{{Short description|Systematic and rational approach to designing}} '''Design science''' refers to a scientific, i.e. rational and systematic, approach to designing. An early concept of design science was introduced in 1957 by R. Buckminster Fuller<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fuller|first=R. Buckminster|date=1957|title=A Comprehensive Anticipatory Design Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TnxUAAAAMAAJ&q=%22a+comprehensive+anticipatory+design+science%22|journal=Royal Architectural Institute of Canada|volume=34|access-date=2016-09-14|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fuller|first1=R. Buckminster|title= Comprehensive Anticipatory Design Science|journal=Royal Architectural Institute of Canada Journal|date=1957|volume=34|issue=9|pages=357–361|publisher=J. F. Sullivan|hdl=10222/74680}}</ref> who defined it as a systematic form of designing<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bfi.org/design-science/primer/fuller-design-science|title=Fuller on Design Science|last=Fuller|first=R. Buckminster|website=Buckminster Fuller Institute|access-date=2016-09-15|archive-date=2021-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023152325/https://www.bfi.org/design-science/primer/fuller-design-science|url-status=dead}}</ref> which he applied especially in innovative engineering design. The concept has been more broadly defined by the Design Science journal<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/design-science | title=Design Science | Cambridge Core }}</ref> as “quantitative and qualitative research in the creation of artifacts and systems, and their embedding in our physical, virtual, psychological, economic, and social environment”.
==Design-science relationship== There has been recurrent concern to differentiate design from science.<ref name="gregory1966" /><ref name="crossnw1981" /><ref name="willem1990" /> Nigel Cross differentiated between scientific design, design science and a science of design.<ref name="cross2001" /> A science of design (the scientific study of design) does not require or assume that the acts of designing are themselves scientific, and an increasing number of research programs take this view.<ref name="gero2004" /> To some extent the two uses of the term design science (systematic designing and the study of designing) have co-mingled to the point where there can be some confusion, and design science sometimes may be referred to either as meaning a science of design or design as a science.
==A science of design==
Herbert A. Simon's ''The Sciences of the Artificial'',<ref>Simon, Herbert A. ''The Sciences of the Artificial'', MIT Press.</ref> first published in 1969, built on previous developments and motivated the further development of systematic and formalized design methodologies relevant to many design disciplines, for example architecture, engineering, urban planning, computer science, and management studies.<ref name="baldwin2000" /><ref name="banathy" /><ref name="long1998" /><ref name="romme2003" /><ref name="vanaken2004" /><ref name="warfield1990" /> Simon's ideas about the science of design also encouraged the development of design research and the scientific study of designing.<ref name="cross2007" />
==Design as a science==
The design-science relationship continues to be debated<ref>Farrell, R. and C. Hooker (2012) 'The Simon—Kroes model of technical artifacts and the distinction between science and design', ''Design Studies'', 33 (5) pp. 480-495 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2012.05.001</ref><ref>Galle, P. and P. Kroes (2014) 'Science and design. Identical twins?' ''Design Studies'', 35 (3) pp. 201-231 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2013.12.002</ref> and there continue to be many efforts to reframe or reform design as science. For example, the axiomatic theory of design by Suh<ref name="suh1990" /> presents a domain independent theory that can explain or prescribe the design process. The Function-Behavior-Structure (FBS) ontology by Gero,<ref name="gero1990" /><ref name="gerokanneng2004" /> presenting a domain independent ontology of design and designing, is another example. There have also been many domain-specific developments of design science, for example in architectural design,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aburamadan |first1=Rania |last2=Trillo |first2=Claudia |title=Applying design science approach to architectural design development |journal=Frontiers of Architectural Research |date=March 2020 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=216–235 |doi=10.1016/j.foar.2019.07.008 |doi-access=free }}</ref> product design<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Y. |last2=Gu |first2=P. |title=A science-based approach to product design theory Part I: formulation and formalization of design process |journal=Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing |date=August 1999 |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=331–339 |doi=10.1016/S0736-5845(99)00028-9 }}</ref> and information systems design.<ref name="hevner2010" /><ref name=aparicio2023>{{cite book |last1=Aparicio |first1=J.T. |last2=Aparicio |first2=M. |last3=Costa |first3=C.J. |chapter=Design Science in Information Systems and Computing |editor1-last=Anwar |editor1-first=S. |editor2-last=Ullah |editor2-first=A. |editor3-last=Rocha |editor3-first=Á. |editor4-last=Sousa |editor4-first=M.J. |title=Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Technology and Applications |volume=614 |series=Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems |publisher=Springer, Singapore |year=2023 |doi=10.1007/978-981-19-9331-2_35}}</ref>
===Design science in information systems===
There has been a particular emphasis on design as a science within information systems. Hevner and Chatterjee provide a reference on design science research (DSR) in Information Systems,<ref name="hevner2010" /> including a selection of papers from the DESRIST conferences, a look at key principles of DSR, and the integration of action research with design research. Hevner et al. provide a set of seven guidelines which help information systems researchers conduct, evaluate and present design-science research.<ref name="hevner2004" /> The seven guidelines address design as an artifact, problem relevance, design evaluation, research contributions, research rigor, design as a search process, and research communication. Later extensions of the design science research approach detail how design and research problems can be decomposed rationally by means of nested problem solving.<ref name="wieringa2009" />
In 2010, 122 German professors promoted design science in information system research by signing a memorandum<ref name="oesterle2010" /> subsequently submitted in English to the European Journal of Information Systems.<ref name = "oesterle2010a" /> In the same issue the then Editor-in-Chief of the European Journal of Information Systems (EJIS) Rickard Baskerville, along with the then Editor-in-Chief of the Information Systems Research (ISR) Vallabh Sambamurthy, with the then Editor-in-Chief of Management Information Systems Quarterly (MISQ) Detmar Straub, and the former Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of the Association for Information Systems (JAIS) Kalle Lyytinen together authored a rebuttal <ref name = "baskerville2010" /> to some of the claims made in the memorandum regarding bias against DSR.
== See also == * Citizen Design Science * {{section link|Descriptive science#Descriptive versus design sciences}} * Design methods * Design research * Design science research * Design thinking
==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs= <ref name="baldwin2000">{{cite book|author=Baldwin|author2=Clarke|title=Design Rules, Vol. 1: The Power of Modularity|publisher=MIT Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-262-02466-2}}</ref> <ref name="banathy">{{cite book|author=Banathy|title=Designing Social Systems in a Changing World|publisher=Plenum, New York|year=1996|isbn=978-0-306-45251-2}}</ref> <ref name="crossnw1981">{{cite journal|author=Cross|author2=Naughton, Walker|title=Design method and scientific method|date=1981|publisher=Design Studies|volume=2|issue=4|pages=195–201}}</ref> <ref name="cross2001">{{cite journal|author=Cross|title=Designerly Ways of Knowing: Design Discipline versus Design Science|journal=Design Issues|date=2001|volume=17|issue=3|pages=49–55|doi=10.1162/074793601750357196|s2cid=17912382|url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/3281/1/Designerly-_DisciplinevScience.pdf}}</ref> <ref name="cross2007">{{cite journal|last1=Cross|first1=Nigel|title=Forty years of design research|journal=Design Studies|date=2007|volume=28|issue=1|pages=1–4|doi=10.1016/j.destud.2006.11.004}}</ref> <ref name="gero2004">{{cite conference|author=Gero|title=The PhD Program in Design Science at the University of Sydney, Development and Prospects of PhD Programme in Design Science Education|publisher=Chaoyang University of Technology, Taiwan|year=2004}}</ref> <ref name="gregory1966">{{cite book |last1=Gregory |first1=Sydney |title=The Design Method |date=1966 |publisher=Butterworth |location=UK}}</ref> <ref name="hevner2004">{{cite journal|author=Hevner |author2=Salvatore T. March |author3=Jinsoo Park |author4=Sudha Ram |title=Design science in information systems research|journal=MIS Quarterly|year=2004|volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=75–105 |doi=10.2307/25148625 |jstor=25148625}}</ref> <ref name="hevner2010">{{cite book|author=Hevner|author2=Chatterjee|title=Design Research in Information Systems|publisher=Springer|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4419-5652-1}}</ref> <ref name="long1998">{{cite book|author=Long|author2=Dowell|title=Conceptions of the discipline of HCI: Craft, applied science, and engineering| publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1998|url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/15292/}}</ref> <ref name="oesterle2010a">{{cite journal |last1=Österle |first1=Hubert |last2=Becker |first2=Jörg |last3=Frank |first3=Ulrich |last4=Hess |first4=Thomas |last5=Karagiannis |first5=Dimitris |last6=Krcmar |first6=Helmut |last7=Loos |first7=Peter |last8=Mertens |first8=Peter |last9=Oberweis |first9=Andreas |last10=Sinz |first10=Elmar J |title=Memorandum on design-oriented information systems research |journal=European Journal of Information Systems |date=January 2011 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=7–10 |doi=10.1057/ejis.2010.55 |s2cid=3471461 }}</ref> <ref name="oesterle2010">{{cite journal|author=Österle, H., Becker, J., Frank, U., Hess, T., Karagiannis, D., Krcmar, H., Loos, P., Mertens, P., Oberweis, A. and Sinz, E.J.|title=Memorandum zur gestaltungsorientierten Wirtschaftsinformatik|year=2010|url=https://www.springerprofessional.de/memorandum-zur-gestaltungsorientierten-wirtschaftsinformatik/10834506|journal=Zeitschrift für betriebswirtschaftliche Forschung|volume=62|issue=6|pages=664–672}}</ref> <ref name="baskerville2010">{{cite journal |last1=Baskerville |first1=Richard |last2=Lyytinen |first2=Kalle |last3=Sambamurthy |first3=Vallabh |last4=Straub |first4=Detmar |title=A response to the design-oriented information systems research memorandum |journal=European Journal of Information Systems |date=January 2011 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=11–15 |doi=10.1057/ejis.2010.56 |s2cid=16653089 }}</ref> <ref name="romme2003">{{cite journal |last1=Romme |first1=A. Georges L. |title=Making a Difference: Organization as Design |journal=Organization Science |date=October 2003 |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=558–573 |doi=10.1287/orsc.14.5.558.16769 }}</ref> <ref name="suh1990">{{cite book|author=Suh|title=The Axiomatic Theory of Design|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-19-504345-7}}</ref> <ref name="willem1990">{{cite journal|author=Willem|title=Design and Science|journal=Design Studies|publisher=Butterworth and Co.|year=1990|volume=11|issue=1|pages=43–47|doi=10.1016/0142-694X(90)90013-3|s2cid=108568620 }}</ref> <ref name="gero1990">{{cite journal|last1=Gero|first1=John|title=Design prototypes: a knowledge representation schema for design|journal=AI Magazine|year=1990| volume=11|issue=4|pages=26|doi=10.1609/aimag.v11i4.854|s2cid=11350025 }}</ref> <ref name="gerokanneng2004">{{cite journal|author=Gero|title=The situated function-behaviour-structure framework|journal=Design Studies|publisher=Butterworth and Co.|year=2004|volume=25|issue=4|pages=373–391|doi=10.1016/j.destud.2003.10.010}}</ref> <ref name="vanaken2004">{{cite journal|author=Van Aken|title=Management research based on the paradigm of the design sciences: The quest for field-tested and grounded technological Rules|journal=Journal of Management Studies|year=2004}}</ref> <ref name="warfield1990">{{cite journal|author=Warfield|title=A Science of Generic Design|publisher=Intersystems Publishers|year=1990}}</ref> <ref name="wieringa2009">{{cite conference|author=Wieringa|title=Design Science as nested problem solving|publisher=4th International Conference on Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technology|year=2009}}</ref> }}
{{Design}} {{Buckminster Fuller}}
Category:Design studies Category:Buckminster Fuller Category:Science studies Category:Research methods