Demonym

{{Short description|Name for a resident of a particular geographical area}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}} {{Linguistics}}

A '''demonym''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɛ|m|ə|n|ɪ|m}}; {{etymology|grc|''{{wikt-lang|grc|δῆμος}}'' ({{grc-transl|δῆμος}})|people, tribe||''{{wikt-lang|grc|ὄνυμα}}'' ({{grc-transl|ὄνυμα}})|name}}) or ''''gentilic'''<nowiki/>' ({{etymology|la|{{wikt-lang|la|gentilis}}|of a clan, or gens}})<ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|gentilic |access-date=25 July 2015}} {{Cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gentilic |title=Definition of GENTILIC |access-date=25 July 2015 |archive-date=25 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725063643/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gentilic }}.</ref> is a word that identifies a group of people (inhabitants, residents, natives) in relation to a particular place.{{sfn|Roberts|2017|p=205}} Demonyms are usually derived from the name of the place (hamlet, village, town, city, region, province, state, country, and continent).<ref name="Scheetz">{{Cite book |title=Names' Names: A Descriptive and Pervasive Onymicon |first=George H. |last=Scheetz |publisher=Schütz Verlag |year=1988}}</ref> Demonyms are used to designate all people (the general population) of a particular place, regardless of ethnic, linguistic, religious or other cultural differences that may exist within the population of that place. Examples of demonyms include ''Cochabambino'', for someone from the city of Cochabamba; Indian for a person from India; and ''Swahili'', for a person of the Swahili coast.

Many demonyms function both endonymically and exonymically (used by the referents themselves or by outsiders); others function only in one of those ways.

As a sub-field of anthroponymy, the study of demonyms is called ''demonymy'' or ''demonymics''.

Since they are referring to territorially defined groups of people, demonyms are semantically different from ethnonyms (names of ethnic groups). In the English language, there are many polysemic words that have several meanings (including demonymic and ethnonymic uses), and therefore a particular use of any such word depends on the context. For example, the word ''Thai'' may be used as a demonym, designating any inhabitant of Thailand, while the same word may also be used as an ethnonym, designating members of the Thai people. Conversely, some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms. For example, a native of the United Kingdom may be called a ''British person'', a ''Briton'' or, informally, a ''Brit''.

Some demonyms may have several meanings. For example, the demonym ''Macedonians'' may refer to the population of North Macedonia, or more generally to the entire population of the region of Macedonia, or to the Greek people of the Greek region of Macedonia. In some languages, a demonym may be borrowed from another language as a nickname or descriptive adjective for a group of people: for example, ''Québécois'', ''Québécoise (female)'' is commonly used in English for a native of the province or city of Quebec (though ''Quebecer'', ''Quebecker'' are also available).

In English, demonyms are always capitalized.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mansioningles.com/gram19.htm|title=Gramática Inglesa. Adjetivos Gentilicios|work=mansioningles.com|access-date=2015-03-28|archive-date=2015-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330020141/http://www.mansioningles.com/Gram19.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Often, demonyms are the same as the adjectival form of the place, e.g. ''Egyptian'', ''Japanese'', or ''Greek''. However, they are not necessarily the same, as exemplified by Spanish instead of Spaniard or British instead of Briton.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Costa |first=Daniel |title=demonym |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/demonym |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref>

English commonly uses national demonyms such as ''Brazilian'' or ''Algerian'', while the usage of local demonyms such as ''Chicagoan'', ''Okie'' or ''Parisian'' is less common. Many local demonyms are rarely used and many places, especially smaller towns and cities, lack a commonly used and accepted demonym altogether.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=from+Russia%2CRussian&year_start=1808&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cfrom%20Russia%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CRussian%3B%2Cc0|title=Google Ngram Viewer|work=google.com|access-date=2015-03-28|archive-date=2015-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907084731/https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=from+Russia%2CRussian&year_start=1808&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cfrom%20Russia%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CRussian%3B%2Cc0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=from+Kentucky%2CKentuckian&year_start=1808&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cfrom%20Kentucky%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CKentuckian%3B%2Cc0|title=Google Ngram Viewer|work=google.com|access-date=2015-03-28|archive-date=2015-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910061912/https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=from+Kentucky%2CKentuckian&year_start=1808&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cfrom%20Kentucky%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CKentuckian%3B%2Cc0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=from+Perth%2CPerthite&year_start=1808&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cfrom%20Perth%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CPerthite%3B%2Cc0|title=Google Ngram Viewer|work=google.com|access-date=2015-03-28|archive-date=2015-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910050932/https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=from+Perth%2CPerthite&year_start=1808&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cfrom%20Perth%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CPerthite%3B%2Cc0|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Etymology== ''National Geographic'' attributes the term ''demonym'' to Merriam-Webster editor Paul Dickson in a work from 1990.<ref>{{cite journal |publisher=National Geographic Society (U.S.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=krIOAAAAIAAJ&q=demonym |title=Gentilés, Demonyms: What's in a Name? |journal=National Geographic Magazine |volume=177 |date=February 1990 |page=170 |access-date=2020-06-18 |archive-date=2021-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816233025/https://books.google.com/books?id=krIOAAAAIAAJ&q=demonym |url-status=live }}</ref> The word did not appear for nouns, adjectives, and verbs derived from geographical names in the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary nor in prominent style manuals such as the ''Chicago Manual of Style''. It was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book ''Labels for Locals''.<ref>{{cite news |work=The New York Times |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F04EEDB143CF937A25751C1A961958260&scp=1 |date=1997-12-14 |author=William Safire |author-link=William Safire |title=On Language; Gifts of Gab for 1998 |access-date=2017-02-15 |archive-date=2019-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214231614/https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F04EEDB143CF937A25751C1A961958260&scp=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in ''What Do You Call a Person From...? A Dictionary of Resident Names'' (the first edition of ''Labels for Locals'')<ref>''What Do You Call a Person From...? A Dictionary of Resident Names'' by Paul Dickson (Facts on File, February 1990). {{ISBN|978-0-8160-1983-0}}.</ref> Dickson attributed the term to George H. Scheetz, in his ''Names' Names: A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon'' (1988),<ref name="Scheetz"/> which is apparently where the term first appears. The term may have been fashioned after ''demonymic'', which the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' defines, as the name of an Athenian citizen according to the deme to which the citizen belongs, with its first use traced to 1893.<ref name="OED">{{cite web |url=http://www.oed.com/ |title=Oxford English Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=2008-06-16 |archive-date=2008-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111125659/http://www.oed.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/constitutionofat00arisuoft |title=Aristotle's ''Constitution of Athens'', edited by J.E. Sandy, at the Internet Archive |year=1912 |page=116}}</ref>

==Suffixation== Several linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the English language. The most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location name, slightly modified in some instances. These may resemble Late Latin, Semitic, Celtic, or Germanic suffixes, such as ''-(a)n'', ''-ian'', ''-anian'', ''-nian'', ''-in(e)'', ''-a(ñ/n)o/a'', ''-e(ñ/n)o/a'', ''-i(ñ/n)o/a'', ''-ite'', ''-(e)r'', ''-(i)sh'', ''-ene'', ''-ensian'', ''-ard'', ''-ese'', ''-nese'', ''-lese'', ''-i(e)'', ''-i(ya)'', ''-iot'', ''-iote'', ''-k'', ''-asque'', ''-(we)gian'', ''-onian'', ''-vian'', ''-ois(e)'', or ''-ais(e)''.

{| class="wikitable" |+ {{nowrap|Examples of various suffixes}} |- | '''''-(a)n'''''

'''Continents and regions'''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| *Africa → Africans *Antarctica → Antarcticans *Asia → Asians *Australia → Australians *Europe → Europeans *North America → North Americans *South America → South Americans *Central America → Central Americans *Americas → Americans *Oceania → Oceanians }}

'''Countries'''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| *Afghanistan → Afghans *Albania → Albanians *Algeria → Algerians *Andorra → Andorrans *Angola → Angolans *Antigua → Antiguans *Armenia → Armenians *Australia → Australians *Austria → Austrians *Barbuda → Barbudans *Belize → Belizeans *Bolivia → Bolivians *Bosnia and Herzegovina → Bosnians and Herzegovinians (mostly referred to as Bosnians) *Brunei → Bruneians *Bulgaria → Bulgarians *Burundi → Burundians *Cambodia → Cambodians *Chile → Chileans *Colombia → Colombians *Costa Rica → Costa Ricans *Croatia → Croatians (also "''Croats''") *Cuba → Cubans *Czech Republic → Czechs *Dominican Republic → Dominicans *El Salvador → Salvadorans *Eritrea → Eritreans *Estonia → Estonians *Ethiopia → Ethiopians *Fiji → Fijian, Fijindians *Gambia → Gambians *Georgia → Georgians *Germany → Germans *Guatemala → Guatemalans *Guinea → Guineans *Haiti → Haitians *Honduras → Hondurans *Hungary → Hungarians *India → Indians *Indonesia → Indonesians *Jamaica → Jamaicans *Kenya → Kenyans *Kiribati → Kiribatians (also "''I-Kiribati''") *Kosovo → Kosovars (also "''Kosovans''") *Latvia → Latvians *Liberia → Liberians *Libya → Libyans *Lithuania → Lithuanians *Malawi → Malawians *Malaysia → Malaysians *Mali → Malians *Mauritania → Mauritanians *Mexico → Mexicans *Micronesia → Micronesians *Moldova → Moldovans *Mongolia → Mongolians (also "''Mongols''") *Monaco → Monacans (also "''Monegasque''") *Morocco → Moroccans *Mozambique → Mozambicans *Namibia → Namibians *Nauru → Nauruans *Nicaragua → Nicaraguans *Nigeria → Nigerians *Niue → Niueans *North Korea → North Koreans *North Macedonia → Macedonians *Palau → Palauans *Papua New Guinea → Papua New Guineans *Paraguay → Paraguayans *Persia → Persians *Romania → Romanians *Russia → Russians *Rwanda → Rwandans (also "''Rwandese''") *Saint Lucia → Saint Lucians *Samoa → Samoans *Saudi Arabia → Saudis (also Saudi Arabians) *Serbia → Serbians (also Serbs) *Sierra Leone → Sierra Leoneans *Singapore → Singaporeans *Slovakia → Slovaks (also Slovakians) *Slovenia → Slovenes (also Slovenians) *South Africa → South Africans *South Korea → South Koreans *Sri Lanka → Sri Lankans *St. Kitts and Nevis → Kittitians, Nevisians *Syria → Syrians *Tanzania → Tanzanians *Tonga → Tongans *Tunisia → Tunisians *Tuvalu → Tuvaluans *Uganda → Ugandans *Uruguay → Uruguayans *United States → Americans *Vanuatu → Vanuatuans (also "''Ni-Vanuatu''") *Venezuela → Venezuelans *Zambia → Zambians *Zimbabwe → Zimbabweans }}

'''Constituent states, provinces and regions'''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| *Abkhazia → Abkhazians (also "''Abkhaz''") *Emirate of Abu Dhabi → Abu Dhabians (also "''Dhabyani''") *Alaska → Alaskans *Alberta → Albertans *Algarve → Algarvians *Andalusia → Andalusians *Arizona → Arizonans *Arkansas → Arkansans *Asturias → Asturians *Bago Region → Bagoans *Bangka Island → Bangkans *Bavaria → Bavarians *Bohemia → Bohemians *Borneo → Borneans *British Columbia → British Columbians *Brittany → Bretons *California → Californians *Carinthia → Carinthians *Colorado → Coloradans- *Corsica → Corsicans *Crete → Cretans *Crimea → Crimeans *Cumbria → Cumbrians *Dalmatia → Dalmatians *Delaware → Delawareans *Washington, D.C. → Washingtonians *Extremadura → Extremadurans *Florida → Floridans (more commonly "''Floridians''" below) *Galatia → Galatians *Galicia → Galicians *Galilee → Galileans *Gaza Strip → Gazans *Georgia → Georgians *Hawaiʻi → Hawaiians{{efn|Local usage generally reserves ''Hawaiian'' as an ethnonym referring to Native Hawaiians. ''Hawaii resident'' is the preferred local form to refer to state residents in general regardless of ethnicity.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Associated Press Stylebook: and Briefing on Media Law|date=2007|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-465-00489-8|page=112|edition=42nd}}</ref>}} *Hebrides → Hebrideans *Idaho → Idahoans *Illinois → Illinoisans *Indiana → Hoosiers *Iowa → Iowans *Jakarta → Jakartans *Java → Javans (also "''Javanese''") *Johor → Johoreans *Judea → Judeans *Kansas → Kansans *Karelia → Karelians *Karnataka → Kannadigas *Kayah State → Kayahans *Kedah → Kedahans *Kentucky → Kentuckians *Khyber Pakhtunkhwa → Pathans *Lagos → Lagosians *Liguria → Ligurians *Louisiana → Louisianans (also "''Louisianians''") *Madeira → Madeirans *Malacca → Malaccans *Mallorca → Mallorcans *Mandalay Region → Mandalayans *Manitoba → Manitobans *Masuria → Masurians *Menorca → Menorcans *Minnesota → Minnesotans *Mississippi → Mississippians *Missouri → Missourians *Moluccas → Moluccans *Montana → Montanans *Moravia → Moravians *Nebraska → Nebraskans *Nevada → Nevadans *New Jersey → New Jerseyans *New Mexico → New Mexicans (also "''Neomexicanos''", "''Neomejicanos''") *Normandy → Normans *North Dakota → North Dakotans *Northwest Territories → Northwest Territorians *Nova Scotia → Nova Scotians *Ohio → Ohioans *Oklahoma → Oklahomans *Ontario → Ontarians *Oregon → Oregonians *Otago → Otagoans *Papua → Papuans *Patagonia → Patagonians *Pennsylvania → Pennsylvanians *Pomerania → Pomeranians *Puerto Rico → Puerto Ricans *Samogitia → Samogitians *Sabah → Sabahans *Sarawak → Sarawakians *Sardinia → Sardinians (also "''Sards''") *Saskatchewan → Saskatchewanians (also "''Saskatchewanite''") *Silesia → Silesians *Slavonia → Slavonians *South Australia → South Australians *South Dakota → South Dakotans *Styria → Styrians *Sumatra → Sumatrans *Sumba → Sumbans *Sumbawa → Sumbawans *Syrmia → Syrmians *Tahiti → Tahitians *Tamil Nadu → Tamilian *Taranaki → Taranakians *Tasmania → Tasmanians (informally "''Taswegians''") *Tennessee → Tennesseans *Texas → Texans *Thuringia → Thuringians *Transnistria → Transnistrians *Transylvania → Transylvanians *Umbria → Umbrians *Utah → Utahns (also "''Utahans''") *Victoria → Victorians *Virginia → Virginians *Waikato → Waikatorians *Wake Island → Wakeans *Wallachia → Wallachians *Western Australia → Western Australians, West Australians (informally, "''Westralians''") *West Papua → West Papuans *West Virginia → West Virginians *Westphalia → Westphalians }}

'''Cities'''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| *Aberdeen → Aberdonians *Abu Dhabi → Abu Dhabians (also "''Dhabyani''") *Adelaide → Adelaideans *Alexandria → Alexandrians *Albuquerque → Albuquerqueans (also "''Burqueños''" or the feminine "''Burqueñas''") *Annapolis → Annapolitans *Atlanta → Atlantans *Baltimore → Baltimoreans *Bath → Bathonians *Bristol → Bristolians *Brockton → Brocktonians *Bogotá → Bogotans *Canberra → Canberrans *Charlotte → Charlotteans *Chattanooga → Chattanoogans *Chicago → Chicagoans *Cincinnati → Cincinnatians *Clitheroe → Clitheronians *Coimbatore → Coimbatoreians *Coventry → Coventrians<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gilbert |first1=Simon |title=What makes a Coventrian ? New online tool will tell you |url=https://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/coventry-news/what-makes-coventrian--new-8126358 |website=Coventry Telegraph |date=18 November 2014 |access-date=5 July 2019 |archive-date=5 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705155344/https://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/coventry-news/what-makes-coventrian--new-8126358 |url-status=live }}</ref> *Danu → Danuans *Derby → Derbeians *Dubai → Dubaians *Dundee → Dundonians *El Paso → El Pasoans, El Paseños *Galway → Galwegians *Glasgow → Glaswegians *Hanoi → Hanoians *Hatta → Hattans (also "''Hattawi''") *Hobart → Hobartians *Indianapolis → Indianapolitans *İzmir → İzmirians *Jakarta → Jakartans *Kalamazoo → Kalamazooans *Kandy → Kandyans *Kuching → Kuchingites *Kyiv → Kyivans *Kolkata → Calcuttans *Lagos → Lagosians *Las Vegas → Las Vegans *Liverpool → Liverpudlians *Madera → Maderans *Malang → Malangans *Manchester → Mancunians *Manila → Manilans (also "''Manileños''" or the feminine "''Manileñas''") *Mecca → Meccans *Medina → Medinans *Melbourne → Melburnians *Miami → Miamians *Milwaukee → Milwaukeeans *Minneapolis → Minneapolitans *Mira Mesa, San Diego → Mira Mesans *Miri → Mirians *Naypyidaw → Naypyidawans *Ngawi city → Ngawians *Oklahoma City → Oklahoma Cityans *Omaha → Omahans *Ottawa → Ottawans *Philadelphia → Philadelphians *Pisa → Pisans *Pueblo → Puebloans *Regina → Reginans *Riga → Rigans *Rome → Romans *Sacramento → Sacramentans *Salem → Salemians *San Antonio → San Antonians *San Diego → San Diegans *San Francisco → San Franciscans *San Jose → San Joseans *Sarasota → Sarasotans *Sioux City → Sioux Cityans *Springville → Springvillians *Sofia → Sofians *St. Louis → St. Louisans *Surabaya → Surabayans *Tauranga → Taurangans *Thebes → Thebans *Toledo, Ohio → Toledoans *Tucson → Tucsonians, Tucsonans *Tulsa → Tulsans *Utica → Uticans *Valencia → Valencians *Vilnius → Vilnians *Waco → Wacoans *Yuma → Yumians }}

'''''-ian'''''

'''Countries'''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| *Artsakh → Artsakhians *Azerbaijan → Azerbaijanians (also "''Azerbaijanis''" and "''Azeris''") *Bahamas → Bahamians *Barbados → Barbadians (also "''Bajans''") *Belarus → Belarusians *Belgium → Belgians *Brazil → Brazilians *Cameroon → Cameroonians *Canada → Canadians *Cayman Islands → Caymanians *Chad → Chadians *Comoros → Comorians *Ecuador → Ecuadorians *Egypt → Egyptians *Ghana → Ghanaians *Gibraltar → Gibraltarians *Grenada → Grenadians *Iran → Iranians *Italy → Italians *Jordan → Jordanians *Laos → Laotians *Maldives → Maldivians *Palestine → Palestinians *Peru → Peruvians *Saint Vincent → Vincentians *Trinidad and Tobago → Trinidadians, Tobagonians (also "''Trinbagonians''") *Ukraine → Ukrainians }}

'''Constituent states, provinces, regions and cities'''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| *Aarhus → Aarhusians *Adelaide → Adelaidians *Alabama → Alabamians *Athens → Athenians *Ayeyarwady Region → Ayeyarwadians *Banat → Banatians *Ballarat → Ballaratians *Bareilly → Bareillian *Bengaluru → Bangloreans, Bengalurigaru *Banten → Bantenians (also "''Banteneses''", "''Banteners''") *Belgrade → Belgradians (also "''Belgraders''") *Bermuda → Bermudians (also "''Bermudans''") *Birmingham, Alabama → Birminghamians *Blackburn → Blackburnians *Blackpool → Blackpudlians *Bangkok → Bangkokians *Bogor → Bogorians *Boston → Bostonians *Bracknell → Bracknellians *Bradford → Bradfordians *Brighton → Brightonians *Brisbane → Brisbanians (also "''Brisbanites''") *Bristol → Bristolians *Bukovina → Bukovinian *Burgundy → Burgundians *Calgary → Calgarians *Canary Islands → Canarians *Canterbury, New Zealand → Cantabrians *Cape Town - Capetonians *Castile → Castilians *Catalonia → Catalonians (also ""Catalan"") *Cedar Rapids → Cedar Rapidians *Chelmsford → Chelmsfordians *Chester → Cestrians *Chin State → Chinians *Chittagong → Chittagonians *Christchurch → Christchurchians (also "''Christchurchers''") *Cirebon → Cirebonians *Corinth → Corinthians *Coventry → Coventrians *Darwin → Darwinians *Dayton → Daytonians *Devon → Devonians *Duluth → Duluthians *Edmonton → Edmontonians *Florida → Floridians *Fort Worth → Fort Worthians *Fredericton → Frederictonians *Greenville → Greenvillians *Hamilton → Hamiltonians *Harrow → Harrovians *Hartlepool → Hartlepudlians *Hereford → Herefordians *Herzegovina → Herzegovinians *Hesse → Hessians *Hobart → Hobartians *Houston → Houstonians *Isles of Scilly → Scillonians *Iowa City → Iowa Citians *Jessup → Jessupians *Kachin State → Kachinians *Kansas City → Kansas Citians *Kentucky → Kentuckians *Kingston → Kingstonians *Labrador → Labradorians *Laguna → Lagunians (also "''Laguneño''", "''Lagunense''") *Lancashire → Lancastrians *Lancaster → Lancastrians *Lesbos → Lesbians *Lethbridge → Lethbridgians *Lexington → Lexingtonians *Liverpool → Liverpudlians (also, informally, "''Scousers''") *Louisiana → Louisianians (also "''Louisianans''") *Louisville → Louisvillians *Madison → Madisonians *Madrid → Madrilenians *Maharashtra → Maharashtrians (also "''Marathis''") *Market Drayton → Draytonians (also, informally "''Gingerbread Men''") *McKinney → McKinnians *Melbourne → Melburnians *Memphis → Memphians *Michigan → Michiganians (also Michiganders) *Mobile, Alabama → Mobilian *Nelson → Nelsonians *New Guinea → New Guinians *New Orleans → New Orleanians *North Carolina → North Carolinians *Northern Territory → Territorians *Oregon → Oregonians *Paris → Parisians *Perlis → Perlisians *Perak → Perakians *Peterborough → Peterborians *Phoenix → Phoenicians *Plymouth → Plymothians *Port Harcourt → Harcourtians *Podgorica → Podgoricians *Preston, Lancashire →Prestonians *Prince George's County → Prince Georgians *Quezon (Tayabas) → Quezonians (also "''Quezonin''", "''Tayabasin''", with the Tayabas Tagalog suffix ''-(h)in'') *Rivers State → Riverians *Rochdale → Rochdalians *Rochester, New York → Rochesterians *Rockwall, Texas → Rockwallians *Rockwall County, Texas → Rockwallians *Saint Petersburg → Saint Petersburgians (also "''Saint Petersburgers''") *Sarawak → Sarawakians *Saskatchewan → Saskatchewanians *Saskatoon → Saskatonians *Savannah → Savannahians<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Savannahian|access-date=2017-10-12}}</ref> *Shropshire & Shrewsbury → Salopians *Sicily → Sicilians *Solihull → Silhillians *South Carolina → South Carolinians *Stockport → Stopfordians *Swindon → Swindonians *Tanintharyi Region → Tanintharians *Tel Aviv, Israel → Tel Avivians *Telford → Telfordians *Thrace → Thracians *Towcester → Towcestrians *Truro → Truronians *Tuban, East Java → Tubanians *Tucson → Tucsonians *Vilnius → Vilnians *Washington → Washingtonians *Wellington → Wellingtonians *Wilmington → Wilmingtonians *Yukon → Yukonians }}

'''''-anian'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| *Guam → Guamanians *Mawlamyine → Mawlamanians }}

'''''-nian'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| *Bendigo → Bendigonians *Buffalo → Buffalonians *Cork → Corkonians *Manchester → Mancunians *Naga → Naganians *Panama → Panamanians *Sligo → Sligonians *Tampa → Tampanians *Tobago → Tobagonians *Toronto → Torontonians *Torquay → Torquinians *Trinidad and Tobago → Trinbagonians *Truro → Truronians *Wa → Wanians }}

'''''-in(e)'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| *Argentina → Argentines (also "''Argentinians''") *Byzantium → Byzantines *Florence → Florentines (also Latin "''Florentia''") *Gilbert Islands → Gilbertines (as by Robert Louis Stevenson, but Gilbertese was more usual) *The Levant → Levantines *Montenegro → Montenegrins *Palatinate → Palatines *Philippines → Philippine, Filipino (feminine: "''Filipina''", see below) *Philistia → Philistines }}

'''''-(h)in'''''

The Tayabas Tagalog suffix ''-(h)in'', which is mostly used by the natives in the province of Quezon, is also used for their local or native demonyms in English.

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| *Quezon (Tayabas) → Quezonins, Tayabasins (also "''Quezonians''") *Lucena → Lucenahins *Tayabas → Tayabasins (also "''Tayabense''") *Lucban → Lucbanins *Infanta → Infantahins *Sariaya → Sariayahins *Brgy. Ilayang/Ibabang Talim → Talimin *Brgy. Isabang → Isabangin (both in Lucena and Tayabas) *Brgy. Morong → Morongin }}

'''''-a(ñ/n)o/a, -e(ñ/n)o/a, or -i(ñ/n)o/a'''''

Adaptations from the standard Spanish suffix ''-e(ñ/n)o'' (sometimes using a final ''-a'' instead of ''-o'' for a female, following the standard Spanish suffix ''-e(ñ/n)a'')

'''Countries and regions'''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| *Bicol → Bicolanos *Cebu → Cebuanos *El Salvador → Salvadoreños (also "''Salvadorans''") *New Mexico → Neomexicanos, Neomejicanos (also "''New Mexicans''") *Philippines → Filipinos }}

'''Cities'''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| *Albuquerque → Burqueños or the feminine Burqueñas (also "''Albuquerqueans''") *Belo Horizonte → Belo-horizontinos *Buenos Aires → Porteños (when referring to the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires) or "Bonaerense" (if referring to the Province of Buenos Aires) *Caguas - Caguenos *Cainta → Cainteños *Cavite → Caviteños *Daraga → Daragueños *Davao City → Davaoeños *Iriga → Irigueños *Legazpi → Legazpeños *Ligao → Ligaoeños *Los Angeles → Angelenos *Madrid → Madrileños *Manila → Manileños (also "''Manilans''") *Masbate → Masbateños *Naga → Nagueños *San Pablo → San Pableños *São Paulo → Paulistanos *Tabaco → Tabaqueños *Tauranga → Taurangans *Zamboanga City → Zamboangueños }}

'''''-ite'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| *Akron → Akronites *Andhra - Andhrites *Ann Arbor → Ann Arborites *Austin → Austinites *Bagansiapiapi → Bagansiapiapites *Baku → Bakuvites *Bandung → Bandungites *Bergen County, New Jersey → Bergenites *Boulder → Boulderites *Brisbane → Brisbanites (also "''Brisbanian''") *Bronx → Bronxites *Brooklyn → Brooklynites<ref>{{cite news |last1=Finn |first1=Robin |title=Investing in Future Quiet, Quiet Manhattan Apartments Next to Construction Sites |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/12/realestate/manhattan-apartments-next-to-construction-sites.html |website=The New York Times |date=10 October 2014 |access-date=26 August 2017 |archive-date=15 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115083217/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/12/realestate/manhattan-apartments-next-to-construction-sites.html |url-status=live }}</ref> *Carson City, Nevada → Carsonites *Chennai → Chennaiites *Columbus → Columbusite *Dallas → Dallasites *Decatur → Decaturites *Delhi → Delhites *Denton, Texas → Dentonites *Denver → Denverites *Dhaka → Dhakaites (more commonly "''Dhakaiya''") *Dunedin → Dunedinites *Durban → Durbanites *Erie, Pennsylvania → Erieites *Gaya → Gayaites *Guelph → Guelphites *Irmo, South Carolina → Irmites *Israel → Israelis (also "''Israelites''") *Istanbul → Istanbulites *Jerusalem → Jerusalemites *Karachi → Karachiites *Kerala → Keralites *Kimberley → Kimberlites *Kweyol → Kweyolites *Labuan Bajo → Labuan Bajoites *Leicester → Leicesterite *Manhattan → Manhattanites *Mon State → Monites *Moscow → Muscovites (also Latin "''Muscovia''") *Montpelier, Vermont → Montpelierites *Mumbai → Mumbaiites, Mumbaikars *New Hampshire → New Hampshirites *Norman, Oklahoma → Normanites *Oban → Obanites *Odesa → Odesites *Pahang → Pahangite (also "''Pahangese''") *Patna → Patnaites *Penang → Penangite *Perth → Perthites (also "''Perthian''" and "''Perthling''") *Pullman → Pullmanites *Putney → Putneyites *Queens → Queensites<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.yupnet.org/2008/03/24/copquin-explain/|title=Copquin explains "Queensites" for New York Times - Yale Press Log|work=Yale Press Log|date=24 March 2008|access-date=5 May 2015|archive-date=1 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201165443/http://blog.yupnet.org/2008/03/24/copquin-explain/|url-status=live}}</ref> *Reading → Readingites *Reno, Nevada → Renoites *Ruskin, Florida → Ruskinites *Saint Paul, Minnesota → Saint Paulites *Salem → Salemites *Seattle → Seattleites *Seoul → Seoulites *Shiloh → Shilonites (as in: "''Ahijah the Shilonite''") *Shillong → Shillongite (also "''Nong Shillong''" and "''Nong Sor''") *Smyrna, Georgia → Smynite *Spokane → Spokanites *Sydney → Sydneyites (also "''Sydneysider''") *Telangana→ Telanganites *Tokyo → Tokyoites *Vancouver → Vancouverites *Vizag → Vizagites *Warangal → Warangalites *Wenham, Massachusetts → Wenhamites *Westchester County, New York → Westchesterites *Whittier, California → Whittierites *Winston-Salem → Winston-Salemites *Wisconsin → Wisconsinites *Wrexham → Wrexhamites *Wyoming → Wyomingites *Yangon → Yangonites }}

'''''-(e)r'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| *Amsterdam → Amsterdammers *Anaheim → Anaheimer *Auckland → Aucklanders *Bakersfield → Bakersfielder *Beijing → Beijingers *Belgrade → Belgraders *Bergen → Bergeners *Berlin → Berliners *Bucharest → Bucharesters *Budapest → Budapesters *Boone, North Carolina → Booner *Brussels → Brusselers *Cleveland → Clevelanders *Connecticut → Connecticuter *Cook Islands → Cook Islanders *Copenhagen → Copenhageners *Detroit → Detroiters *Dublin → Dubliners *Dresden → Dresdeners *Fife → Fifers *Frankfurt → Frankfurters *Greenland → Greenlanders (also "''Greenlandic''") *Hamburg → Hamburgers *Hannover → Hannoveraners *Hong Kong → Hongkonger, Hong Kongers (also "''Hong Kongese''", "''Hongkongese''") *Iceland → Icelanders (also "''Icelandic''") *Kosovo{{ref label|status|a|}} → Kosovars (also "''Kosovan''") *Leeds → Loiners *Leipzig → Leipzigers *Liechtenstein → Liechtensteiners *Little Rock → Little Rockers *London → Londoners *Lorraine → Lorrainers *Luxembourg → Luxembourgers *Maine → Mainers *Maryland → Marylanders *Michigan → Michiganders *Montreal → Montrealers *Netherlands → Netherlanders (also "''Dutchman''" and "''Hollanders''") *New Brunswick → New Brunswickers *New England → New Englanders *New York → New Yorkers *New York City → New Yorkers *New Zealand → New Zealanders (see below; non-standard examples) *Newfoundland → Newfoundlanders *Oakland → Oaklanders *Pangkal Pinang → Pangkalpinangers *Pittsburgh → Pittsburghers (informally "''Yinzers''") *Prague → Praguers *Prince Edward Island → Prince Edward Islander *Puntland → Puntlanders *Quebec → Quebeckers, Quebecers (also "''Quebecois(e)''") *Queensland → Queenslanders *Rhineland → Rhinelanders *Rhode Island → Rhode Islanders *Rotterdam → Rotterdammers *Solomon Islands → Solomon Islanders *Stockholm → Stockholmers *Stuttgart → Stuttgarters *Tallinn → Tallinners *Vermont → Vermonters *Winnipeg → Winnipeggers *Yellowknife → Yellowknifers *York (UK) → Yorkers (also "''Yorkies''") *Yukon → Yukoners *Zürich → Zürchers }}

Often used for European locations and Canadian locations

'''''-(i)sh'''''

(Usually suffixed to a truncated form of the toponym, or place-name.)

"-ish" is usually proper only as an adjective. See note below list.

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| *Åland → Ålandish people (demonym "''Ålandic''") *Bangka Island → Bangkish *Britain, Great Britain and United Kingdom → British people (demonym "''Britons''") *Cornwall → Cornish people (demonym "''Cornishmen''", "''Cornishwomen''") *Denmark → Danish people (demonym "''Danes''") *England → English people (demonym "''Englishmen''", "''Englishwomen''") *Finland → Finnish people (demonym "''Finns''", "''Finnic''") *Flanders → Flemish people (demonym "''Flemings''") *Ireland → Irish people (demonym "''Irishmen''", "''Irishwomen''") *Kent → Kentish people *Kurdistan → Kurdish people (demonym "''Kurds''") *Lombok → Lombokish people *Luxembourg → Luxembourgish people (demonym "''Luxembourgers''") *New South Wales → New South Welshmen *Niger → Nigerish (also "''Nigerien''") *Northern Ireland → Northern Irish people *Poland → Polish people (demonym "''Poles''") *Scotland → Scottish people (demonym "''Scots''", "''Scotsmen''", "''Scotswomen''") *Spain → Spanish people (demonym "''Spaniards''") *Sweden → Swedish people (demonym "''Swedes''") *Turkey → Turkish people (demonym "''Turks''") *Wales → Welsh people (demonym "''Welshmen''", "''Welshwomen''", "''Walian''") }}

'''''-ene'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| *Cairo → Cairenes *Cyrenaica → Cyrenes *Damascus → Damascenes *Nazareth → Nazarenes *Palmyra → Palmyrenes *Slovenia → Slovenes (also "''Slovenians''") }}

Often used for Middle Eastern locations and European locations.

'''''-ensian''''' (These are largely obsolete.) {{columns-list|colwidth=22em| *Kingston-upon-Hull (UK) → Hullensians *Leeds (UK) → Leodensians *Reading (UK) → Readingensians }}

'''''-ard'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| *Spain → Spaniards (also "''Spanish''") *Savoy → Savoyards *Montagne → Montagnards }}

'''''-ese, -nese or -lese'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| *Abruzzo → Abruzzese *Ajman → Ajmanese *Aragon → Aragonese *Aceh → Acehnese *Assam → Assamese *Bali → Balinese *Bengal → Bengalese *Benin → Beninese (also "''Beninois''") *Bergen → Bergenese *Bern → Bernese *Bearn → Bearnese *Bhutan → Bhutanese *Bologna → Bolognese *Burkina Faso → Burkinabe *Calabria → Calabrese *Cirebon, West Java → Cirebonese *China → Chinese *Congo → Congolese *Da Lat → Dalatese *East Timor → East Timorese *Faroe Islands → Faroese *Emirate of Fujairah → Fujairahnese *Gabon → Gabonese (also "''Gabonais''", "''Gabonaise''") *Genoa → Genovese, Genoese *Gilbert Islands → Gilbertese (also "''Gilbertine''") *Grenadines → Grenadinese *Guangdong (Canton) → Cantonese people *Guyana → Guyanese *Hainan → Hainanese *Hong Kong → Hongkongese *Hunan → Hunanese *Japan → Japanese (also "''Nipponese''") *Java → Javanese (also "''Javans''") *Kawthaung → Kawthaunggese *Kelantan → Kelantanese *Kokang → Kokanggese *Lebanon → Lebanese *Leon → Leonese *London → Londonese{{dubious|date=March 2025}}{{Fix|text=Londoner}} *Macao → Macanese *Malta → Maltese *Manila → Manilese *Marshall Islands → Marshallese *Milan → Milanese *Myanmar/Burma → Burmese *Nanjing (Nanking/Nankin)→ Nankinese *Navarre → Navarrese *Negeri Sembilan → Negeri Sembilanese *Nepal → Nepalese (also "''Nepalis''") *Pahang → Pahangese (also "''Pahangite''") *Pa Laung → Palaunggese *Pa'O → Paonese *Piedmont → Piedmontese *Pittsburgh → Pittsburghese (as used routinely by residents of Pittsburgh referring only to the accent/dialect) *Portugal → Portuguese *Rakhine State → Arakanese *Ras Al Khaimah → Khaimahnese *Rwanda → Rwandese (also "''Rwandans''") *Saba → Sabanese *Sagaing Region → Sagainggese *Saigon → Saigonese *San Marino → Sammarinese *Sark → Sarkese *Sassari → Sassarese *Senegal → Senegalese *Shan State → Shanese *Shanghai → Shanghainese *Emirate of Sharjah → Sharjahnese (also "''Sharjawi''") *Siam → Siamese *Sikkim → Sikkimese *(South) Sudan → (South) Sudanese *Suriname → Surinamese *Swindon → Swindonese *Taiwan → Taiwanese *Taunggyi → Taunggese *Tegal, Central Java → Tegalese *Togo → Togolese *Turin → Torinese *Umm Al Quwain → Quwainese (also "''Qewani''") *Vienna → Viennese *Vietnam → Vietnamese }}

"-ese" is usually considered proper only as an adjective, or to refer to the entirety.{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}} Thus, "a Chinese person" is used rather than "a Chinese".{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}} Often used for Italian and East Asian, from the Italian suffix ''-ese'', which is originally from the Latin adjectival ending ''-ensis'', designating origin from a place: thus Hispaniensis (Spanish), Danensis (Danish), etc. The use in demonyms for Francophone locations is motivated by the similar-sounding French suffix ''-ais(e)'', which is at least in part a relative (< lat. ''-ensis'' or ''-iscus'', or rather both).

'''''-i(e) or -i(ya)'''''

'''Countries'''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| *Afghanistan → Afghanistanis (also "''Afghans''") *Azerbaijan → Azerbaijanis (less commonly "''Azeris''", also "''Azerbaijanians''") *Bahrain → Bahrainis *Bangladesh → Bangladeshis *Eswatini (Swaziland) → Swazis, Swatis *Iraq → Iraqis *Israel → Israelis *Kazakhstan → Kazakhstanis (also "''Kazakhs''") *Kurdistan → Kurdistanis (also "''Kurdish''", "''Kurds''") *Kuwait → Kuwaitis *Kyrgyzstan → Kyrgyzstanis (also "''Kyrgyz''") *Nepal → Nepalis (also "''Nepalese''") *Oman → Omanis *Pakistan → Pakistanis *Qatar → Qataris *Somalia → Somalis *Tajikistan → Tajikistanis (also "''Tajiks''") *Thailand → Thais *Trinidad and Tobago → Trini *Turkmenistan → Turkmenistanis (also "''Turkmen''") *United Arab Emirates → Emiratis *Uzbekistan → Uzbekistanis (also "''Uzbeks''") *Yemen → Yemenis }}

'''States, provinces, counties, and cities'''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|*Al Ain → Ainawi *Allahabad → Allahabadis *Azawad → Azawadis *Azra → Azragis *Balochistan → Balochistanis (also "''Baloch''", "''Baluch''", "''Baluchi''") *Barisal → Barisalis (also "''Borishali''") *Beirut → Beirutis *Bangladesh, West Bengal → Bengalis *Bharat → Bharatiya *Bihar → Biharis *Birmingham (UK) → Brummies *Dagestan → Dagestanis *Dhaka → Dhakaiya (less commonly "''Dhakaites''") *Faridabad → Faridabadis *Glasgow → Weegie<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/baffie-weegie-18-scottish-words-are-now-dictionary-and-their-meaning-1407401 |title=Baffie to Weegie: 18 Scottish words that are now in the dictionary - and their meaning |first=Rosalind |last=Erskine |date=18 September 2019 |newspaper=The Scotsman}}</ref> (predominantly used by those not from Glasgow, slightly pejorative), Glaswegian (better) *Gujarat → Gujaratis *Hatta → Hattawi *Hazara → Hazaragis (also "''Azragi''") *Hyderabad → Hyderabadis *Kerala → Malayalis (also "''Malayalee''", "''Keralite''") *Kumaon → Kumaonis (also "''Kumaiye''") *Lahore → Lahoris *Punjab → Punjabis *Rajasthan → Rajasthanis *Rangpur → Rangpuris *Sindh → Sindhis *Sylhet → Sylhetis (also "''Siloti''") *Tel Aviv → Tel Avivi (also "''Tel Avivim''" (plural)) *Yorkshire → Yorkies (also "''Yorkshireman''", "''Tyke''") }}

Mostly for Middle Eastern and South Asian locales. ''-i'' is encountered also in Latinate names for the various people that ancient Romans encountered (e.g. Allemanni, Helvetii). ''-i.e.'' is rather used for English places.

'''''-iot'' or ''-iote'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| *Chios → Chiots *Corfu → Corfiots *Cyprus → Cypriots ("''Cyprian''" before 1960 independence of Cyprus) *Phanar → Phanariotes }}

Used especially for Greek locations. Backformation from ''Cypriot'', itself based in Greek ''-ώτης''.

'''''-k'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| *Greece → Greeks *Slovakia → Slovaks *Tajikistan → Tajiks (also "''Tajikistani''") }}

'''''-asque'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| *Bergamo → Bergamasque *Menton → Mentonasque *Basque Country → Basque *Sanremo → Sanremasque }}

Often used for Italian and French locations.

'''''-(we)gian'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| *Dawei → Dawegians *Galloway → Galwegians *Galway → Galwegians *Glasgow → Glaswegians *Magway Region → Magwegians *Norway → Norwegians *Poway, California→ Powegians *Tasmania→ Taswegians }}

'''''-onian'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| *Aberdeen → Aberdonians *Bath → Bathonians *Connacht → Connachtonians *Cork → Corkonians<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/corkonian|title=Corkonian|work=Merriam-Webster|access-date=2015-02-17|archive-date=2015-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217180643/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/corkonian|url-status=live}}</ref> *Dundee → Dundonians *Halifax → Haligonians *Lesotho → Lesothonians *Newport → Newportonians *Oxford → Oxonians }}

Often used for British and Irish locations.

'''''-vian'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| *Barrow-in-Furness → Barrovians<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nwemail.co.uk/home/2.4887/what-it-means-to-be-barrovian-1.280102 |title=North West Evening Mail |work=nwemail.co.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531105817/http://www.nwemail.co.uk/home/2.4887/what-it-means-to-be-barrovian-1.280102 |archive-date=2014-05-31 }}</ref> *Harrow → Harrovians *Moose Jaw → Moose Javians *Oamaru → Oamaruvians *Oslo → Oslovians *Peru → Peruvians *Warsaw → Warsovians *Waterloo → Waterluvians<ref>{{cite tweet|user=citywaterloo|number=395633428395081728|title=Waterluvians! Don't forget about our trail renaming contest|author=City of Waterloo|date=October 30, 2013|access-date=August 4, 2015|archive-date=March 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305042544/https://twitter.com/citywaterloo/status/395633428395081728|url-status=live}}</ref> *Wythenshawe → Wythenshavians }}

'''''-ois(e), -ais(e)'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| *Benin → Beninois(e) (also "''Beninese''") *Gabon → Gabonais(e) (also "''Gabonese''") *Niger → Nigerois(e) (also "''Nigerien''") *Seychelles → Seychellois(e) *Quebec → Quebecois(e) (also "''Quebecker''"; most common within Canada) }}

While derived from French, these are also official demonyms in English.

'''''From Latin or Latinization'''''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| *Alsace → Alsatians (''Alsatia'') *Annapolis → Annapolitans *Argyll → Argathelians *Ashbourne → Ashburnians (''Essiburns'') *Cambridge → Cantabrigians *Canterbury → Cantabrians *Chester → Cestrians *Colchester → Colcestrians *Constantinople → Constantinopolitans (''Constantinopolis'') *Courland → Couronians (''Curonia'') *England → Anglican (''Anglia'') *Exeter → Exonians *Guernsey → Sarnians (''Sarnia'') *Halifax → Haligonian *Leeds → Leodensians (''Ledesia'') *Lviv → Leopolitans (''Leopolis'') *Manchester → Mancunians (''Mancunia'') *Melbourne → Melburnians (''Melburnia'') *Minneapolis → Minneapolitans *Naples → Neapolitans (''Neapolis'') *Newcastle → Novocastrians (''Novum Castrum'') *Orkney Islands → Orcadians (''Orcadia'') *Oswestry → Oswestrians (''Oswestria'') *Shropshire & Shrewsbury → Salopians (''Salopia'') *Tripoli → Tripolitans (''Tripolis'') *Venice → Venetians *Wolverhampton → Wulfrunians '''Other''' *Botswana → Motswana (singular) Batswana (plural) }} |}

==Prefixation== It is much rarer to find demonyms created with a prefix. Mostly they are from Africa and the Pacific, and are not generally known or used outside the country concerned. In much of East Africa, a person of a particular ethnic group will be denoted by a prefix. For example, a person of the Luba people would be a Muluba, the plural form Baluba, and the language, Kiluba or Tshiluba. Similar patterns with minor variations in the prefixes exist throughout on a tribal level. And Fijians who are indigenous Fijians are known as Kaiviti (Viti being the Fijian name for Fiji). On a country level: *Botswana → Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural) *Burundi → Umurundi (singular), Abarundi (plural) *Eswatini → Liswati (singular), Emaswati (plural) *Lesotho → Mosotho (singular), Basotho (plural)

==Non-standard examples== Demonyms may also not conform to the underlying naming of a particular place, but instead arise out of historical or cultural particularities that become associated with its denizens. In the United States such demonyms frequently become associated with regional pride such as "''Burqueño''" and the feminine "''Burqueña''" of Albuquerque,<ref name="White 2020">{{cite web | last=White | first=Juliet | title=18 Words You'll Only Understand If You're From New Mexico | website=OnlyInYourState | date=July 16, 2020 | url=https://www.onlyinyourstate.com/new-mexico/words-nm/ | access-date=April 26, 2021 | archive-date=April 26, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426113712/https://www.onlyinyourstate.com/new-mexico/words-nm/ | url-status=live }}</ref> or with the mascots of intercollegiate sports teams of the state university system, take for example the sooner of Oklahoma and the Oklahoma Sooners.<ref name="Oklahoma 2013">{{cite web | last=Oklahoma | first=University of | title=What is a Sooner? | website=University of Oklahoma | date=May 20, 2013 | url=https://soonersports.com/news/2013/5/20/208806115.aspx | access-date=April 26, 2021 | archive-date=June 18, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618065703/http://www.soonersports.com/trads/what-is-a-sooner.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" |+ Examples |- | '''Formal'''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| *Aberdeenshire → Doric *Albuquerque → Burqueños or the feminine Burqueñas (also "''Albuquerqueans''") *Buenos Aires → Porteños *Concepción, Chile → Penquistas *Connecticut → Nutmeggers *Cyprus → Cypriots *Guinea Bissau → Bissau-Guinean *Edinburgh → Lothian *Lisbon → Alfacinha *Indiana → Hoosiers<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mettler|first=Katie|date=January 13, 2017|title='Hoosier' is now the official name for Indiana folk. But what does it even mean?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/01/13/hoosier-is-now-the-official-name-for-indiana-folk-but-what-does-it-even-mean/|access-date=July 31, 2020|newspaper=The Washington Post|archive-date=March 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307035051/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/01/13/hoosier-is-now-the-official-name-for-indiana-folk-but-what-does-it-even-mean/|url-status=live}}</ref> *Los Angeles → Angelenos<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Angeleno|access-date=2017-08-10}}</ref> *Madagascar → Malagasy *Massachusetts → Bay Staters<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleI/Chapter2/Section35|title=Massachusetts: General Laws, Section 35|work=malegislature.gov|access-date=2016-11-14|archive-date=2018-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226000411/https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleI/Chapter2/Section35|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Prior to the Massachusetts State Legislature designating "Bay Stater" as the state's official demonym, other terms used included ''Massachusett'', borrowed from the native Massachusett tribe, ''Massachusite'', championed by the early English Brahmins, ''Massachusettsian'', by analogy with other state demonyms, and ''Masshole'', originally derogatory.</ref> *North Macedonia → Macedonians *Nunavut → Nunavummiut, Nunavummiuq (sing.) *Minas Gerais → Mineiros *Rio Grande do Sul → Gaúchos *Rio de Janeiro (city) → Cariocas *Rio de Janeiro (state) → Fluminense *São Paulo (city) → Paulistanos *São Paulo (state) → Paulistas *Shropshire & Shrewsbury → Salopian *Tierra Caliente → Calentano, Calentana, Guache, Guacha, Huache, Huacha *Uruguay → Orientales *Valparaíso → Porteños }}

'''Informal'''

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| *Australia → Aussie *Birmingham, England → Brummie *Canada → Canuck *Cardiff → Taffs *Devon → Janner *Hartlepool, England → Monkey hanger *Isle Of Wight → Caulkheads<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,5753,-9551,00.html |title=Why are natives of the Isle of Wight known as 'caulkheads'? |language=en |work=The Guardian |date= |access-date=2022-02-22 }}</ref> *Plymouth → Janner *Jersey → Jèrriais (adjectival), Jerseyman (demonym) *Kansas → Jayhawker *Liverpool, England → Scouser, Liverpudlian *London, England → Cockney (specifically, someone from East London) *Mexico → Azteca<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sinonimosgratis.com/mexicanos |title=Mexicanos sinónimos, mexicanos antónimos |language=es |publisher=SinonimosGratis.com |date= |access-date=2022-02-22 |archive-date=2022-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104205222/https://www.sinonimosgratis.com/mexicanos |url-status=live }}</ref> *Middlesbrough, England → Smoggie *Newcastle, Australia → Novocastrian *Newcastle upon Tyne, England → Geordie *Newfoundland, Canada → Newfie *New Zealand → Kiwi *Nigeria → Naija *North Carolina → Tar Heel *Philippines → Pinoy *Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States → Yinzer *Peru → Inca (also Perulero) *Puerto Rico → Boricua (from Taino ''Boriquen'' ({{Translation|land of brave people}})) *South Australia → Croweater<ref name="PovahMiddleton2013"/> *Sunderland, England → Mackem *Sydney, Australia → Sydneysider *Ohio → Buckeye *Oklahoma → Okie, Sooner *Oldham, England → Yonner *Tasmania → Taswegian<ref name="PovahMiddleton2013">{{cite news|url=http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/history-culture/2013/05/slang-what-aussies-call-other-aussies|title=Slang: What Aussies call other Aussies|work=Australian Geographic|access-date=2018-07-03|language=en|last1=Povah|first1=Frank|last2=Middleton|first2=Amy|date=2013-05-16|archive-date=2018-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703133313/http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/history-culture/2013/05/slang-what-aussies-call-other-aussies|url-status=live}}</ref> *United States �� Yank or Yankee *Upper Peninsula of Michigan → Yooper *Wisconsin → Cheesehead }} |}

==Ethnonyms== {{main|Ethnonym}} Since names of places, regions and countries (toponyms) are morphologically often related to names of ethnic groups (ethnonyms), various ethnonyms may have similar, but not always identical, forms as terms for general population of those places, regions or countries (demonyms).

{| class="wikitable" |+ Examples |- | {{columns-list|colwidth=22em| *Abkhazia → Abkhazians, Abkhaz *Afghanistan → Afghans *Albania → Albanians *Algeria → Algerians *Arab League → Arabs *Australia → Australians, Aussies *Azerbaijan → Azerbaijanis, Azeris *Bengal → Bengali (also "''Bengalese''") *Bulgaria → Bulgarians *Canada → Canadians *Cambodia → Khmers *Chechnya → Chechens *China → Chinese *Croatia → Croats *Czech Republic → Czechs *Denmark → Danes *Egypt → Egyptians *England → English *Eswatini (Swaziland) → Swazis, Swatis *Finland → Finn *Flanders → Flemings *France → French *United Kingdom → British *Haiti → Haitian *Hayastan → Hayastani (also "''Armenians''") *Hungary → Hungarians, Magyars *India → Indians *Indonesia → Indonesians *Ingushetia → Ingushians *Iran → Iranians, Persians *Ireland → Irish *Israel → Israeli *Jersey → Jerseymen, Jerseywomen *Kalmykia → Kalmyks *Karnataka → Kannadigas *Kazakhstan → Kazakhs *KwaZulu → Zulus *Kurdistan → Kurds *Kumaon → Kumaonis, Kumaiye *Kyrgyzstan → Kyrgyzs *Lapland → Laplanders *Madagascar → Malagasys *Mali → Malis *Malta → Maltese *Mongolia → Mongols *Montenegro → Montenegrins *Morocco → Moroccans *The Americas → Native Americans, Indians *Netherlands → Dutch *New Zealand → Kiwis *Odisha → Odias *Pakistan → Pakistani *Palestine → Palestinians *Philippines → Filipinos (for Men), Filipinas (for Women) *Poland → Poles *Scotland → Scots *Serbia → Serbs *Sorbia → Sorbs *Slovakia → Slovaks *Slovenia → Slovenes *Somalia → Somalis *Spain → Spanish *Sweden → Swedes *Tajikistan → Tajiks *Tamil Nadu → Tamils *Tatarstan →Tatars *Thailand → Thais *Turkey → Turks *Turkmenistan → Turkmens *Ulster → Ulstermen *United States → Americans **Hawaii → Hawaiians, Kanaka Maoli **Louisiana → Louisianans, Cajuns, Creoles **New Mexico → New Mexicans, Hispanos **Texas → Texans, Tejanos *Uzbekistan → Uzbeks *Wales → Welsh people *Wallonia → Walloons

}} |}

==Fiction== Literature and science fiction have created a wealth of gentilics that are not directly associated with a cultural group. These will typically be formed using the standard models above. Examples include ''Martian'' for hypothetical people of Mars (credited to scientist Percival Lowell), ''Gondorian'' for the people of Tolkien's fictional land of Gondor, and ''Atlantean'' for Plato's island Atlantis.

Other science fiction examples include ''Jovian'' for those of Jupiter or its moons and ''Venusian'' for those of Venus. Fictional aliens refer to the inhabitants of Earth as ''Earthling'' (from the diminutive ''-ling'', ultimately from Old English ''-ing'' meaning "descendant"), as well as ''Terran'', ''Terrene'', ''Tellurian'', ''Earther'', ''Earthican'', ''Terrestrial'', and ''Solarian'' (from ''Sol'', the sun).

Fantasy literature which involves other worlds or other lands also has a rich supply of gentilics. Examples include ''Lilliputians'' and ''Brobdingnagians'', from the islands of Lilliput and Brobdingnag in the satire ''Gulliver's Travels''.

In a few cases, where a linguistic background has been constructed, non-standard gentilics are formed (or the eponyms back-formed). Examples include Tolkien's ''Rohirrim'' (from Rohan), the ''Star Trek'' franchise's ''Klingons'' (with various names for their homeworld), and the Sangheili from the ''Halo'' franchise, (also known as Elites in the game by humans, as well as players) named after their homeworld of Sanghelios. In the books by Frank Herbert, the people from the planet Dune (or Arrakis) are the Freman, but they are neither a nation nor a country.

==Notes== {{Notelist}}

==References== {{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources== * {{Cite journal|last=Coates|first=Richard|title=Some thoughts on the theoretical status of ethnonyms and demonyms|journal=Onomastica|year=2021|volume=65|number=2|pages=5–19|doi=10.17651/ONOMAST.65.2.1 |s2cid=245777535 |url=https://onomastica.ijp.pan.pl/index.php/ONOM/article/view/326|doi-access=free}} * {{Cite book|last=Roberts|first=Michael|chapter=The Semantics of Demonyms in English|title=The Semantics of Nouns|year=2017|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=205–220|isbn=978-0-19-873672-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n0ypDgAAQBAJ}}

==External links== {{Wiktionary|demonym|gentilic}} * [http://www.geography-site.co.uk/pages/countries/demonyms.html www.geography-site.co.uk] Alphabetical list of world demonyms. * [http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node=Demonyms%20of%20the%20World www.everything2.com] Demonyms of the World. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100327064430/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/print_2110.html CIA World Factbook – Nationality] * [http://www.peoplefrom.co.uk/index.php www.peoplefrom.co.uk] Demonyms of the United Kingdom.

Category:Demonyms Category:Semantics Category:Types of words