Destroyer leader

{{short description|US Navy designation for large destroyers}} {{About|United States Navy nomenclature of the 1950s|earlier terminology for similar ships|Flotilla leader}} '''Destroyer leader''' (DL) was the United States Navy designation for large destroyers from 9 February 1951 through the early years of the Cold War. United States ships with hull classification symbol DL were officially frigates from 1 January 1955<ref name=jfs1>Blackman, p.434</ref> until 1975. The smaller destroyer leaders were reclassified as destroyers and the larger as cruisers by the United States Navy 1975 ship reclassification so destroyer escorts could be reclassified as frigates (FF) in conformance with international usage of the term. [[File:USS John S. McCain (DL-3) underway in the early 1960s.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Destroyer leader {{USS|John S. McCain|DL-3|6}} with 3-inch/70 Mark 26 gun and Weapon Alpha visible abaft the forward 5-inch/54 Mark 42 gun.]]

==Background== By the end of World War I the destroyers intended to screen formations of battleships had evolved to a displacement of approximately 1,100 tons armed with four {{convert|4|in|cm|adj=on|0}} guns and six or more torpedoes.<ref>Lenton & Colledge, pp. 79–94</ref> Italy had built three {{sclass|Mirabello|destroyer|0}} ''esploratori'' (scout cruisers) approximately 70% larger than contemporary destroyers. The Washington Naval Treaty encouraged the United Kingdom's satisfaction with its traditional fleet of {{sclass2|V and W|destroyer|1}}s and the United States' contentment with the similar {{sclass|Wickes|destroyer|5}} and {{sclass|Clemson|destroyer|1}}s, while the signatories with smaller fleets explored alternative warship configurations between the classical definitions of destroyer and cruiser. Italy launched three more {{sclass|Leone|destroyer|0}} ''esploratori''<ref name=k&p>Kafka & Pepperburg, p.784</ref> and France responded with six ''Chacal''-class ''contre-torpilleur'' super destroyers. Japan launched the minimum light cruiser {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Yūbari||2}} followed by the ''Fubuki''-class {{nihongo|"Special Type destroyers"|特型駆逐艦|Toku-gata Kuchikukan}} with endurance to escort the ''Kido Butai'' mobile force of aircraft carriers over the wide reaches of the Pacific.<ref>Watts, pp. 126–143</ref>

Germany built similarly enlarged ''Zerstörer'' when it commenced naval rearmament.<ref>Lenton, (1976) p. 67</ref> With the exception of the {{sclass2|Tribal|destroyer (1936)|4}} and a few flotilla leaders, most British and American destroyers built between the world wars were smaller than contemporary Axis destroyers; but as the battleships for which the smaller destroyers had been designed as escorts faded into restricted roles in the combat experience of World War II, United States destroyer displacement increased to 2100 tons, 2200 tons, and 2400 tons to support Fast Carrier Task Force operations.<ref name=sil>Silverstone, pp. 100–103</ref>

==Description== As the United States Navy thinned its wartime fleet following World War II, the smaller destroyers were discarded until only those over 2,000 tons remained in active service.<ref name=sil/> Naval architects had a few years to evaluate captured ships and combat experience before there was any need for more warships. With large inventories of destroyers and cruisers, new surface warship designs explored placing high-efficiency boilers in hulls of intermediate size. The first destroyer leader {{USS|Norfolk|DL-1|6}} was authorized in 1948 and laid down in 1949 as an anti-submarine hunter-killer cruiser based on the {{sclass|Atlanta|cruiser|0}} anti-aircraft cruiser, themselves originally conceived as destroyer leaders. She was designated EDL-1 while engaged in experimental work with new sensors and weapons systems including SQS-23 sonar, Weapon Alpha, RUR-5 ASROC and automatic 3 inch/70 Mark 26 guns.<ref name=jfs1/> She served entirely in the Atlantic except for a single deployment to the Indian Ocean and cruise around the world in 1968 shortly before she was retired from active service.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hazegray.org/danfs/dl-dlg/dl1.htm |title=Norfolk |last=Toppan |first=Andrew |website=The Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships |access-date=16 March 2014 }}</ref> A sister ship was authorized, but not completed after experience with the prototype did not justify repetition of the design.<ref name=jfs1/>

The next design was for an unarmored cruiser of displacement similar to Italian {{sclass2|Capitani Romani|cruiser|1}}s to carry the new 5 inch/54 caliber Mark 42 gun. Each of the four {{sclass|Mitscher|destroyer|0}} ships received somewhat different experimental propulsion machinery powered by {{convert|1200|psi|atm}} (8.3 MPa) Combustion Engineering forced-circulation boilers in DL-2 and DL-3; and Foster Wheeler boilers in DL-4 and DL-5. DL-2 and DL-3 had General Electric turbines while DL-4 and DL-5 had Westinghouse turbines. All four ships began operations in the Atlantic. DL-3 and DL-5 were transferred to the Pacific in 1956. DL-3 made routine deployments to the western Pacific for as long as she remained in commission, but DL-5 was transferred back to the Atlantic in 1963 after making a few western Pacific deployments. DL-2 and DL-4 made routine deployments to the Mediterranean Sea.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.destroyers.org/histories/h-dl-3.htm |title=A Tin Can Sailors Destroyer History |publisher=The National Association of Destroyer Veterans |access-date=16 March 2014 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006122233/http://www.destroyers.org/histories/h-dl-3.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The ships were built with AN/SPS-6 air search radar, AN/SPS-8 height finding radar, AN/QHBa scanning sonar and AN/SQG-1 attack sonar. During their first refit in the mid-1950s the AN/SQG-1 and AN/QHBa were replaced by AN/SQS-4 sonar and the secondary open 3 inch/50 caliber guns were replaced by 3 inch/70 Mark 26 guns. Later refits removed the unsatisfactory 3 inch/70 guns and Weapon Alpha.

After experimental flight operations with the Bell HUL-1 and Kaman HTK-1 aboard ''Mitscher'' in 1957, helicopter decks and hangars for the Gyrodyne QH-50 DASH were installed where the aft 3-inch guns had been. DL-2 and DL-3 underwent major overhaul at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard beginning in 1966 including new Foster Wheeler boilers, AN/SQS-23 sonar, AN/SPS-37 air search radar, AN/SPS-48 height finding radar, and the Tartar Guided Missile Fire Control System for RIM-24 Tartar missiles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gyrodynehelicopters.com/mitscher_class.htm |title=Mitscher Class |publisher=Gyrodyne Helicopter Historical Foundation |access-date=16 March 2014 }}</ref> DL-4 and DL-5 had earlier received a new 70-foot bow section mounting the AN/SQS-26 sonar and spent the remainder of their service lives testing these prototypes until retirement, when their sisters emerged from overhaul at Philadelphia in 1968 for another decade of service as guided missile destroyers.<ref name=jfs2>Blackman, pp. 433 & 435</ref>

A third class of destroyer leaders was designed after observing the performance of propulsion and weapons systems tested aboard the ''Mitscher'' class. The first three ships were ordered with three 5 inch/54 caliber guns shortly after the name change to frigates. The next three were ordered with two 5 inch/54 guns forward, and a RIM-2 Terrier missile system aft, marking the transition to guided missile frigates (hull classification symbol DLG), intended to defend aircraft carriers against anti-ship cruise missiles. All ten ships were completed with a single 5 inch/54 gun forward, an ASROC launcher where the B gun would have been, and the missile system aft; but the class was variously named ''Coontz'' for the first ship to be ordered with a missile system, or {{sclass|Farragut|destroyer (1958)|5}} for the lowest numbered ship to be completed in that configuration. ASROC and sonar gave the guided missile frigates an anti-submarine capability that most of the World War II cruiser conversions lacked. All were reclassified as guided missile destroyers in 1975.<ref name=jfs6>Blackman, p. 432</ref>

==Similar ship classes== {|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: right;" |+ Comparison of ships with similar missions |- ! scope="col" | Name ! scope="col" | Nation ! scope="col" | Date ! scope="col" | {{abbr|No. built|Number built}} ! scope="col" | {{abbr|Disp.|Displacement}} (tons) ! scope="col" | Speed (knots) ! scope="col" | Torpedoes ! scope="col" | Guns |- ! scope="row" | {{sclass|Mirabello|destroyer|4}}<ref name=k&p/> | style="text-align: left;" | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}} |1917 |3 |1,811 |35 |4 | style="text-align: left;" | 8 × {{convert|4|in|cm|sing=on}} guns |- ! scope="row" | {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Yūbari||2}}<ref>Watts, p.77</ref> | style="text-align: left;" | {{navy|Empire of Japan|name=Japan}} |1923 |1 |2,890 |35 |4 | style="text-align: left;" | 6 × {{convert|14|cm|in|sing=on}} guns |- ! scope="row" | {{sclass|Leone|destroyer|4}}<ref name=k&p/> | style="text-align: left;" | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}} |1924 |3 |1,743 |34 |4 | style="text-align: left;" | 8 × {{convert|12|cm|in|sing=on}} guns |- ! scope="row" | {{sclass|Chacal|destroyer|4}}<ref>le Masson, pp.110&111</ref> | style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|France}} |1926 |6 |2,126 |35 |6 | style="text-align: left;" | 5 × {{convert|13|cm|in|sing=on}} guns |- ! scope="row" | {{sclass|Fubuki|destroyer|4}}<ref>Watts, p.126</ref> | style="text-align: left;" | {{navy|Empire of Japan|name=Japan}} |1927 |20 |2,090 |34 |9 | style="text-align: left;" | 6 × 12.7 cm/50 Type 3 naval gun |- ! scope="row" | {{sclass|Guépard|destroyer|4}}<ref>le Masson, pp.112&113</ref> | style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|France}} |1929 |18 |2,441 |35 |7 | style="text-align: left;" | 5 × Canon de 138 mm Modèle 1927 |- ! scope="row" | {{sclass2|Navigatori|destroyer|4}}<ref>Kafka & Pepperburg, p.780</ref> | style="text-align: left;" | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}} |1929 |12 |1,900 |38 |6 | style="text-align: left;" | 6 × {{convert|12|cm|in|sing=on}} guns |- ! scope="row" | ''Regele Ferdinand'' class<ref>Earl Thomas Brassey, ''Brassey's Annual: The Armed Forces Year-book'', Praeger Publishers, 1938, p. 264</ref> | style="text-align: left;" | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Romania|name=Romania}} |1930 |2 |1,785 |35 |6 | style="text-align: left;" | 5 × {{convert|12|cm|in|sing=on}} guns |- ! scope="row" | ''Dubrovnik'' | style="text-align: left;" | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Yugoslavia|naval}} |1931 |1 |1,910 |40 |6 | style="text-align: left;" | 4 × {{convert|14|cm|in|sing=on}} guns |- ! scope="row" | {{sclass|Akatsuki|destroyer (1931)|4}}<ref>Watts, p.133</ref> | style="text-align: left;" | {{navy|Empire of Japan|name=Japan}} |1931 |4 |2,090 |38 |9 | style="text-align: left;" | 6 × 12.7 cm/50 Type 3 naval gun |- ! scope="row" | {{sclass|Leningrad|destroyer|4}} | style="text-align: left;" | {{navy|Soviet Union}} |1932 |6 |2,180 |40 |4 | style="text-align: left;" | 5 × 130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936 |- ! scope="row" | {{sclass|Porter|destroyer|4}}<ref>Silverstone, p.114</ref> | style="text-align: left;" | {{navy|USA|name=US}} |1935 |8 |1,850 |37 |8 | style="text-align: left;" | 8 × 5"/38 caliber gun |- ! scope="row" | {{sclass|Le Fantasque|destroyer|4}}<ref>le Masson, p.116</ref> | style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|France}} |1936 |6 |2,569 |37 |9 | style="text-align: left;" | 5 × Canon de 138 mm Modèle 1929 |- ! scope="row" | {{sclass|Asashio|destroyer|4}}<ref>Watts, p.141</ref> | style="text-align: left;" | {{navy|Empire of Japan|name=Japan}} |1936 |10 |1,961 |35 |8 | style="text-align: left;" | 6 × 12.7 cm/50 Type 3 naval gun |- ! scope="row" | {{sclass2|Tribal|destroyer (1936)|4}}<ref>Lenton & Colledge, p.107</ref> | style="text-align: left;" | {{navy|UK|name=UK}} |1936 |27 |1,870 |36 |4 | style="text-align: left;" | 8 × 4.7-inch QF Mark XII gun |- ! scope="row" | ''Zerstörer'' 1934<ref name=gdd>Taylor, p.43</ref> | style="text-align: left;" | {{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}} |1937 |16 |2,200 |38 |8 | style="text-align: left;" | 5 × 12.7 cm SK C/34 naval guns |- ! scope="row" | {{sclass|Somers|destroyer|4}}<ref>Silverstone, p.118</ref> | style="text-align: left;" | {{navy|USA|name=US}} |1937 |5 |1,850 |37 |12 | style="text-align: left;" | 8 × 5"/38 caliber gun |- ! scope="row" | {{sclass|Tashkent|destroyer|4}} | style="text-align: left;" | {{navy|Soviet Union}} |1937 |1 |2,893 |43.5 |9 | style="text-align: left;" | 6 × B-2LM |- ! scope="row" | {{sclass|Kagerō|destroyer|4}}<ref>Watts, p.143</ref> | style="text-align: left;" | {{navy|Empire of Japan|name=Japan}} |1938 |18 |2,033 |35 |8 | style="text-align: left;" | 6 × 12.7 cm/50 Type 3 naval gun |- ! scope="row" | {{sclass|Tromp|cruiser|4}}<ref>Lenton, (1968) p.13</ref> | style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;" | {{flag|Netherlands}} |1938 |2 |3,787 |32 |6 | style="text-align: left;" | 6 × {{convert|15|cm|in|sing=on}} guns |- ! scope="row" | ''Zerstörer'' 1936<ref name=gdd/> | style="text-align: left;" | {{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}} |1938 |6 |2,400 |38 |8 | style="text-align: left;" | 5 × 12.7 cm SK C/34 naval guns |- ! scope="row" | {{sclass|Mogador|destroyer|4}}<ref>le Masson, pp.118&119</ref> | style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|France}} |1939 |2 |2,994 |39 |10 | style="text-align: left;" | 8 × Canon de 138 mm Modèle 1929 |- ! scope="row" | {{sclass2|L and M|destroyer|4}}<ref>Lenton & Colledge, p.109</ref> | style="text-align: left;" | {{navy|UK|name=UK}} |1939 |16 |1,920 |36 |8 | style="text-align: left;" | 6 × 4.7-inch QF Mark XII gun |- ! scope="row" | ''Zerstörer'' 1936A<ref>Taylor, p.41</ref> | style="text-align: left;" | {{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}} |1940 |15 |2,600 |38 |8 | style="text-align: left;" | 4 × 15 cm TbtsK C/36 naval guns |- ! scope="row" | {{sclass|Yūgumo|destroyer|4}}<ref>Watts, p.148</ref> | style="text-align: left;" | {{navy|Empire of Japan|name=Japan}} |1941 |20 |2,077 |35 |8 | style="text-align: left;" | 6 × 12.7 cm/50 Type 3 naval gun |- ! scope="row" | {{sclass|Gerard Callenburgh|destroyer|4}}<ref>Lenton, (1968) p.24</ref> | style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Netherlands}} |1941 |2 |1,922 |36 |8 | style="text-align: left;" | 5 × {{convert|12|cm|in|sing=on}} guns |- ! scope="row" | {{sclass|Akizuki|destroyer (1942)|4}}<ref>Watts, p.152</ref> | style="text-align: left;" | {{navy|Empire of Japan|name=Japan}} |1942 |12 |2,701 |33 |4 | style="text-align: left;" | 8 × 10 cm/65 Type 98 naval gun |- ! scope="row" | {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Shimakaze|1942|2}}<ref>Watts, p.153</ref> | style="text-align: left;" | {{navy|Empire of Japan|name=Japan}} |1942 |1 |2,567 |39 |15 | style="text-align: left;" | 6 × 12.7 cm/50 Type 3 naval gun |- ! scope="row" | {{sclass|Fletcher|destroyer|4}}<ref>Silverstone, p.135</ref> | style="text-align: left;" | {{navy|USA|name=US}} |1942 |175 |2,050 |37 |10 | style="text-align: left;" | 5 × 5"/38 caliber gun |- ! scope="row" | {{sclass2|Capitani Romani|cruiser|4}}<ref>Kafka & Pepperburg, p.768</ref> | style="text-align: left;" | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}} |1942 |4 |3,750 |36 |8 | style="text-align: left;" | 8 × {{convert|13.5|cm|in|sing=on}} guns |- ! scope="row" | {{sclass|Allen M. Sumner|destroyer|4}}<ref>Silverstone, p.146</ref> | style="text-align: left;" | {{navy|USA|name=US}} |1943 |58 |2,200 |36 |10 | style="text-align: left;" | 6 × 5"/38 caliber gun |- ! scope="row" | {{sclass|Gearing|destroyer|4}}<ref>Silverstone, p.148</ref> | style="text-align: left;" | {{navy|USA|name=US}} |1944 |98 |2,425 |35 |10 | style="text-align: left;" | 6 × 5"/38 caliber gun |- ! scope="row" | {{sclass2|Battle|destroyer|4}}<ref>Lenton & Colledge, p.121</ref> | style="text-align: left;" | {{navy|UK|name=UK}} |1944 |26 |2,315 |35 |10 | style="text-align: left;" | 4 × QF 4.5-inch Mk III naval gun |- ! scope="row" | DL-1<ref name=jfs1/> | style="text-align: left;" | {{navy|USA|name=US}} |1953 |1 |5,600 |32 |4 + Mk 32 | style="text-align: left;" | 8 × 3"/70 Mark 26 gun |- ! scope="row" | DL-2 class<ref name=jfs2/> | style="text-align: left;" | {{navy|USA|name=US}} |1953 |4 |3,675 |35 |4 + Mk 32 | style="text-align: left;" | 2 × 5"/54 caliber Mark 42 gun |- ! scope="row" | DL-6 class<ref name=jfs6/> | style="text-align: left;" | {{navy|USA|name=US}} |1960 |10 |4,700 |34 |Mk 32 | style="text-align: left;" | 1 × 5"/54 caliber Mark 42 gun |}

==Evolution into guided missile cruisers== Two additional DLG classes and two similar nuclear-powered ships (DLGN) were completed by 1975 for a total of twenty additional guided missile frigates. These significantly larger ships were reclassified as guided missile cruisers (CG/CGN) in 1975.<ref name=Register1>Bauer and Roberts, pp. 213–217</ref> By 1995 the former guided missile frigates were replaced by the {{sclass|Ticonderoga|cruiser|1}}s and {{sclass|Arleigh Burke|destroyer|1}}s.<ref>Gardiner and Chumbley, pp. 580–585</ref>

==Sources== {{refbegin|35em}} * {{cite book | last = Bauer | first = K. Jack | author-link = K. Jack Bauer |author2=Roberts, Stephen S. | title = Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775–1990: Major Combatants | publisher = Greenwood Press | year = 1991 | location = Westport, Connecticut | isbn = 0-313-26202-0 }} * {{cite book | last=Blackman | first=Raymond V.B. | title=Jane's Fighting Ships | year=1970–71 | publisher=Jane's Yearbooks }} * {{cite book | last = Gardiner | first = Robert |author2 = Chumbley, Stephen | title = Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995 | publisher = Conway Maritime Press | year = 1995 | location = London | isbn = 1-55750-132-7 }} * {{cite book | last1=Kafka | first1=Roger | last2=Pepperburg | first2=Roy L. | title=Warships of the World | year=1946 | publisher=Cornell Maritime Press }} * {{cite book | last=Lenton | first=H.T. | title=German Warships of the Second World War | year=1976 | publisher=Arco Publishing | isbn=0-668-04037-8 }} * {{cite book | last=Lenton | first=H.T. | title=Navies of the Second World War: Royal Netherlands Navy | year=1968 | publisher=Doubleday & Company }} * {{cite book | last1=Lenton | first1=H.T. | last2=Colledge | first2=J.J. | title=British and Dominion Warships of World War II | year=1964 | publisher=Doubleday & Company }} * {{cite book | last=le Masson | first=Henri | title=Navies of the Second World War: The French Navy 1 | year=1969 | publisher=Doubleday & Company }} * {{cite book | last=Silverstone | first=Paul H. | title=U.S. Warships of World War II | year=1968 | publisher=Doubleday & Company }} * {{cite book | last=Taylor | first=J.C. | title=German Warships of World War II | year=1966 | publisher=Doubleday & Company }} * {{cite book | last=Watts | first=Anthony J. | title=Japanese Warships of World War II | year=1966 | publisher=Doubleday & Company }} {{refend}}

==Notes== {{reflist|3}}

Category:Ship types