{{Short description|Product used to clean dentures}} thumb|upright|Bottle of Renew professional strength denture cleaner in powder format thumb|upright|Box of Polident overnight denture cleaner in tablet format
A '''denture cleaner''' (also termed '''denture cleanser''') is used to clean dentures when they are out of the mouth. The primary purpose is to control the growth of microorganisms on dentures, especially the fungal species ''Candida albicans'', thereby preventing denture-related stomatitis (also known as denture sore mouth or chronic atrophic candidiasis).<ref name="Felton2011">{{cite journal |last1=Felton |first1=D |last2=Cooper |first2=L |last3=Duqum |first3=I |title=Evidence-based guidelines for the care and maintenance of complete dentures |journal=Journal of the American Dental Association |year=2011 |volume=142 |pages=1S–20S |doi=10.14219/jada.archive.2011.0067}}</ref> When dentures are worn in the mouth, a biofilm develops which may be similar to dental plaque, composed of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms embedded in a polysaccharide matrix.<ref name="Ramage2004">{{cite journal |last1=Ramage |first1=G |last2=Tomsett |first2=K |last3=Wickes |first3=BL |last4=López-Ribot |first4=JL |last5=Redding |first5=SW |title=Denture stomatitis: A role for Candida biofilms |journal=Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology |year=2004 |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=53–59 |doi=10.1016/j.tripleo.2003.04.002}}</ref> Over time, this biofilm may become hardened and mineralized as dental calculus (tarite), which is more difficult to remove and can harbour pathogenic microorganisms. Denture cleansers are also used to remove stains and other debris that may be caused by diet, tobacco use, or consuming coffee, tea, red wine or other pigmented foods and beverages.<ref name="Jagger1999">{{cite journal |last1=Jagger |first1=DC |last2=Harrison |first2=A |title=Denture cleansing—the best approach |journal=British Dental Journal |year=1999 |volume=186 |issue=8 |pages=382–387 |doi=10.1038/sj.bdj.4800120}}</ref>
==Types of denture cleaners==
===Chemical cleaners=== Chemical denture cleaners are available in various formats to suit different user preferences and cleaning requirements. Common forms include creams, liquids, powders, pastes, and tablets.<ref name="Felton2011"/> Many chemical denture cleaners are effervescent, releasing oxygen bubbles when dissolved in water to help dislodge debris and penetrate porous surfaces of the denture material.<ref name="Jagger1999"/> Non-effervescent formulations, such as immersion solutions containing sodium hypochlorite (dilute bleach) or chlorhexidine, rely on chemical action alone to disinfect and clean.<ref name="Petersen2005">{{cite journal |last1=Petersen |first1=PE |last2=Yamamoto |first2=T |title=Improving the oral health of older people: the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme |journal=Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology |year=2005 |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=81–92 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0528.2004.00219.x}}</ref> Active ingredients in commercial denture cleansers may include alkaline peroxides, alkaline hypochlorites, acids, enzymes (such as proteases and mutanases), and disinfectants.<ref name="Nikawa1999">{{cite journal |last1=Nikawa |first1=H |last2=Hamada |first2=T |last3=Yamamoto |first3=T |title=Denture plaque—past and recent concerns |journal=Journal of Dentistry |year=1999 |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=299–304 |doi=10.1016/S0300-5712(98)00070-2}}</ref>
===Mechanical cleaners=== Mechanical denture cleaning methods include the use of denture brushes, which are specially designed with bristle configurations to reach all surfaces of the denture prosthesis. Ultrasonic denture cleaners employ ultrasonic cleaning technology, using high-frequency sound waves to create cavitation bubbles that implode and dislodge debris from denture surfaces.<ref name="Agrawal2012">{{cite journal |last1=Agrawal |first1=P |last2=Hedgekar |first2=A |title=Ultrasonic cleaning of dentures |journal=International Journal of Dental Clinics |year=2012 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=56–58}}</ref> Some advanced ultrasonic cleaners are coupled with ultraviolet light (UV-C) to provide additional antimicrobial action by damaging the DNA of microorganisms.<ref name="Glass2010">{{cite journal |last1=Glass |first1=RT |last2=Conrad |first2=RS |last3=Bullard |first3=JW |title=Evaluation of the sanitation effectiveness of a denture-cleaning product |journal=Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry |year=2010 |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=277–282}}</ref>
==Recommendations for use== Dental professionals generally recommend that dentures be cleaned at least once daily to prevent biofilm accumulation.<ref name="Felton2011"/> Dentures should be removed from the mouth during sleep to allow oral tissues to recover and to reduce the risk of denture-related stomatitis. When not being worn, dentures should be kept moist to prevent warping or cracking of the acrylic material. Combining mechanical brushing with chemical cleansing provides optimal results for maintaining denture hygiene.<ref name="Jagger1999"/>
==Ingredients== [[File:KHSO5.png|thumb|Potassium peroxymonosulfate, an oxidant, is widely used component of denture whiteners.<ref name = Ullmann>{{Ullmann | title = Peroxo Compounds, Inorganic |author=Harald Jakob |author2=Stefan Leininger |author3=Thomas Lehmann |author4=Sylvia Jacobi |author5=Sven Gutewort | doi = 10.1002/14356007.a19_177.pub2}}</ref> ]]
Dilute sodium hypochlorite (i.e. a mild bleach) is the main constituent of several brands of denture cleanser.
Other ingredients include such chemicals as: * sodium bicarbonate – or baking soda, which alkalizes the water, cleaning the dentures * citric acid – removes stains * sodium perborate * sodium polyphosphate * potassium monopersulfate – cleaning and bleaching agent * EDTA
==Example commercial brands== thumb|upright|Bottle of Renew professional strength denture cleaner in powder format * Sodium hypochlorite solution: Dentural, Milton, Mildent * Alkaline peroxides: Steradent * Other: Polident, Renew, Efferdent, Novadent
==History== Dentures have been cleaned using water or mixtures of water/vinegar, water/lemon juice, water/baking soda for many years. In the 1930s, Alexander Block developed the Polident brand of denture cleaner at the Block Drug Company.<ref name="New Chip at the Old Block">{{cite news |title=New Chip at the Old Block? |work=Forbes |page=48 |date=May 29, 1978 }}</ref> Others have followed such as Warner-Lambert's introduction of Efferdent denture cleanser tablets in 1966<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Block Drug Company, Inc. – FundingUniverse|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/block-drug-company-inc-history/|access-date=2020-06-11|website=www.fundinguniverse.com|archive-date=2012-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001014720/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/block-drug-company-inc-history/|url-status=live}}</ref> and Renew denture cleaner powder in 1986 by Mid-Continental Dental Supply Co. Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mid-Continental Dental Supply Co. Ltd. - Visit us at IDS 2019: Hall 2.2 Aisle D-066|url=https://infodent.com/news?op=rec&id=1582|access-date=2020-06-11|website=www.infodent.com|archive-date=2022-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701163218/https://infodent.com/news?op=rec&id=1582|url-status=live}}</ref> Over time, orthodontic and sport dental appliance cleaners have also emerged on the market such as Renew Ortho & Sport with formulations that account for thermoplastics and a younger demographic of patients.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mid-Continental Dental Supply Co. Ltd. - News|url=http://www.mid-continental.com/news/|access-date=2024-09-09|archive-date=2023-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329064251/https://www.mid-continental.com/news/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Prestige Dental Products UK|date=24 January 2020|url=https://www.prestige-dental.co.uk/product/renew-ortho-sport-cleaner/|access-date=9 September 2024|archive-date=1 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701193024/https://www.prestige-dental.co.uk/product/renew-ortho-sport-cleaner/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IDS 2019 Product Release|url=https://www.mid-continental.com/news/}}</ref>
==Clinical trials and evidence== Studies have found an association between denture stomatitis, colonization of yeasts and denture cleanliness.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Oral hygiene habits, denture cleanliness, presence of yeasts and stomatitis in elderly people|journal=Journal of Oral Rehabilitation|volume=29|issue=3|pages=300–304|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2842.2002.00816.x|year = 2002|last1 = Kulak-Ozkan|first1 = Y.|last2=Kazazoglu|first2=E.|last3=Arikan|first3=A.|pmid=11896849}}</ref> Another study found that immersing dentures in 0.5% NaOCl solution for 3 minutes only can be an effective synergic for denture cleaning in reducing the number of microorganism without affecting the denture color or surface roughness,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=de Sousa Porta|first1=Sheila Rodrigues|last2=de Lucena-Ferreira|first2=Sílvia Carneiro|last3=da Silva|first3=Wander José|last4=Del Bel Cury|first4=Altair Antoninha|date=2013-12-12|title=Evaluation of sodium hypochlorite as a denture cleanser: a clinical study|journal=Gerodontology|language=en|volume=32|issue=4|pages=260–266|doi=10.1111/ger.12104|pmid=24329765|issn=0734-0664}}</ref> and when compared to alkaline peroxides, bleach was more efficient.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311567017|title=Alkaline Peroxides Versus Sodium Hypochlorite for Removing Denture Biofilm: A Crossover Randomized Trial|journal=Brazilian Dental Journal|volume=27|issue=6|pages=700–704|doi=10.1590/0103-6440201600913|pmid=27982182|year=2016|last1=Peracini|first1=Amanda|last2=Regis|first2=Rômulo Rocha|last3=Souza|first3=Raphael Freitas de|last4=Pagnano|first4=Valéria Oliveira|last5=Silva|first5=Cláudia Helena Lovato da|last6=Paranhos|first6=Helena de Freitas Oliveira|doi-access=free}}</ref> Some clinicians{{Who|date=October 2020}} recommended that the time of immersion, and the concentration of the NaOCl should be well considered so as not to degrade the acrylic resin of the denture.
==See also== * Dentures * Oral hygiene * Denture-related stomatitis * Candidiasis
==References== {{Reflist}}
==External links== *[http://www.mid-continental.com/renew-denture-cleaner/ Renew Denture Cleaner] *[http://www.mid-continental.com/renew-ortho-and-sport/ Renew Ortho & Sport Cleaner] *[https://xodent.co/ Xodent Denture Cleaning Kit] *[https://www.milton-tm.com/en/consumer/medical Milton Denture Cleaner]
{{Dentistry}}
Category:Cleaning products Category:Prosthodontology Category:Dental equipment Category:Oral hygiene