | name = Douchi (豆豉) | image = 2015 1012 Preserved black beans douchi close-up.jpg | caption = A close-up of ''douchi'' | alternate_name = Fermented black soybeans, Chinese fermented black beans, salted black beans, salty black beans | country = Chinese | region = | national_cuisine = | creator =  | year = | mintime = | maxtime = | type = | course = | served = | main_ingredient = Fermented soybean | minor_ingredient = | variations = | serving_size = | calories = | protein = | fat = | carbohydrate = | glycemic_index = | similar_dish = | other = }}

{{Infobox Chinese |title = ''Douchi'' |pic = Douchi (Chinese characters).svg |piccap = ''Douchi'' in Chinese characters |picupright = 0.5 |c = 豆豉 |p = dòuchǐ |mi = {{IPAc-cmn|d|ou|4|.|ch|^|3}} |j = dau6-si6 |y = dauh-sih |ci = {{IPAc-yue|d|au|6|.|s|i|6}} |poj = tāu-sīⁿ |showflag = pj }}

'''''Douchi''''' ({{zh|c=豆豉|p=dòuchǐ}}), also known as '''''tochi''''', '''fermented black soybeans''', '''Chinese fermented black beans''' ({{zh|c=黑豆豆豉|p=hēidòu dòuchǐ|j=haak1dau2 dau6si6}}), or '''salted black beans''', is a type of fermented and salted black soybean most popular in the cuisine of China, where they are most widely used for making '''black bean sauce''' dishes.<ref name=HFBS>{{cite book |last1=Shurtleff |first1=William |last2=Aoyagi |first2=Akiko |title=History of Fermented Black Soybeans (165 B. C. To 2011) |date=2011 |publisher=Soyinfo Center |isbn=978-1-928914-41-9 |authorlink1=William Shurtleff |authorlink2=Akiko Aoyagi |url=http://www.soyinfocenter.com/pdf/150/FBS.pdf }}{{page needed|date=October 2014}}</ref>

Douchi is made by natural fermentation and salting of black soybeans. Douchi can be classified as ''Aspergillus''-type douchi, ''Mucor''-type douchi, bacterial-type douchi, or ''Rhizopus''-type douchi. There are two main stages to the douchi-making process: first the cooked black soybeans undergo natural mold growth and fermentation, then they are salted to continue fermentation. A maturation stage may follow, in which the douchi is aged in brine or with other ingredients to develop flavor.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Que |first1=Zhiluo |last2=Jin |first2=Yao |last3=Huang |first3=Jun |last4=Zhou |first4=Rongqing |last5=Wu |first5=Chongde |title=Flavor compounds of traditional fermented bean condiments: Classes, synthesis, and factors involved in flavor formation |journal=Trends in Food Science & Technology |date=March 2023 |volume=133 |pages=160–175 |doi=10.1016/j.tifs.2023.01.010 }}</ref> Black soybeans are most commonly used. The process turns the beans soft, and mostly semi-dry (if the beans are allowed to dry). Regular soybeans (white soybeans) are also used, but this does not produce "salted black beans"; instead, these beans become brown. The smell is sharp, pungent, and spicy; the taste is salty, somewhat bitter and sweet.{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}} The product made with white soybeans is called ''mianchi''.

''Douchi'', "Chinese salted black beans", and "black soybeans" are not the same as the black turtle bean, a variety of common bean that is commonly used in the cuisines of Central America, South America, and the Caribbean.

==History== Fermented black soybeans are the oldest-known food made from soybeans. In 165 BCE, they were placed, clearly marked, in Han Tomb No. 1 at Mawangdui Tomb Site in South Central China. The tomb was sealed about 165 BCE and was first opened in 1972.<ref name=HFBS/>{{page needed|date=October 2014}} The high-ranking woman to whom the undisturbed tomb belonged was probably the wife of the first Marquis of Tai.{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}}

Written in 90 BCE, the ''Records of the Grand Historian'' (aka the '''''Shiji'''''), by Sima Qian, Chapter 69, refers to 1,000 earthenware vessels of mold-fermented cereal grains and salty fermented soybeans ''(shi)''. They were now an important commodity in China. When the prince of Huainan (legendary inventor of tofu) was exiled for inciting rebellion (in 173 BCE) against his brother, the Han Emperor Wendi. He and his retinue were, nevertheless, provided with such necessities of life as firewood, rice, salt, ''shi'' (fermented black soybeans), and cooking utensils. This date, 173 BCE, is before Han Tomb No. 1 at Mawangdui was sealed.

==Use== thumb|Several varieties of ''douchi'' and ''douchi'' products [[File:Tuli, Borough, London (6811371539).jpg|thumb|Chicken feet ''dim sum'' with preserved black beans]] It is used as an ingredient for ''mapo tofu''. ''Douchi'' is also used to flavor fish or stir-fried vegetables (particularly bitter melon and leaf vegetables). Unlike some other fermented soybean-based foods such as ''natto'' or ''tempeh'', ''douchi'' is used only as a seasoning, and is not meant to be consumed in large quantities, being typically much saltier.

Small packets of ''douchi'' are available wherever Chinese foods are sold.

Some common dishes made with ''douchi'' are steamed spare ribs with fermented black beans and chili pepper (豉椒排骨), and fried dace with salted black beans (豆豉鯪魚).

===Around the world=== Fermented black soybeans are an ancient traditional food, used as condiments and seasonings in many Far Eastern countries and Chinese diaspora communities, where they are known by a variety of names.<ref name=HFBS/>{{page needed|date=October 2014}}

*In Japanese, ''douchi'' is also referred to as ''daitokuji natto'', ''hamanatto'', ''hamananatto'', ''shiokara-natto'', and ''tera-natto'', sometimes using the same Han characters (豆豉), similar ones (豆鼓), or completely different ones; however, they are almost never known by their Chinese name ''Zushi'' (豆豉 or ずし). *In Korea, a similar black bean sauce made from roasted soy beans called ''chunjang'' is used in the well-known ''jjajangmyeon''. It was first introduced by Chinese settlers in Incheon in the early 20th century; ''chunjang'' has made several changes and evolutionary steps over time. *In Thailand, this sauce is called ''เต้าซี่'' ("tausi") and is made from the black soybean. Normally, Chinese Thais use it for original old Chinese recipe such as sauce, steam etc. *In Vietnam, this sauce is called ''tàu xì'' or ''đậu xị'' and is made from the black soybean. *In Cambodia, ''douchi'' is also referred to as ''seang'', or fermented salted bean, in the Khmer language, and is a common recipe. It is often used with the fermented salted fish '' prahok''. *In Philippine cuisine, it is called ''tausi'' in Cebuano and Tagalog, both derived from the Lan-nang ''tāu-sīⁿ'' (豆豉). It is often used when steaming fish. * In Cantonese-speaking regions, ''douchi'' is referred to as ''dau6si6'' ("douchi") or ''haak1dau2 dau6si6'' ("black-bean douchi"). *In Chinese Indonesian cuisine, it is called ''tausi'' which is derived from its Hokkien name. It is usually used in ''kakap tahu tausi'', which is stir-fried red snapper, tofu, and ''douchi''. *In Spanish-speaking parts of Latin America, ''douchi'' is commonly referred to as ''tausí'' or ''tau-sí''. *Similar African fermented products are ''ogiri'' and ''iru''.

==Black bean paste== A condiment called '''black bean paste''', '''black bean sauce''' (豆豉醬),<ref>{{cite web |title=Black bean sauce recipes |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/blackbean_sauce |website=BBC Food }}</ref> '''black bean garlic sauce''' (蒜蓉豆豉酱), or '''tochidjan''' (豆豉醬), prepared from ''douchi'', garlic, and soy sauce, is popular in Chinese cuisine.

==See also== {{portal|Food}} * List of fermented foods * List of fermented soy products *Yellow soybean paste

==Notes== {{Notelist}}

==References== {{commons category|Preserved black beans}} {{reflist}}

Category:Fermented soy-based foods Category:Umami enhancers Category:Indonesian Chinese cuisine