Dipterocarpaceae

{{Short description|Family of flowering plants}} {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Maastrichtian|recent|Maastrichtian - recent|ref=<ref name=mobot>{{Cite web |title=Malvales|url=https://mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/malvalesweb.htm|access-date=2023-07-20 |website=www.mobot.org}}</ref>}} | image = Dipterocarpus retusus - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-054.jpg | image_caption = ''Dipterocarpus retusus'' | taxon = Dipterocarpaceae | authority = Blume (1825)<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = *''Anisoptera'' {{small|Korth}} *''Anthoshorea'' {{small|Pierre}} *''Cotylelobium'' {{small|Pierre}} *''Dipterocarpus'' {{small|C.F.Gaertn.}} *''Doona'' {{small|Thwaites}} *''Dryobalanops'' {{small|C.F.Gaertn.}} *''Hopea'' {{small|Roxb.}} *''Marquesia'' {{small|Gilg}} *''Monotes'' {{small|A.DC.}} *''Neobalanocarpus'' {{small|P.S.Ashton}} *''Neohopea'' {{small|(P.S.Ashton) P.S.Ashton}} *''Parashorea'' {{small|Kurz}} *''Pentacme'' {{small|A.DC.}} *''Pseudomonotes'' {{small|A.C.Londoño, E.Alvarez & Forero}} *''Richetia'' {{small|F.Heim}} *''Rubroshorea'' {{small|(Meijer) P.S.Ashton & J.Heck.}} *''Shorea'' {{small|Roxb. ex C.F.Gaertn.}} *''Stemonoporus'' {{small|Thwaites}} *''Upuna'' {{small|Symington}} *''Vateria'' {{small|L.}} *''Vateriopsis'' {{small|F.Heim}} *''Vatica'' {{small|L.}} |subdivision_ref = <ref name=powo>{{cite web |title=Dipterocarpaceae Blume |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77126600-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=17 September 2024}}</ref> }}

'''Dipterocarpaceae''' is a family of flowering plants with 22 genera<ref name = powo/> and about 695 known species<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. |name-list-style=amp | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | doi-access = free }}</ref> of mainly lowland tropical forest trees. Their distribution is pantropical, from northern South America to Africa, the Seychelles, India, Indochina, Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippines.<ref>Simon Gardner, Pindar Sidisunthorn and Lai Ee May, 2011. ''Heritage Trees of Penang''. Penang: Areca Books. {{ISBN|978-967-57190-6-6}}</ref><ref>Pang Sean E H, De Alban Jose Don T, & Webb Edward L. (2021). Effects of climate change and land cover on the distributions of a critical botanical family in the Philippines. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 276–276. [./Https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79491-9</ref> The greatest diversity of Dipterocarpaceae occurs in Borneo.<ref name = Ashton2>Ashton, P.S. Dipterocarpaceae. ''Flora Malesiana'', 1982 Series I, 92: 237-552</ref>

The largest genera are ''Shorea'' (196 species), ''Hopea'' (104 species), ''Dipterocarpus'' (70 species), and ''Vatica'' (65 species).<ref name = Ashton>Ashton, P.S. Dipterocarpaceae. In ''Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak,'' Volume 5, 2004. Soepadmo, E., Saw, L. G. and Chung, R. C. K. eds. Government of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. {{ISBN|983-2181-59-3}}</ref> Many are large forest-emergent species, typically reaching heights of 40–70 m, some even over 80 m (in the genera ''Dryobalanops'',<ref name = Ashton/> ''Hopea''<ref name = ENTS>{{cite web | url = http://www.nativetreesociety.org/worldtrees/sea_ei/borneo_ii.htm | title = Borneo | publisher = Eastern Native Tree Society | access-date = 2009-04-17 | archive-date = 2012-02-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120215010830/http://www.nativetreesociety.org/worldtrees/sea_ei/borneo_ii.htm }}</ref> and ''Shorea''),<ref name = ENTS/> with the tallest known living specimen (''Shorea faguetiana'') 93.0 m tall.<ref name = ENTS/> Named Menara, 'tower' in Malay, this specimen is a yellow meranti tree. It grows in the Danum Valley in Sabah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Daley |first=Jason |date=April 9, 2019 |title=This Is the World's Tallest Tropical Tree |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/worlds-tallest-tropical-tree-climbed-180971901/ |access-date=February 26, 2024 |work=Smithsonian Magazine |page=1}}</ref>

The species of this family are of major importance in the timber trade. Some species are now endangered as a result of overcutting, extensive illegal logging, and habitat conversion. They provide valuable woods, aromatic essential oils, balsam, and resins, and are a source for plywood.

== Taxonomy == The family name comes from the type genus ''Dipterocarpus'' which is derived from Greek words {{lang|el|δι}} ''di'' "two", {{lang|el|πτερόν}} ''pteron'' "wing", and {{lang|el|καρπός}} ''karpós'' "fruit"; the words combined refer to the two-winged fruit available from trees of that genus, other related genera with winged fruits of more than two are included in the family as well.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ghazoul |first1=Jaboury |title=Dipterocarp Biology, Ecology, and Conservation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bATnDAAAQBAJ&dq=Dipterocarpaceae++Dipterocarpus++greek&pg=PT51 |date=2016 |location=Oxford, England, UK |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-108784-4 |page=51 }}</ref>

==Classification== The dipterocarp family is generally divided into two subfamilies: {{Cladogram|title=Phylogeny of the Dipterocarpaceae<ref name="Ashton2"/> |clades={{clade |label1=Dipterocarpaceae |1={{clade |label1=Dipterocarpoideae |1={{clade |label1=Dipterocarpeae |1={{clade |1=''Anisoptera'' |2=''Cotylelobium'' |3=''Dipterocarpus'' |4=''Stemonoporus'' |5=''Upuna'' |6=''Vateria'' |7=''Vateriopsis'' |8=''Vatica'' }} |label2=Shoreae |2={{clade |1=''Anthoshorea'' |2=''Doona'' |3=''Dryobalanops'' |4=''Hopea'' |5=''Neobalanocarpus'' |6=''Neohopea'' |7=''Parashorea'' |8=''Pentacme'' |9=''Richetia'' |10=''Rubroshorea'' |11=''Shorea'' }} }} |label2=Monotoideae |2={{Clade |label1= |1={{clade |1= ''Marquesia'' |2= ''Monotes'' |3= ''Pseudomonotes'' }} }} }} }} }} * Dipterocarpoideae: the largest of the subfamilies, it contains 13 genera and about 475 species. Distribution includes the Seychelles, Sri Lanka, India, Southeast Asia to New Guinea, and a large distribution in Borneo, where they form the dominant species in the lowland forests. North Borneo (Brunei, Sabah, and Sarawak) is the richest area in the world for dipterocarp species.<ref name = Ashton/> The Dipterocarpoideae can be divided morphologically into two groups,<ref name = Ashton2/><ref>Maury-Lechon, G. and Curtet, L. Biogeography and Evolutionary Systematics of Dipterocarpaceae. In ''A Review of Dipterocarps: Taxonomy, ecology and silviculture'', 1998. Appanah, S. and Turnbull, J. M. eds. Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia. {{ISBN|979-8764-20-X}}</ref> and the tribe names Shoreae and Dipterocarpeae are sometimes used, but genetic evidence so far does not support this division:<ref name="pmid 10449398">{{cite journal|title=Phylogeny of the tropical tree family Dipterocarpaceae based on nucleotide sequences of the chloroplast RBCL gene|author1=S Dayanandan|author2=P S Ashton|author3=S M Williams|author4=R B Primack|year=1999|journal=American Journal of Botany|pmid=10449398|doi=10.2307/2656982|volume=86|issue=8|pages=1182–90|jstor=2656982|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Molecular phylogeny of Dipterocarpaceae in Indonesia based on chloroplast DNA|journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution|year=2006|volume=261|issue=1–4|pages=99–115|author1=S. Indrioko |author2=O. Gailing |author3=R. Finkeldey |doi=10.1007/s00606-006-0435-8|s2cid=26395665}}</ref> **Valvate - Dipterocarpeae group (''Anisoptera'', ''Cotylelobium'', ''Dipterocarpus'', ''Stemonoporus'', ''Upuna'', ''Vateria'', ''Vateriopsis'', ''Vatica''). The genera of this group have valvate sepals in fruit, solitary vessels, scattered resin canals, and basic chromosome number x = 11. ** Imbricate - Shoreae group (''Anthoshorea'', ''Doona'', ''Dryobalanops'', ''Hopea'', ''Neobalanocarpus'', ''Neohopea'', ''Parashorea'', ''Pentacme'', ''Richetia'', ''Rubroshorea'', and ''Shorea''). The genera of this group have imbricate sepals in fruit, grouped vessels, resin canals in tangential bands, and basic chromosome number x = 7. The genera in the tribe have been substantially reorganized based on recent molecular.<ref>Ashton, P.S., Heckenhauer, J. Tribe Shoreae (Dipterocarpaceae subfamily Dipterocarpoideae) Finally Dissected. ''Kew Bulletin'' 77, 885–903 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-022-10057-w</ref> * Monotoideae: three genera, 30 species. ''Marquesia'' is native to Africa. ''Monotes'' has 26 species, distributed across Africa and Madagascar. ''Pseudomonotes'' is native to the Colombian Amazon.

A recent genetic study found that the Asian dipterocarps share a common ancestor with the Sarcolaenaceae, a tree family endemic to Madagascar.<ref>M. Ducousso, G. Béna, C. Bourgeois, B. Buyck, G. Eyssartier, M. Vincelette, R. Rabevohitra, L. Randrihasipara, B. Dreyfus, Y. Prin. The last common ancestor of Sarcolaenaceae and Asian dipterocarp trees was ectomycorrhizal before the India-Madagascar separation, about 88 million years ago. ''Molecular Ecology'' 13: 231 January 2004.</ref> This suggests that ancestor of the dipterocarps originated in the southern supercontinent of Gondwana, and that the common ancestor of the Asian dipterocarps and the Sarcolaenaceae was found in the India-Madagascar-Seychelles land mass millions of years ago, and were carried northward by India, which later collided with Asia and allowed the dipterocarps to spread across Southeast Asia and Malaysia. Although associated with Southeast Asia in contemporary times, recent studies using fossil pollen and molecular data suggest an African origin in the mid-cretaceous.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bansal |first1=Mahi |last2=Morley |first2=Robert J. |last3=Nagaraju |first3=Shivaprakash K. |last4=Dutta |first4=Suryendu |last5=Mishra |first5=Ashish Kumar |last6=Selveraj |first6=Jeyakumar |last7=Kumar |first7=Sumit |last8=Niyolia |first8=Deepti |last9=Harish |first9=Sachin Medigeshi |last10=Abdelrahim |first10=Omer Babiker |last11=Hasan |first11=Shaa eldin |last12=Ramesh |first12=Bramasamdura Rangana |last13=Dayanandan |first13=Selvadurai |last14=Morley |first14=Harsanti P. |last15=Ashton |first15=Peter S. |date=2022-01-28 |title=Southeast Asian Dipterocarp origin and diversification driven by Africa-India floristic interchange |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abk2177 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=375 |issue=6579 |pages=455–460 |doi=10.1126/science.abk2177 |pmid=35084986 |s2cid=246360938 |issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Prior to this research, the first dipterocarp pollen was found in Myanmar (which at that time was part of the Indian Plate) and it dates from the upper Oligocene.<ref name=Morley>Morley, R.J. 2000. Origin and Evolution of Tropical Rain Forests. Wiley-Blackwell, NY.</ref> The sample appears to slowly increase in terms of diversity and abundance across the region into the mid-Miocene.<ref name=Morley/> Chemical traces of dipterocarp resins have been found dating back to the Eocene of India. The oldest fossil of the family are from the latest Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) aged Intertrappean Beds of India, assignable to the extant genus ''Dipterocarpus''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Khan|first1=Mahasin Ali|last2=Spicer|first2=Robert A.|last3=Spicer|first3=Teresa E. V.|last4=Roy|first4=Kaustav|last5=Hazra|first5=Manoshi|last6=Hazra|first6=Taposhi|last7=Mahato|first7=Sumana|last8=Kumar|first8=Sanchita|last9=Bera|first9=Subir|date=2020-11-03|title=Dipterocarpus (Dipterocarpaceae) leaves from the K-Pg of India: a Cretaceous Gondwana presence of the Dipterocarpaceae|journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution|language=en|volume=306|issue=6|page=90|doi=10.1007/s00606-020-01718-z|s2cid=228870254 |issn=1615-6110}}</ref>

Subfamily Pakaraimoideae containing the sole genus ''Pakaraimaea'', formerly placed here and native to the Guaianan highlands of South America, is now found to be more closely related the Cistaceae and is placed there in the APG IV (2016).<ref name="apgiv">{{Citation|last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=161|issue=2|pages=105–20|year=2016|doi=10.1111/boj.12385|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Fossilized arthropods== Some 52-million-year-old amber found in the Gujarat province, India, containing a large amount of fossilized arthropods, was identified as sap from the family Dipterocarpaceae.<ref>Sample, Ian. [https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/oct/25/prehistoric-creatures-indian-amber-haul "Prehistoric creatures discovered in huge Indian amber haul"] ''The Guardian'', 25 October 2010. Retrieved: 26 October 2010.</ref>

[[File:Dipterocarpaceae_displayed_at_Philippine_National_Museum.jpg|thumb|center|Dipterocarpaceae fossil displayed at Philippine National Museum]]

==Ecology==

Dipterocarpaceae species can be either evergreen or deciduous.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Smitinand | first1 = Tem | last2 = Santisuk | first2 = Thatwatchai | year = 1981 | title = Dipterocarpaceae of Thailand with Special Reference to Silvicultural Ecology | journal = Malaysian Forester | volume = 44 | pages = 377–85 }}</ref> Species occurring in Thailand grow from sea level to about 1300 m elevation. Environments in which the species of the family occur in Thailand include lowland dipterocarp forest 0–350 m, riparian fringe, limestone hills, and coastal hills.

The dipterocarps has dominated the Borneo lowland rain forests for millions of years.<ref>{{cite news |title=A prehistoric forest grows in Brunei |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/04/220428104015.htm |work=ScienceDaily |date=28 April 2022}}</ref>

== Conservation and climate change == [[File:Dipterocarp Forest at Danum Valley (13997709808).jpg|thumb|Primary lowland dipterocarp forest at Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia]] [[File:Kabark-Tree Taksin Maharat NP.jpg|thumb|''Anisoptera costata'' at Taksin Maharat National Park, Thailand]] As the dominant tree in Southeast Asia, the Dipterocarp family has seen extensive study relating to its conservation status. They are a keystone species of the native forests of this region, and are essential to their function and structure.

One study by Pang et al. examined the impacts of climate change and land cover on the distribution of this important tree family in the Philippines. They used species distribution models (SDMs) for 19 species that were projected onto both current and future climate scenarios, with current land cover incorporated as well. They found that the current land cover alone reduced the species distributions by 67%, and 37% in protected areas. On the other hand, climate change reduced species distributions by 16-27% in both protected and unprotected areas. There was also an upward shift in elevation of species distribution as a result of climate change, as habitats changed. They concluded that there was a need to improve protected area planning as refuges for critical species, with SDMs proving to be a useful tool for providing projections that can then be incorporated into this planning process.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pang|first1=Sean E. H.|last2=De Alban|first2=Jose Don T.|last3=Webb|first3=Edward L.|date=2021-01-11|title=Effects of climate change and land cover on the distributions of a critical tree family in the Philippines|url= |journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|page=276|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-79491-9|issn=2045-2322|pmc=7801684|pmid=33432023}}</ref>

Another paper by Shishir et al. also investigated the potential effects of climate change on a threatened Dipterocarp tree in Purbachal, Bangladesh. Using a model that incorporated nine different environmental variables such as climate, geography, and soil conditions, they looked at two climate scenarios. They found that precipitation and soil nitrogen were the largest determinants of distribution, and that suitable habitat for this species will decline by 21-28% relative to the present land area as a result of climate change.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-12-01|title=Predicting the probable impact of climate change on the distribution of threatened Shorea robusta forest in Purbachal, Bangladesh|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|language=en|volume=24|article-number=e01250|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01250|issn=2351-9894|doi-access=free|last1=Shishir|first1=Sharmin|last2=Mollah|first2=Tanjinul Hoque|last3=Tsuyuzaki|first3=Shiro|last4=Wada|first4=Naoya}}</ref>

In Borneo, nearly all species of the Dipterocarp family are imperiled.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Einhorn |first=Catrin |title=How Are the World's Trees Doing? A New Assessment Has Answers. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/28/climate/trees-extinction-iucn-report-biodiversity.html |work=New York Times}}</ref>

==See also== *Dipterocarp timber classification

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== {{Commons category|Dipterocarpaceae}} {{Wikispecies}} * {{cite book|url=http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/Dipterocarps.pdf|title=A Review of Dipterocarps: Taxonomy, ecology and silviculture (PDF version)|author=Center for International Forestry Research|year=1998|publisher=CIFOR |isbn=978-979-8764-20-2|access-date=2004-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725191751/http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/Dipterocarps.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-25}} * [https://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/diptero/ Dipterocarpaceae Data Base] {{sic}}

{{Angiosperm families}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q580593}} {{Authority control}}

Category:Dipterocarpaceae Category:Malvales families Category:Pantropical flora Category:Taxa described in 1825 Category:Taxa named by Carl Ludwig Blume